Number Of Septa Research Articles

Diversity in the population of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ricini causing castor wilt disease in India

A major constraint on castor crop productivity is wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ricini (For). In this study, morphological, pathogenic and molecular features of F. oxysporum f. sp. ricini isolates collected from different castor-growing agro-climatic zones of India were analyzed. Eighty-nine F. oxysporum f. sp. ricini isolates were obtained from wilt-infected root samples of castor plants from different states of India viz., Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan, Telangana and Tamil Nadu. Morphology assessment in terms of variability in radial growth, size of micro and macroconidia and number of septa, grouped the isolates into 5 clusters in biplot analysis. A genotype-by-isolates bi-plot analysis ranked genotypes for pathogen susceptibility, with JI-35 being closest to the ideal and most susceptible, and DCS-9, and Kranthi being less susceptible. In contrast, 48–1 and JI-258 showed resistance, while Haritha and VP-1 exhibited intermediate susceptibility levels. K-means cluster analysis found 5 groups for pathogenic variability studies of isolates. The six isolates viz., For-12-5 (61.8 %), For-12-10 (50.5 %), For-13-47 (51.4 %), For-113 (86.1 %), For-13-33 (77.9 %) and For-53 (62.2 %) recorded as highly virulent isolates against wilt disease which showed >50 % average wilt incidence mean value across cultivars. Out of 40 ISSR primers tested, 11 primers gave polymorphic bands and analysis of genetic variability among 36 F. oxysporum f. sp. ricini isolates showed polymorphism with PIC, heterogygosity index, effective multiplex ratio, Marker index, and Shannon Diversity Index which ranged (in %) between 0.22 and 0.69, 0.19–0.44, 11.09–27.9, 6.14–8.98, and 0.78–3.04 respectively. The dendrogram analysis revealed 53 % similarity among the isolates studied and these isolates grouped broadly into 6 clusters. Variability among isolates was significant in morphological, pathogenic and molecular characters of F. oxysporum f. sp. ricini.

Morph-Cultural Variability among Different Isolates of Alternaria alternata Causing Leaf Spot of Ber (Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk) in Eastern Uttar Pradesh

Alternaria alternata is one of the most important foliar fungi causing leaf spot of ber. Leaf spot diseased samples were collected from different districts of Uttar Pradesh. Six different isolates of A. alternata were obtained in pure culture and designated as Aa1, Aa2, Aa3, Aa4, Aa5 and Aa6. The results revealed that there is a greater variation among different isolates of A. alternata. The maximum mycelial growth after 10 DAI (days after incubation) was found in Aa2 (90.10 mm) followed Aa5 (88.36) and Aa6 (86.53). Colony characters like color varied as greenish (Aa1), dark olivaceous green (Aa2), brown blackish (Aa3 and Aa6), brownish green with black center (Aa5), Greenish brown with white center (Aa4) and growth was slow (Aa4 and Aa5), medium (Aa1 and Aa6) and fast (Aa2 and Aa3). Growth appearance varied from fluffy (Aa1, Aa4, Aa5 and Aa6) and compressed (Aa2 and Aa3) with margin regular (Aa2 and Aa4) or irregular margin (Aa1, Aa3, Aa5 and Aa6). Sporulation was recorded in all six isolates but very good sporulation was observed in Aa2, Aa4 and Aa5. Highest average conidial length was recorded in isolates Aa4 (38.88μm) followed by Aa3 (30.20μm). Highest average width was recorded in Aa5 (15.06μm) followed by Aa3 (14.04 μm). Maximum beak length was observed in Aa2 (17.28 µm). The number of septa also varied among isolates. Maximum number of transverse septa was found in Aa5 (4-5). Maximum number of longitudinal septa was found in Aa5 (2-4).

Anatomical variations and abnormalities of the maxillary region and clinical implications: A systematic review and metaanalysis.

The objective of this review is to investigate and analyze the anatomical variations present in the maxillary sinus (MS), through the examination of the prevalence of these variations, as well as the corresponding prevalence of clinically significant pathologies and complications associated with them. The search process was carried out in the following databases; MEDLINE, SCIELO, WOS, CINHAL, SCOPUS, and GOOGLE SCHOLAR, using as search terms; "Maxillary bone," "Maxillary sinus," "Paranasal sinus," "Anatomical variations," "Sinusitis" and "Clinical anatomy." A total of 26 articles and 12969 samples were included, from which 12,594 subjects had their sex recorded giving a total of 5802 males and 6792 females. The variants reported by the included were Haller cells, Concha Bullosa, Number of septa, Hypoplastic sinus, Agger Nasi, Thickening of the MS mucosa, Deviation of the nasal septum, Accessory ostium, and Onodi cells. Among the mentioned, the ones that presented the greatest number of studies (between 8 and 10 studies included) were: the Haller Cells, the Concha Bullosa, and the Number of septa, where prevalence was 0.30, 0.36, 0.39 respectively. These variations can lead to sinusitis, cause some types of tumors, or affect neighboring structures that could be compromised by this variation. As a result, it is certainly complex to distinguish the presence of anatomical variations from pathological abnormalities. Therefore, knowledge of the different variations and their clinical relationships could be a useful asset for clinicians dedicated to this region.

Differentiation of Borderline Epithelial Ovarian Tumors from Benign and Malignant Epithelial Ovarian Tumors by MRI Scoring

The distinction between benign and borderline epithelial ovarian tumors is important because treatment and follow-up strategies differ We aimed to evaluate benign, borderline, and malignant epithelial ovarian tumors using MRI features and contributed to the preoperative evaluation. MRIs of 81 patients (20 bilateral), including 31 benign, 27 borderline, and 23 malignant, who had pelvic imaging between 2013-2020, were evaluated retrospectively. The evaluation was made blindly to the pathology result by two radiologists with MRI scoring and features that we determined. MRI evaluation was performed with T1 TSE, T2 TSE, fat-suppressed T2 TSE, and before and after contrast T1 fat-suppressed and non-fat-suppressed TSE images. The numbers and findings obtained in scoring were evaluated by Chi-Square, ordinal logistic regression, and 2 and 3 category ROC analysis. The total score varied between 7 and 24. Among the three groups, a significant difference was found in terms of T1, T2 signal intensity (p <0.01), size (p = 0.055), solid area (p <0.001), septa number (p <0.05), ovarian parenchyma (p = 0.001), ascites (p <0.001), peritoneal involvement (p <0.001), laterality (p <0.001), contrast enhancement pattern (p <0.001). On the other hand, no significant difference was found in terms of wall thickness, lymph node involvement and endometrial thickness (p> 0.05). Cut-off values were found as 11.5 and 18.5 in the 3-category ROC analysis performed for the score (VUS: 0.8109). Patients with a score below 11.5 were classified as benign, those between 11.5-18.5 as borderline, and those over 18.5 as malignant. The differentiation of borderline tumors from benign and malignant tumors by MRI scoring will contribute to the preoperative diagnosis.

AoMae1 Regulates Hyphal Fusion, Lipid Droplet Accumulation, Conidiation, and Trap Formation in Arthrobotrys oligospora.

Malate dehydrogenase (MDH) is a key enzyme in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and is essential for energy balance, growth, and tolerance to cold and salt stresses in plants. However, the role of MDH in filamentous fungi is still largely unknown. In this study, we characterized an ortholog of MDH (AoMae1) in a representative nematode-trapping (NT) fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora via gene disruption, phenotypic analysis, and nontargeted metabolomics. We found that the loss of Aomae1 led to a weakening of MDH activity and ATP content, a remarkable decrease in conidia yield, and a considerable increase in the number of traps and mycelial loops. In addition, the absence of Aomae1 also caused an obvious reduction in the number of septa and nuclei. In particular, AoMae1 regulates hyphal fusion under low nutrient conditions but not in nutrient-rich conditions, and the volumes and sizes of the lipid droplets dynamically changed during trap formation and nematode predation. AoMae1 is also involved in the regulation of secondary metabolites such as arthrobotrisins. These results suggest that Aomae1 has an important role in hyphal fusion, sporulation, energy production, trap formation, and pathogenicity in A. oligospora. Our results enhance the understanding of the crucial role that enzymes involved in the TCA cycle play in the growth, development, and pathogenicity of NT fungi.

FgGyp8 as a putative FgRab1 GAP is required for growth and pathogenesis by regulating FgSnc1-mediated secretory vesicles fusion in Fusarium graminearum

Fusarium graminearum is an important plant pathogenic fungus that causes disease and yield reduction in many cereal crops, such as wheat and barley. Gyp8 stimulates GTP hydrolysis on Ypt1 in yeast. However, the functions of Gyp8 in plant pathogenic fungi are still unknown. In this study, we investigated the roles of FgGyp8 in F. graminearum by genetic and pathological analyses. Through gene knockout and phenotypic analyses, we found that FgGyp8 is required for vegetative growth in F. graminearum. The conidiation, conidial size and number of septa per conidium of ΔFggyp8 mutant are significantly reduced when compared to the wild type PH-1. Furthermore, FgGyp8 is crucial for pathogenicity on wheat coleoptiles and wheat heads. FgGyp8 contains a conserved TBC domain. Domain deletion analysis showed that the TBC domain, C- and N-terminal regions of FgGyp8 are all important for its biological functions in F. graminearum. Moreover, we showed that FgGyp8 catalyzes the hydrolysis of the GTP on FgRab1 to GDP in vitro, indicating that FgGyp8 is a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for FgRab1. In addition, we demonstrated that FgGyp8 is required for FgSnc1-mediated fusion of secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane in F. graminearum. Finally, we showed that FgGyp8 has functional redundancy with another FgRab1 GAP, FgGyp1, in F. graminearum. Taken together, we conclude that FgGyp8 is required for vegetative growth, conidiogenesis, pathogenicity and acts as a GAP for FgRab1 in F. graminearum.

The differential diagnosis of pancreatic cystic neoplasms with conventional ultrasound and contrast-enhanced ultrasound.

Advances in imaging have improved the detection rate of pancreatic cystic neoplasms (PCNs), but clinical management varies depending on the pathological type of PCNs, and thus accurate differential diagnosis is of considerable clinical significance. We conducted this study to identify the clinical and sonographic features of PCNs with significance for differential diagnosis and to compare the diagnostic accuracy of conventional ultrasound and conventional ultrasound combined with contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) for PCNs. From January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2022, a total of 100 patients with PCNs who underwent CEUS examination and were confirmed to have PCNs by postoperative pathology in West China Hospital of Sichuan University were included in this study. Of the clinical characteristics of PCNs, age and gender were found to be important differential diagnostic features. Moreover, communication of the lesion with the main pancreatic duct on conventional ultrasound and CEUS images was a critical feature in the differential diagnosis of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN). The size of the lesion, the thickness of the cyst wall and the number of septa in conventional ultrasound images, the uniformity of the cyst wall thickness in CEUS images, and the enhancement pattern in the arterial phase were significant features for the differential diagnosis of serous cystic neoplasm (SCN). Cyst wall thickness and uniformity of the cyst wall thickness in conventional ultrasound images and cyst wall thickness and septa thickness in CEUS images were important features in the differential diagnosis of mucinous cystic neoplasm (MCN). The size and internal components of the lesion on conventional ultrasound images, internal components of the lesion, and the enhancement pattern in the arterial phase and rim enhancement on CEUS images were the key features in the differential diagnosis of solid pseudopapillary neoplasm (SPN). Conventional ultrasound combined with CEUS demonstrated significantly greater accuracy than did conventional ultrasound alone in the differential diagnosis of PCNs (66% vs. 79%; P=0.002). PCN types differ in their clinical and ultrasound features. Conventional ultrasound combined with CEUS can better distinguish between different pathological types of PCNs than can conventional ultrasound alone.

Early life stages of a Mediterranean coral are vulnerable to ocean warming and acidification

Abstract. The ability of coral populations to recover from disturbance depends on larval dispersion and recruitment. While ocean warming and acidification effects on adult corals are well documented, information on early life stages is comparatively scarce. Here, we investigate whether ocean warming and acidification can affect the larval and recruit development of the Mediterranean azooxanthellate coral Astroides calycularis. Larvae and recruits were raised for 9 months at ambient (23 ∘C) and warm (26 ∘C) temperatures and ambient (8.0) and low pH (7.7, on the total scale). The timing of the larval metamorphosis, growth of the recruit polyp by linear extension and budding, and skeletal characteristics of the 9-month-old polyps were monitored. Settlement and metamorphosis were more successful and hastened under a warm temperature. In contrast, low pH delayed the metamorphosis and affected the growth of the recruits by reducing the calcified area of attachment to the substrate as well as by diminishing the skeleton volume and the number of septa. However, skeleton density was higher under low pH and ambient temperature. The warm temperature and low-pH treatment had a negative impact on the survival, settlement, and growth of recruits. This study provides evidence of the threat represented by ocean warming and acidification for the larval recruitment and the growth of recruits of A. calycularis.

Human Identification by Comparative Analysis of Frontal Sinuses: Study on Computed Tomography

Generally, primary methods of identification as the fingerprint analysis, dental analysis or DNA examination are indicated for the establishment of the identity of a corpse. In situations with poor body conservation, such as in advanced stage of putrefaction or skeletonization, imaging exams like medical and dental computed tomography can assist in the process of identification. The frontal sinuses present anatomical characteristics that allow the establishment of the identity of an in dividual. In this case report we used the technique of three-dimensional construction of the frontal sinuses through the generation of solid figures representative of the sinus morphology. After the comparative analysis of the antemortem and postmortem tomography of the alleged victim, we could establish similarities in both the variations in size, shape, symmetry and contour of borders, and the presence and number of septa, allowing us to infer that the two images described belong to the same individual, thus establishing the identity of the corpse found.

Bosniak classification version 2019: a prospective comparison of CT and MRI.

To assess the diagnostic accuracy and agreement of CT and MRI in terms of the Bosniak classification version 2019 (BCv2019). A prospective multi-institutional study enrolled 63 patients with 67 complicated cystic renal masses (CRMs) discovered during ultrasound examination. All patients underwent CT and MRI scans and histopathology. Three radiologists independently assessed CRMs using BCv2019 and assigned Bosniak class to each CRM using CT and MRI. The final analysis included 60 histopathologically confirmed CRMs (41 were malignant and 19 were benign). Discordance between CT and MRI findings was noticed in 50% (30/60) CRMs when data were analyzed in terms of the Bosniak classes. Of these, 16 (53.3%) were malignant. Based on consensus reviewing, there was no difference in the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the BCv2019 with MRI and BCv2019 with CT (87.8%; 95% CI = 73.8-95.9% versus 75.6%; 95% CI = 59.7-87.6%; p = 0.09, 84.2%; 95% CI = 60.4-96.6% versus 78.9%; 95% CI = 54.4-93.9%; p = 0.5, and 86.7%; 95% CI = 64.0-86.6% versus 76.7%; 95% CI = 75.4-94.1%; p = 0.1, respectively). The number and thickness of septa and the presence of enhanced nodules accounted for the majority of variations in Bosniak classes between CT and MRI. The inter-reader agreement (IRA) was substantial for determining the Bosniak class in CT and MRI (k = 0.66; 95% CI = 0.54-0.76, k = 0.62; 95% CI = 0.50-0.73, respectively). The inter-modality agreement of the BCv219 between CT and MRI was moderate (κ = 0.58). In terms of BCv2019, CT and MRI are comparable in the classification of CRMs with no significant difference in diagnostic accuracy and reliability. • There is no significant difference in the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the BCv2019 with MRI and BCv2019 with CT. • The number of septa and their thickness and the presence of enhanced nodules accounted for the majority of variations in Bosniak classes between CT and MRI. • The inter-reader agreement was substantial for determining the Bosniak class in CT and MRI and the inter-modality agreement of the BCv219 between CT and MRI was moderate.

Morphological disparity in extant and extinct sepiid phragmocones: morphological adaptions for phragmocone strength compared to those related to cameral liquid emptying hypotheses

The phragmocone-bearing coleoid cephalopods Sepia, Sepiella, Metasepia and Hemisepius (sepiids) are the most diverse of all extant chambered cephalopods and show the highest disparity. As such, they have a great potential to serve as model organisms to better understand the paleobiology not only of extinct coleoids, but of extinct nautiloids and ammonoids as well. Here, we present new measurements from the phragmocones of Sepia and Sepiella and relate these to known maximum depths. While these latter data remain few for some species, in aggregate they provide progress allowing this work. In so doing, we expand upon the great legacy of Sigurd von Boletzky. We show that deep water-inhabiting sepiids have phragmocones with a higher number of septa per length, a smaller area covered by the last chamber in relation to the volume of all previous phragmocone chambers, are smaller in size (length and volume), and bear dorsal shields that have strengthening central rib(s) compared to most species from shallower water; the very small endemic species of South Africa may be an exception. We show that the various subgenera defined by Khromov (1987) are not monophyletic clades but morphological groupings explicitly related to depth, partially evolved convergently. We conclude with analyses of Australian sepiid assemblages and show that these are depth related in ways analogous to ammonite and/or nautiloid assemblages of the past that are later commingled through post-mortal drift.

Anatomical variations of human sphenoid sinus in terms of volume and septation pattern in a subset of Pakistani population using computed tomographic images.

To compare the sphenoid volume between the genders and to analyse variations in septal insertions on bony wall of optic nerve and internal carotid artery. The prospective study was conducted from October 2020 to February 2021 at the Radiology Department of Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, and comprised paranasal sinus patients of either gender aged 20-60 without any bony deformity of sphenoid sinus who were analysed for sphenoid volume, number of septa and variable septal insertions using computed tomography of paranasal sinus. On the basis of septal insertions, the scans were categorised into Group 1 with no risky septal insertion, Group 2 with septal insertion on bony wall of optic nerve, Group 3 with septal insertion of internal carotid artery, and Group 4 with septal insertion on both optic nerve and internal carotid artery. Differences in sphenoid volume were analysed between males and females and among the four groups. Data was analysed using Graph Pad Prism 9. Of the 300 patients, 171(57%) were males and 129(43%) were females. The overall mean age was 39.28±10.9 years. Multiple septa were found in 208(69.3%) of the sinuses. There were 129(43.7%) patients in Group 1, 34(11.3%) in Group 2, 119(39%) in Group 3 and 18(6%) in Group 4. Significant difference was found between volume and gender as well as among the four groups (p<0.001). The sphenoid volume between the genders and the variations in septal insertions on bony wall of optic nerve and internal carotid artery were significantly different.

Phylogeography of recent Plesiastrea (Scleractinia: Plesiastreidae) based on an integrated taxonomic approach

Scleractinian corals are a diverse group of ecologically important yet highly threatened marine invertebrates, which can be challenging to identify to the species level. An influx of molecular studies has transformed scleractinian systematics, highlighting that cryptic species may be more common than previously understood. In this study, we test the hypothesis that Plesiastrea versipora (Lamarck, 1816), a species currently considered to occur throughout the Indo-Pacific in tropical, sub-tropical and temperate waters, is a single species. Molecular and morphological analyses were conducted on 80 samples collected from 31 sites spanning the majority of the species putative range and twelve mitogenomes were assembled to identify informative regions for phylogenetic reconstruction. Congruent genetic data across three gene regions supports the existence of two monophyletic clades aligning with distinct tropical and temperate provenances. Multivariate macromorphological analyses based on 13 corallite characters provided additional support for the phylogeographic split, with the number of septa and corallite density varying across this biogeographic divide. Furthermore, micromorphological and microstructural analyses identified that the temperate representatives typically develop sub-cerioid corallites with sparse or absent coenosteal features and smooth septal faces. In contrast, tropical representatives typically develop plocoid corallites separated by a porous dissepimental coenosteum and have granulated septal faces. These data suggest that at least two species exist within the genus PlesiastreaMilne Edwards & Haime, 1848. Based on examination of type material, we retain the name Plesiastrea versipora (Lamarck, 1816) for the temperate representatives of the genus and resurrect the name Plesiastrea peroniMilne Edwards & Haime, 1857 for the tropical members. This study highlights how broadly distributed hard coral taxa still need careful re-examination through an integrated systematics approach to better understand their phylogeographic patterns. Furthermore, it demonstrates the utility of integrating micro-, macro-morphological and genetic datasets, and the importance of type specimens when dealing with taxonomic revisions of scleractinian taxa.

The Small GTPase FgRab1 Plays Indispensable Roles in the Vegetative Growth, Vesicle Fusion, Autophagy and Pathogenicity of Fusarium graminearum.

Rab GTPases are key regulators of membrane and intracellular vesicle transports. However, the biological functions of FgRab1 are still unclear in the devastating wheat pathogen Fusarium graminearum. In this study, we generated constitutively active (CA) and dominant-negative (DN) forms of FgRAB1 from the wild-type PH-1 background for functional analyses. Phenotypic analyses of these mutants showed that FgRab1 is important for vegetative growth, cell wall integrity and hyphal branching. Compared to the PH-1 strain, the number of spores produced by the Fgrab1DN strain was significantly reduced, with obviously abnormal conidial morphology. The number of septa in the conidia of the Fgrab1DN mutant was fewer than that observed in the PH-1 conidia. Fgrab1DN was dramatically reduced in its ability to cause Fusarium head blight symptoms on wheat heads. GFP-FgRab1 was observed to partly localize to the Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum and Spitzenkörper. Furthermore, we found that FgRab1 inactivation blocks not only the transport of the v-SNARE protein FgSnc1 from the Golgi to the plasma membrane but also the fusion of endocytic vesicles with their target membranes and general autophagy. In summary, our results indicate that FgRab1 plays vital roles in vegetative growth, conidiogenesis, pathogenicity, autophagy, vesicle fusion and trafficking in F. graminearum.

Morphological Characterization of Corynespora cassiicola Isolates in Culture Media

Corynespora cassiicola threatens soybean and cotton production in Brazil. The objective of this study was to evaluate cultural and morphological aspects of C. cassiicola isolated from soybean and cotton of different Brazilian regions, in culture media. The isolates were grown in PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar) and V8 juice agar media. The characteristics evaluated were: color, aspect, and growth rate of mycelia, as well as production and dimension of conidia, and number of septa per conidium. Culture media and isolates were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis or Tukey&amp;rsquo;s test at 5% significance level. The mycelia of the isolates were predominantly dark gray and light brown. C. cassiicola isolates grew better in V8 juice agar medium, presenting a higher mycelial growth rate. In PDA medium, the production of conidia was higher in isolates from cotton, compared with soybean isolates. There was great variation in the production of conidia in V8 juice agar medium, regardless of the host origin. Conidia length and width varied for isolate and culture medium. The isolates of C. cassiicola coming from cotton presented a higher number of septa per conidium when grown in PDA medium. The morphological aspects of C. cassiicola vary depending on the host of origin and the culture medium.

Bosniak Classification version 2019: validation and comparison to original classification in pathologically confirmed cystic masses.

To evaluate Bosniak Classification v2019 definitions in pathologically confirmed cystic renal masses. Seventy-three cystic (≤ 25% solid) masses with histological confirmation (57 malignant, 16 benign) imaged by CT (N = 28) or CT+MRI (N = 56) between 2009 and 2019 were independently evaluated by three blinded radiologists using Bosniak v2019 and original classifications. Discrepancies were resolved by consensus with a fourth blinded radiologist. Overall class and v2019 features were compared to pathology. Inter-observer agreement was slightly improved comparing v2019 to Original Bosniak Classification (kappa = 0.26-0.47 versus 0.24-0.34 respectively). v2019 proportion of IIF and III masses (20.5% [15/73, 95% confidence interval (CI) 12.0-31.6%], 38.6% [28/73, 95% CI 27.2-50.5%]) differed from the original classification (6.8% [5/73, 95% CI 2.3-15.3%], 61.6% [45/73, 95% CI 49.5-72.8%]) with overlapping proportion of malignancy in each class. Mean septa number (7 ± 4 [range 1-10]) was not associated with malignancy (p = 0.89). Mean wall and septa thicknesses were 3 ± 3 (1-14) and 3 ± 2 (1-10) mm and higher in malignancies (p = 0.03 and 0.20 respectively). Areas under the receiver-operator-characteristic curve for wall and septa thickness were 0.66 (95% CI 0.54-0.79) and 0.61 (95% CI 0.45-0.78) with an optimal cut point of ≥ 3 mm (sensitivity 33.3%, specificity 86.7% and sensitivity 53%, specificity 73% respectively). Proportion of malignancy occurring in masses with the v2019 features "irregularity" (76.9% [10/13], 95% CI 46.2-94.9%) and "nodule" (89.7% [26/29], 95% CI 72.7-97.8%) overlapped. Angle of "nodule" (p = 0.27) was not associated with malignancy. Bosniak v2019 definitions for wall/septa thickness and protrusions are associated with malignancy. Overall, Bosniak v2019 categorizes a higher proportion of malignant masses in Class IIF with slight improvement in inter-observer agreement. • Considering Bosniak v2019 Class IIF cystic masses with many (≥ 4) smooth and thin septa, there was no association between the number of septa and malignancy (p = 0.89) in this study. • Increased cyst wall and septa thickness are associated with malignancy and a lower threshold of ≥ 3 mm maximized overall diagnostic accuracy compared to ≥ 4 mm threshold proposed for Bosniak v2019 Class 3. • An overlapping proportion of malignant masses is noted in Bosniak v2019 Class 3 masses with "irregularity" (76.9% [10/13], 95% CI 46.2-94.9%) compared to Bosniak v2019 Class 4 masses with "nodule" (89.7% [26/29], 95% CI 72.7-97.8%).

Five Novel Freshwater Ascomycetes Indicate High Undiscovered Diversity in Lotic Habitats in Thailand.

An investigation of freshwater fungi in Thailand resulted in the collection of one new monotypic genus, Neoxylomyces, and a novel species each in Camposporium, Brunneofusispora, Rattania, Neoxylomyces, and Phaeoacremonium. Camposporium dulciaquae resembles C. septatum in conidial morphology and number of septa but differs in conidial sizes. Brunneofusispora hyalina is similar to B. sinensis in conidiogenesis and conidial shape but differs in the sizes of conidiomata and conidiogenous cells. Rattania aquatica is the second species in Rattania, while Phaeoacremonium thailandense is the third species recorded from freshwater habitats. A new genus, Neoxylomyces, typified by N. multiseptatus, is similar to Xylomyces giganteus, but differs in the number of septa, chlamydospore measurements, and absence of a mucilaginous coating around the chlamydospores. These novel taxa form an independent lineage distinct from other species based on multi-loci phylogenetic analyses. Descriptions, illustrations, and notes are provided for each taxon. These new freshwater ascomycetes add to the increasing number of fungi known from Thailand and it is now evident that there are numerous novel taxa awaiting to be described as new freshwater habitats are explored. An update of newly discovered taxa in the widely studied freshwater habitats of Thailand over the last five years is also provided.

Intraluminal anatomy of the transverse sinus: implications for endovascular therapy.

Trabeculae or septations in the transverse sinus can have potentially life-threatening clinical significance. The current study demonstrates trabecula/septum patterning within the transverse sinus with measurements and distribution data supplemented by imaging, and describes the possible etiology of idiopathic intracranial hypertension and turbulent blood flow in the transverse sinus. Twenty-four sides from 12 cadaveric heads, all fresh-frozen, were used (five males, seven females; age at death 65–91 years, mean 79.1 years). The length and diameter of the transverse sinus were measured along with the number and locations of septations/trabeculae and their tensile strength. The mean length of the transverse sinus was 68.43 mm on the right side and 74.31 mm on the left. A total of 42 septations were found in the 24 transverse sinuses. The number of septations per side ranged from zero to four with a mean of 1.75. The septations were located in the proximal 1/3 in 54.8% (23/42), the middle 1/3 in 21.4% (9/42), and the distal 1/3 in 23.8% (10/42). The work presented here furthers our understanding of transverse sinus anatomy, including its detailed internal architecture. The measurements can provide a technical guide for neurosurgeons and influence instrument selection when a large thrombus forms or anchors in one of these trabeculae or septa and necessitates treatment.

Morphological and genetic variability associated with environmental variation in two species of Pseudodiploria Fukami, Budd &amp; Knowlton, 2012 (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Scleractinia)

Environmental variability often results in morphological plasticity, allowing organisms to acclimate and resist changing environmental conditions. Corals exhibit high morphological variability, possibly influenced by factors such as phenotypic plasticity and hybridization. Pseudodiploria Fukami, Budd & Knowlton, 2012 consists of two species, Pseudodiploria strigosa Dana, 1846 and Pseudodiploria clivosa Ellis & Solander, 1786, which are often differentiated by the colony morphology, number of septa per centimeter, width of valleys, and the presence/absence of coenosteum. In this study, we performed morphological and molecular analyses of 40 Pseudodiploria colonies (20 samples each reef) from the Gulf of Mexico in two reefs Gallega (coastal reef) and Galleguilla (at 2 km of coastline), at the Veracruz Reef System, using univariate analyses of 14 macro- and micro-characters supplemented by examination of mitochondrial (cytochrome b) and nuclear (β-tubulin) sequences. We confirmed the presence of the two Pseudodiploria species based on micro-morphological results. However, 32 colonies of Pseudodiploria presented high phenotypic plasticity at colony and calice levels (11 of the 14 evaluated characters), and molecular variation of β-tubulin gene was higher in the colonies that exhibited high morphological variability. Genetic distances of β-tubulin gene sequences also demonstrated that all colonies collected are most similar to P. clivosa (according to previous studies). Interestingly, we found that colonies collected from a coastal reef had higher variability in morphological characters at colony and calice levels (17 of 20 samples), which may be the evidence of the effect of environmental conditions on phenotypic plasticity of Pseudodiploria colonies.

Morphological analysis of three-dimensionally reconstructed frontal sinuses from Chinese Han population using computed tomography.

The uniqueness and reliability of frontal sinuses for personal identification have gained wide recognition in forensics. However, few studies have assessed the usefulness of a three-dimensional (3D) model of the frontal sinus for human identification. This study aimed to develop standardized techniques to classify the frontal sinus according to its 3D morphological metrics and discover the usefulness of the 3D frontal sinus model in identification of Chinese Han population. One hundred and ninety-six computed tomography (CT) scans of patients older than 20years (84 males and 112 females) were collected. A 3D frontal sinus digital model was segmented using Dolphin Imaging software. The following morphological metrics of the 3D frontal sinus were used to develop the coding system: bilateral or unilateral, spatial relationships of the two sides, number of septations, superior volume side, the shape of the 3D model of each side, shape of the medial surface and frontal ostium on each side, number of accessory septations on each side, number of supra-orbital cells of the medial surface and lateral surface on each side, and number of the arcades on each side. The new coding system accurately identified all of our research individuals. This study discovered a number of individual variations in the 3D frontal sinus morphology patterns. A coding system, which is based on these morphological patterns, exposes the morphological variants of frontal sinuses and presents the usefulness of 3D frontal sinus model for human identification.