Number Of Seeds Pod-1 Research Articles

YIELD AND QUALITY RESPONSES OF SOYBEAN (Glycine max. L. Merr.) VARIETIES INOCULATED WITH RHIZOBIA STRAINS UNDER DROUGHT STRESS

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of nodule formation and nodulation performance of Rhizobia bacteria on yield and quality in soybean roots under limited water application conditions in soybean varieties depending on climate change. In this study, 4 different irrigation applications (limited vs irrigated: 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%), 2 soybean varieties (Cinsoy and Altınay) and 3 different Rhizobia inoculants (Control, AZOTEK-2, USDA-110) were applied for two years (2020-2021) in order to determine the yield and quality characteristics of soybean. The experiment was established according to randomized complete block split-split plots experimental design with 3 replications. In the experiment, the main factor was Rhizobia inoculant treatments, the first sub-factor was soybean varieties, and the second sub-factor was irrigation applications. Within the scope of the study, yield and quality parameters such as plant height (cm), first pod height (cm), number of pods plant-1, number of seeds pod-1, seed yield (kg ha-1), 1000 seed weight (g), leaf area (cm2 plant-1), seed crude protein (%) and oil content (%) were examined. It was concluded that irrigation and inoculant applications and combinations of these factors had significant effects on yield parameters of soybean varieties. The study revealed that there was no discernible nodulation development observed in soybean roots under both irrigated and limited irrigation conditions. It was determined that under conditions of limited irrigation combined with high temperature conditions, the growth of the soybean was significantly impacted, resulting in a notable reduction in yield and leaf area but this was not observed in the quality characteristics.

Influence of Tree Geometry on Growth and Yield of Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) under Gamhar (Gmelina arborea Roxb.) based Agroforestry System

The experiment was conducted during kharif (June to September) 2022–23 at Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India to evaluate effect of Gmelina arborea geometry on the growth and yield of mungbean, tree growth, biomass, carbon storage and assessing the economic feasibility of the agroforestry systems. The experiment was designed for intercropping of one mungbean high yielding varieties viz., IPM 205-7 (Virat) sown in June with Gmelina arborea. The treatments for gamhar and mungbean are as follows: T1-Vigna radiata sole crop; T2-Gmelina arborea sole tree (5×5 m2); T3-Gmelina arborea sole tree (5×4 m2); T4-Gmelina arborea sole tree (5×3 m2); T5-Gmelina arborea (5×5 m2)+Vigna radiata; T6-Gmelina arborea (5×4 m2)+Vigna radiata; T7-Gmelina arborea (5×3 m2)+Vigna radiata. Experiment was designed in randomized block design (RBD) with seven treatments and five replications. The effect of different spacing patterns viz., S1-5×5 m2, S2-5×4 m2, S3-5×3 m2 in 2 year old Gamhar plantation with seven treatments combinations on mungbean was studied at the Forestry Research Farm, RLBCAU, Jhansi. The maximum number of branches plant-1 (8.04), number of trifoliate leaves plant-1 (11.96), number of seeds pod-1 (12.32), grain yield (0.73 t ha-1) and straw yield (2.13 t ha-1) was recorded in mungbean sole crop. The plant height (62.51 cm) was recorded highest in mungbean intercrop in 5×3 m2 gamhar spacing. The maximum girth (27.38 cm) of trees was recorded in 5×5 m2 gamhar spacing mungbean intercrop. The tree height (6.01 m) and benefit cost ratio (2.67) was observed maximum in 5×4 m2 gamhar spacing with mungbean intercrop.

Effect of Transient Waterlogging Stress on Growth, Physiology and Yield of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) in Semi-Arid Region

Cowpea cultivation during rainy season is highly affected by the waterlogging stress due to unpredicted high-intensity rains. The studies on assessment of waterlogging effect on different growth stages of cowpea are necessary for planning mitigation strategies. Hence study was conducted during kharif (June to September) 2022 under factorial randomized block design (FRCBD) set up. The first factor consisted of seven waterlogging durations (3 to 15 days), and second factor was three growth stages of cowpea (15 DAE; Days after emergence, 25 DAE and at 50% flowering). The results revealed that regardless of growth stages, growth and yield attributes were drastically decreased with increased duration of waterlogging. The highest plant height (25.07 cm), number of branches plant–1 (5.33) and leaf area (205.27 cm2 plant–1), and number of pods plant–1 (4.27), pod length (15.24 cm), number of seeds pod–1 (14.27), grain (6.27 g plant–1) and haulm yield (15.62 g plant–1) were recorded with 3 days of waterlogging, whereas lowest values were reported with 15 days of waterlogging. Regarding growth stages, highest growth, and yield attributes were recorded with waterlogging during 50% flowering, followed by 25 DAE and 15 DAE. Moreover, the correlation study indicated that physiological parameters such as leaf protein content (r = 0.95) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index NDVI (r = 0.97) were positively related to grain yield. It was found that, cowpea is sensitive to high-intensity waterlogging (beyond 3–5 days) especially during the early growth stage (15 DAE).

Effect of dose and time of imazethapyr on weed and yield in summer season blackgram (Vigna mungo L.)

A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of dose and time of imazethapyr on weed and yield in the summer season black gram. The predominant weed species in the experimental field were Eleusine indica, Amaranthus viridis, Commelina benghalensis, Alternanthera sessilis etc. The minimum weed population was observed with two-hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS which was closely followed by imazethapyr @ 100 g a.i. ha-1 at 25 DAS and imazethapyr @ 75 g a.i. ha-1 at 15 DAS. Imazethapyr 100 g a.i. ha-1 at 25DAS recorded the pod length, number of seeds pod-1, test weight, harvest index, seed and stover yield. Application of imazethapyr @ 100 g a.i. ha-1 at 25 DAS gave a higher B:C ratio (1.03) as compared to two-hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS.

Effect of levels of phosphorus and varieties on growth and yield of black gram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper

A field experiment entitled “Effect of levels of phosphorus on growth and yield of black gram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]” was conducted in Agronomy research farm in School of Agricultural Sciences (SAS), Nagaland University, Medziphema, during kharif season of 2022. The experiment consisted of twelve treatments which were laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications. The treatment consisted of four different levels of phosphorus (P) viz., 0 (P0), 20 (P1), 40 (P2) and 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 (P3) and three different varieties (V) viz., SBC-40 (V1), SBC-51 (V2) and PU-31 (V3). The results revealed that among different levels of phosphorus, application of 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 recorded higher growth attributes, yield attributes and nutrient uptake. In case of varieties, SBC-51 variety recorded higher growth attributes, yield attributes and nutrient uptake compared to the other varieties. In case of interaction between varieties and phosphorus, variety SBC-51 along with the application of 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 recorded the maximum growth attributes and yield attributes viz., number of pods plant-1 (37.24), pod length, number of seeds pod-1 (6.93), seed yield (1014.66 kg ha-1 ), stover yield (2246.54 kg ha-1 ) over rest of the treatment. In terms of nutrient uptake, application of 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 in SBC-51 variety of black gram recorded highest N, P and K uptake by both seed and stover.

Performance of Rabi Blackgram (Vigna mungoL.,) under Different Sowing Windows

Field experiment was conducted at the College Farm, Agricultural College, Mahanandi of Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University during the period from October, 2017 to January 2018 to evaluate the performance of rabiblackgram (Vigna mungo L.) under different sowing windows. The experimental site was sandy loam and it was neutral in reaction with a pH of 7.30, EC of 0.20 ds m-1. The experiment comprised four blackgram varieties viz., TBG-104, LBG-787, GBG-1 and PU-31 and four sowing dates viz., 1st fort night of October, 2nd fort night of October, 1st fort night November and 2nd fort night November.The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with factorial concept (FRBD) having sixteen treatments and three replications. Results showed that varieties and dates of sowings significantly influenced all the parameters in the growth attributing experimentation characters such as plant height, dry weight, leaf area index, and yield attributing characters like number of pods plant-1, number of seeds pod-1 and 1000 seed weight and seed yield (kg ha-1), haulm yield (kg ha-1) and harvest index (%) and were found highest in PU-31and lowest in LBG-787. With regard to sowing windows, the higher as well as lower values of these parameters were observed with sowing 1st fort night of October and 2nd fort night of November, respectively. Sowing PU-31 on 1st fort night of October and 2nd fort night of November gave the highest seed yield (856.42 kg ha-1) and haulm yield (2473.96 kg ha-1) respectively. Overall the results proved that 1st FN of October seems to be the appropriate sowing date for getting higher yield of black gram during rabi season. Among different varieties PU-31 came out with higher yield followed by GBG-1, TBG-104 and LBG-787.

Residual Effects of Microbial Treated Paddy Residues Applied to Zero Till Maize on Growth and Yield of Summer Greengram

Background: Farmers’ conventional tillage and residue removal practices in rice-maize-greengram systems in India are input-intensive, costly and soil degradative. A number of soil quality issues have emerged due to continuous cropping and burning of residues threatening the sustainability of rice based cropping systems for the last more than four decades. Nevertheless, the in-situ or in-field decomposition of crop residue using microbial inoculum is rarely studied. This necessitated the use of microbial consortia developed by a combination of potent strains of fungi which can perform harmoniously for rapid decomposition of crop residues. Methods: A field experiment was conducted during 2020-21 and 2021-22 with eight residue-management treatments and three fertility levels to zero till maize at college farm, Rajendranagar, PJTSAU using strip plot design and the residual effect on the succeeding greengram was studied. Result: Greengram growth and yield were significantly higher under residual effect of incorporation of residues treated with microbial consortia consisting of Trichoderma viridae, Aspergillus awamori and Phanerocheate spp. along with 300:100:100 kg ha-1 of N, P2O5 and K2O (125% RDF) and P supplied in the form of single super phosphate (SSP) under zero tillage during summer, 2021 and 2022. Growth parameters like plant height, leaf area index, dry matter production and yield attributes like number of pods plant-1, pod length and number of seeds pod-1 in greengram were higher under residue incorporated plots compared to residue burning, removal and retention plots with 125% RDF.

Studies on Chemical Weed Management Practices on Growth and Yield of Blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.)

An investigation was carried out at Zonal Agricultural Research Station, Kalaburagi, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur during kharif 2021-22 entitled studies on chemical weed management practices on growth and yield of blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.)]. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with nine treatments and three replications. Among all the treatments, hand weeing at 25-30 DAS, recorded significantly lower weed density, higher weed control efficiency that favoured higher growth and yield parameters. Whereas, among the chemical weed management practices, application of sodium acifluorfen 16.5% + clodinafop propargyl 8% EC @ 1.0 kg a.i. ha-1 at 20-25 DAS as post emergent recorded significantly lower weed population (2.71/0.25 m2), lower weed dry weight (1.53/0.25 m2) and higher weed control efficiency (90.31 %) compared to other chemical weed management treatments. The treatment sodium acifluorfen 16.5% + clodinafop propargyl 8% EC @ 1.0 kg a.i. ha-1 at 20-25 DAS as post emergent also recorded significantly higher growth parameters viz., plant height (40.18 CM), number of branches (9.18), and dry matter production at harvest (23.50 g plant-1) and yield components viz., number of pods plant-1 (46.69 ), number of seeds pod-1 (7.89), 100 seed weight (4.7 g), seed yield (1059 kg ha-1) compared to other treatments. Significantly higher net returns (Rs.48,406) were recorded in hand weeding at 25-30 DAS and intercultivation at 45 DAS, which was on par with application of sodium acifluorfen 16.5% + clodinafop propargyl 8% EC @ 1.0 kg a.i. ha-1 at 20-25 DAS (Rs.45,066 ha-1). The higher benefit cost ratio was recorded with application of sodium acifluorfen 16.5% + clodinafop propargyl 8% EC @ 1.0 kg a.i. ha-1 at 20-25 DAS (3.08) followed by hand weeding at 25-30 DAS and intercultivation at 45 DAS.

Influence of Foliar Nutrition for Maximising the Growth and Yield of Black Gram (Vigna mungo L.) under Irrigated Condition

Background: A field experiment was conducted at the Central farm of Imayam Institute of Agriculture and Technology, Thuraiyur, during Thaipattam (Jan.- Feb.) 2019 to study the influence of foliar nutrients for maximizing the yield of blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) under irrigated condition. Methods: The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design and replicated thrice. The treatments comprised six different foliar nutrients viz.,T1 - Control (RDF alone - 25:50:25 kg NPK ha-1), T2 - RDF + foliar spray of 1% TNAU Pulse wonder, T3 - RDF + foliar spray of 1% (19:19:19), T4 - RDF + foliar spray of 1% KCl, T5 - RDF + foliar spray of 2% DAP, T6 - RDF + foliar spray of Salicylic acid 100 ppm, T7 - RDF+ foliar spray of PPFM @ 500 ml ha-1. The variety used VBN(Bg) 5. The foliar nutrients were sprayed on 30 and 45 DAS. Result: The results revealed that among the different foliar nutrients, foliar application of 1% pulse wonder resulted in higher LAI and DMP, closely followed by 2% DAP spray. Similar to the yield parameters, foliar application of 1% TNAU pulse wonder produced more pod clusters plant-1, number of pods plant-1 and number of seeds pod-1,and it, however, was on par with 2% DAP spray. Foliar spray of 1% TNAU pulse wonder produced a higher grain yield of 918 kg ha-1, comparable with a grain yield of 2% DAP (896 kg ha-1). The highest gross return (` 50,490 ha-1), net return (` 26,000 ha-1) and BCR (2.03) were obtained with foliar spray of 1% pulse wonder followed by 2% DAP spray, Hence, it is concluded that raising blackgram with foliar spray of pulse wonder spray @ 1% twice at 30 and 45 DAS is the viable package for getting higher yield and higher income.

Fostering resistance in common bean: Synergistic defense activation by Bacillus subtilis HE18 and Pseudomonas fluorescens HE22 against Pythium root rot

Root rot of common bean caused by Pythium aphanidermatum is a serious disease that causes significant losses to the production and yield of this crop. This study aimed to biocontrol the root rot disease of common bean using Bacillus subtilis HE18 and Pseudomonas fluorescens HE22 as effective bioagents and promote the growth of this plant. Using the in vitro dual culture assay, B. subtilis HE18 and P. fluorescens HE22 inhibited the radial growth of the pathogenic P. aphanidermatum by 67.95 and 48.39%, respectively. Chemical analysis of the cell-free filtrates of both bioagents using GC/MS demonstrated the production of twenty and thirteen volatile compounds by B. subtilis HE18 and P. fluorescens HE22, respectively, which may account for their significant antifungal efficacy. In the greenhouse, the application of a combination of both bio-inoculants displayed lower severity of pre- and post-emergence damping off and high plant survival, recording 10.1, 6.7, and 83.3%, respectively. The expression of the defense-related genes JERF3, GLU, and PR1, was examined in the treated plants using qPCR, where the highest upregulation levels were recorded for the infected plants that were treated with the combined biocontrol agents. Treating of the infected common bean with a combination of B. subtilis HE18 and P. fluorescens HE22 increased the activity levels of POD and PPO antioxidant enzymes and enhanced the phenol content. Combined treating of the infected plants with both bioagents increased the TSS to 14.15 °Brix, compared with the infected, untreated plants (7.05 °Brix). The dual application of both bioagents expressed a significant increment in Chl. a and b pigments, enhanced the levels of carotenoids, and increased the total pigments. Treating of the infected and control plants with both bio-inoculants caused an appreciable increment in the shoot height, root length, and shoot and dry weights, respectively. Moreover, the same treatment increased the pod weights, pod length and width, and the number of seeds pod−1, in addition to the yield plant−1. Finally, we concluded that both bioagents acted synergistically against the fungal pathogen, as they targeted multiple sites in the fungal cell and promoted the growth parameters and yields of the treated common bean plants.

The Manual, Chemical, Cultural, and Integrated Weed Management in Soybean Production

A field experiment was conducted at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, from December 2021 to April 2022 to study the effect of weed management practices in soybean (Glycine max L.). The experiment was laid out in a Randomized three-Complete Block Design (RCBD) with twelve weed management treatments- no weeding (Control), two hand weeding (at 15 and 30 DAS), pre-emergence herbicide (Herbilin 33% EC @ 400 ml ha-1), post-emergence herbicide Irish EC @ 1200 ml ha-1, pre + post-emergence herbicide, pre-emergence + 1 hand weeding {40 days after sowing (DAS)}, post-emergence herbicide + 1 hand weeding (40 DAS), pre + post-emergence herbicide + 1 hand weeding(40 DAS), straw mulching, intercrop with Amaranthus dubius, and Zea mays, and weed-free. The experimental result showed among seven different weed species found, Cyperus rotundus was the most prevalent weed, with the highest weed density (123 and 128.67 m-2) and relative weed emergence (43.16 and 38.79 %) in the control plot at 30 and 60 DAS. The treatment pre + post-emergence herbicide + 1 hand weeding (40 DAS) showed the longest pod length (4.16 cm) and number of seeds pod-1 (3.89). The weed-free treatment resulted in the highest 1000-seed weight (111.00 g), seed yield (1.86 t ha-1), stover yield (2.16 t ha-1), biological yield (4.03t ha-1), and harvest index (46.35 %). However, the highest benefit-cost ratio (2.85) was obtained under post-emergence herbicide (Irish EC) treatment. Therefore, applying Irish EC was the best broad-spectrum effective herbicide to manage the various weed floras in soybeans for profit. SAARC J. Agric., 21(2): 195-206 (2023)

Nitrogen Fixation and Yield of Common Bean Varieties in Response to Shade and Inoculation of Common Bean

Light is not only a primary energy source, but it is also one of the environmental factors that affect plant growth and development. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is commonly produced in association with maize as subordinate intercrops in the Sidama region. Under such a production system, the shade effect may limit the photosynthetic and nitrogen-fixing capacity of common beans. The objective of the current study was to assess how inoculation and shade affect the ability to fix nitrogen and yield components of common beans. Three common bean varieties (Hawassa dume, Nassir, and Ibbado), two shade levels (open and 25% shade) as well as two levels of inoculation (uninoculated and inoculated) were used for these purposes. The experiment was set up in factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) in four replications. In this experiment, Rhizobium inoculation and shade significantly (p < 0.05) affected the number of pods plant-1 and the number of seeds pod-1. The inoculated treatment produced the maximum number of pods plant-1 (14.02) and the lowest number of pods plant-1 (10.95) was obtained from uninoculated treatments. The results also showed that the inoculated Hawassa dume variety from the open treatments derived the maximum percentage of N from N2 fixation, whereas the non-inoculated Ibbado variety from the 25% shade treatments derived the lowest percentage of N. Common bean grown on full light had significantly greater N content than shade.

Effect of leaf clipping on growth and yield of blackgram (Vigna mungo L.)

An experiment was conducted at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University farm, Dhaka to investigate the effect of variety and leaf clipping on the growth and yield of blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) from March to June-2019. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with three replications. The treatments were Blackgram variety (3); V1: BARI Mash-1, V2: BARI Mash-2 and V3: BARI Mash-3, and leaf clipping (4); C0: No leaf clipping (control), C1: Clipping of 1st basal leaf, C2: Clipping of 2nd basal leaves and C3: Clipping of total apical leaves having no inflorescence. Growth, yield and yield contributing characteristics were compared under different treatments. Results indicated that variety and leaf clipping significantly affected most of the growth and yield contributing characteristics of blackgram. In the case of variety, mthe aximum value of the yield and yield contributing characteristics such as pod−1 length (8.99 cm), pods plant−1 (14.00), number of seeds pod−1 (9.78), 1000 seeds weight (48.58 g), and seed yield (1381.70 kg ha−1), were observed in var. BARI Mash-3. In the case of leaf clipping, maximum pod length (8.44 cm), pods plant−1 (15.18), seeds pod (9.32), 1000- seeds weight (48.33 g), seed yield (1306.7 kg ha−1), was recorded in Clipping of 1st basal leaf treatment. The blackgram var. BARI Mash-3 and clipping of 1st basal leaf was found superior in producing maximum pod length (9.32 cm), number of pods plant−1 (16.87), number of seeds pod−1 (10.80), 1000- seeds weight (51.67 g), and seed yield (1456.70 kg ha−1). So, var. BARI Mash-3 and clipping of 1st basal leaf may improve the growth and yield of blackgram.
 Bangladesh Agron. J. 2023, 26(1): 9-17

Effect of Comprehensive Cultivation Measures on the Some Gossypium Varieties Performance Grown in Azerbaijan

The results of experiments on growing various varieties of Gossypium using complex cultivation measures are considered. The research was carried out on the territory of the Mil steppe and Ganja. 7 varieties of cotton were used as objects. A relationship has been revealed between leaf surface and Gossypiumperformance. The best performance is found in the Ganja-110 variety. Analysis of the results showed that the number of seedpods per plant varies from 9 to 15, and the weight of cotton per boll varies from 5.3 g to 6.1 g. Cotton performance increases from 36.9% to 38.7%. The thousand seed weight increased from 113-118 g to 119-129 g. The Gossypium yield was higher in variants with a 1-4-0 irrigation scheme and organic fertilizer at the rate of 15 t/ha. Gossypiumyield increased from 36.4 cwt/ha to 40.8 cwt/ha, and the level of profitability increased from 202.2% to 238%.

Influence of INM on Growth and Yield of Green Gram (Vigna radiata L.) NEPZ

At the United University's Agricultural Research Farm in Rawatpur, Jhalwa, Prayagraj (U.P.), India, during the Kharif season of 2022, a research on green gram (Vigna radiata L.) was carried out to examine the effects of integrated nutrient management on growth, yield, and economics. On green gram (Vigna radiata L), the experiment was conducted using a randomized bock design with three replications in all allowable combinations of inorganic fertilizers, Rhizobium, and PSB together with FYM. This study showed that plant height (91.99 cm), dry weight (105.45 g), and number of root nodules (111.33) were all significantly enhanced by 100% RDF + 5.0 tonnes FYM ha-1 + Rhizobium and PSB seed inoculation. In terms of increasing yield and yield-related indicators, such as number of pods plant-1 (31.43), number of seeds pod-1 (12.46), test weight (37.26 g), and harvest index (34.90%), the same treatment combination likewise showed the best results. As a result, adding farm yard manure at a rate of 5 tonnes per hectare coupled with Rhizobium and PSB increased yield compared to the control. But using 100% RDF, bio fertilizer, and FYM @ 5.0 tonnes ha-1 greatly boosts gross returns (₹ 104,120.00), net returns (₹ 76,017.00), and benefit: cost ratio (2.70). These results showed that the addition of organic matter, inorganic fertilizers, and bio-fertilizers all combined to boost yield while using various nutrition sources.

Impact of Zinc and Thiourea Application on Growth and Yield of Summer Green Gram (Vigna radiata L.)

Aims: To find out the Impact of zinc and thiourea application on growth and yield of summer green gram (Vigna radiata L.).
 Study Design: The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (factorial concepts) with three replications.
 Place and Duration of Study: A field experiment was conducted during summer season of 2020 at Agronomy Instructional Farm, SDAU, Dantiwada (Gujarat). The soil of experimental plot was loamy sand in texture.
 Methodology: The experiment comprising three levels of zinc (1.5, 3.0 and 4.5 kg ha-1) and five treatments of thiourea application (control (no spray), seed soaking with thiourea @ 500 ppm, foliar spray of thiourea @ 500 ppm at 30 DAS, foliar spray of thiourea @ 500 ppm at 45 DAS and foliar spray of thiourea @ 500 ppm at 30 and 45 DAS).
 Results: Almost all the growth and yield attributes as well as yield were significantly influenced due to various treatments. The plant height (47.02 cm and 46.60 cm, respectively), total number of pods plant-1 (15.92 and 19.82, respectively) and number of seeds pod-1 (7.91 and 8.26, respectively) and seed yield and stover yield were also found significantly higher in the application of either 4.5 kg Zn ha-1 or foliar sprays of thiourea @ 500 ppm at 30 and 45 DAS.
 Conclusion: On the basis of experimental results, it can be concluded that to obtain higher yield of green gram crop responds positively to the application of zinc and thiourea with enhancement in the agronomical performance and productivity.

Evaluation of Black Cumin (Nigella sativa L.) Genotypes for Yield and Yield Related Parameters in Potential Growing Areas of Ethiopia

Multi-environment trials were carried out at 3 locations in different black cumin growing zones of Ethiopia during June-December, 2017–2018 and 2018–2019 to select high yielding and adaptable genotypes for commercial production in Ethiopia. Ten advanced black cumin genotypes were evaluated with one standard check variety. The genotypes were arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The ANOVA revealed that the differences in seed yield among genotypes (G), environments (E) and genotype by environment interaction (GEI) were highly significant (p<0.01). Besides, significant (p<0.01) differences were obtained for days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, number of pod plant-1, number of seeds pod-1, seed yield plant-1, and thousand seed weight. However, days to emergence, number of primary and secondary branches plant-1 were not significant (p>0.05). The highest seed yield was recorded from genotype 242840 (1102 kg ha-1) followed by 242841(1038 kg ha-1) and these genotypes had 35% and 26.39% yield advantage over the check variety-Aden respectively. Moreover, the two genotypes were better in oleoresin content among others. The partitioning of GE through GGE biplot analysis showed that PC1 and PC2 accounted for 47.09% and 18.18%, explaining 65.27% of the total variance. The GGE biplot ranked the genotypes for yield performance; the genotypes viz. 24840 and 24841 were among the five marker (winning) genotypes and showed their wider adaptability across the testing environments. Therefore, the genotypes were selected as potential candidate genotypes for on farm verification and possible release for commercial production in the testing environments and similar agro ecologies.

Effect of Different Levels of Phosphorus and Zinc on Growth and Yield of Green Gram (Vigna radiata L.) Var. Swati Swarna

An experiment was conducted during in Zaid season (March 2022-June 2022) on central research farm of Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three levels of Phosphorus and Zinc (0 %, 50 % and 100 %). The treatment combinations were replicated three times and were allocated at random in each replication. The result shows that application of different levels combination of inorganic fertilizers increased growth, yield of green gram. It was recorded from the application of P and Zinc fertilizers in treatment T7 [P @ 100% + Zinc @ 0%] maximum plant height 40.90, 49.12, and 60.16 cm at 30, 60 DAS and at harvest, number of branches plant-1 9.35, 11.62, and 14.24 at 30, 60 DAS and at harvest, number of pods plant-1 25.73, number of seeds pod-1 10.54, test weight of 1000 seeds 54.66 g, grain yield 11.73 q ha-1 with benefit cost ratio 1: 2.33 best from T1 [(control) P @ 0% + Zinc @ 0 %].

Genetic Variability and Character Association Studies on Yield and Yield Attributing Traits in Grain Type Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.)

The experiment was carried out during July, 2021 to November, 2021 at Botany Garden, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka, India to estimate genetic variability, correlation and path coefficients for various yield and its component characters using 45 F1 hybrids of cowpea derived from 10×10 half-diallel crosses and their ten parents. The genetic variability studies revealed the presence of sufficient variability between the studied genotypes for yield traits. High GCV, PCV, heritability and GAM were observed for number of pods plant-1 and grain yield plant-1, indicating that operating selection for these traits in the material would be fruitful owing to their additive gene action. Further, the correlation studies revealed that grain yield plant-1 was positively and significantly associated with the traits number of pods plant-1, pod length, number of seeds pod-1 and 100 seed weight at both genotypic and phenotypic levels depicting the scope of indirect selection for yield through these associated characters. Phenotypic and genotypic path coefficient analysis revealed that number of pods plant-1 recorded highest positive direct effect on yield plant-1 and also highest indirect effect on yield plant-1 via pod length and number of seeds pod-1. These results indicated that, grain yield in cowpea can be improved by improving these significantly associated component traits.

Studies on Genetic Variability and Character Association for Quantitative Traits of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum L.)

The field experiment was carried out in randomized block design repeating each genotype into 3 blocks at Agriculture Farm of Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India during rabi season (November–March) of 2015–16. Variability in the breeding population is essential pre-requisite to improve yield, earliness, disease resistance, lodging resistance etc. and the study of correlation and path analysis help in formulating selection indices for yield improvement. Therefore, a study was carried out undertaken to assess the magnitude of genetic variability and character association in twenty four diverse genotypes of garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) based on eleven quantitative characters. Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA) showed the existence of wide variability among the genotypes for all the characters studied. Closer magnitude of genotypic and phenotypic variation also indicated the presence of considerable genetic variability for all characters. High proportion of GCV accompanied with high heritability (in broad sense) and high genetic gain/genetic advance as percentage of mean were recorded for the characters like days to 50% flowering, plant height, harvesting span, dry matter and pod yield. Significant positive genotypic and phenotypic correlations were observed among pod yield and days to 50% flowering, number of pods plant-1 and number of seeds pod-1. These characters also had positive direct effect on pod yield. Hence, it can be concluded that selection is feasible for improvement of the characters studied under investigation.