Number Of Sailors Research Articles

Garihma (to Care for)

Garihma (to Care for)

289 Rack curtains improve sailors’ sleeping conditions in berthing compartments of the United States Navy (USN) ships

Abstract Introduction Ambient light is one of the primary factors affecting sailor sleep in berthing compartments on USN ships. Each “rack” (i.e., bunk) has a curtain, however, intended only for privacy. Current rack curtain specifications do not address light-blocking properties. We assessed the effects of replacing existing, standard rack curtains with enhanced rack curtains that provide superior light-blocking in the sleeping environment. Methods Longitudinal (~2 weeks), naturalistic observation of sailors (N=52; 41 enlisted personnel) on a USN destroyer during deployment. The standard curtain was used for one week followed by one week with the enhanced light-blocking curtain. Sleep-related attributes (Epworth Sleepiness Scale–ESS, Insomnia Severity Index–ISI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index–PSQI) were assessed at the end of each week. Actigraphy and rack temperature data (both inside and outside the rack) were collected throughout the study. Results are presented as median±median absolute deviation. Results Participants slept on average 6.8±1.0 hours/day. ESS scores improved with decreases from 9.0±3.0 with standard curtains to 7.0±3.0 with the enhanced curtains (p=0.020). Sailors with normal daytime sleepiness improved from 33 (63.5%) with standard curtains to 40 (76.9%) with the enhanced curtains. ISI scores decreased from 11.0±3.0 to 8.0±2.0 in the two conditions (p<0.001). The number of Sailors with ISI scores ≥15 decreased from 11 (21.2%) with standard curtains to 8 (13.5%) with the enhanced curtains (p=0.103). PSQI scores (8.0±2.0), however, did not change between the control and the intervention periods (p=0.527). Preliminary analysis showed that, compared to outside the rack, temperature inside the rack was slightly warmer on average with new curtains (~1 °F; p=0.096). Conclusion Our results suggest that the enhanced curtains reduced average daytime sleepiness and severity of insomnia symptoms. A greater difference in rack temperature with the enhanced curtains was observed; however, this may be attributed to the ship sailing in southern latitudes during the intervention period. Ongoing analysis will provide more insight on the utility of the enhanced curtains and their efficacy in improving sleeping conditions. Support (if any) Supported by the Naval Medical Research Center’s Advanced Medical Development Program, the US Navy 21st Century Sailor Office, and the US Navy OPNAV N1.

EKSISTENSI BIMA DALAM PELAYARAN DAN PERDAGANGAN ANTAR PULAU

Bima is a region in eastern Sumbawa Island. It has been a port town docked by many merchant ship from many region for centuries. It cannot be denied that trading activity in Bima Port is dominated by merchants from Bugis-Makassar and Malay who played up their trade widely into another island such as Flores and other eastern region, because Islamization and its closely relationship between South Sulawesi and Malay merchants. Since 16th century, Bima considered as one of the most important trade town, with the result that VOC endeavour to make a monopoly trade with ruler of Bima. The number of sailors and merchants from any direction makes Bima more crowdly. The great commodity of Bima is Kayu Sapan.

MAIN HEALTH INDICATORS IN MILITARY WHO SERVED ON A CONTRACT BASIS IN THE RUSSIAN NAVY IN 2003-2016

We selectively analyzed medical reports by Form 3/MED in military units with about 60% of the total number of sailors and foremen who served on a contract basis in the Russian Navy from 2003 to 2016. Over 14 years in sailors and sergeants who served on a contract basis, average annual overall morbidity was 870,8±73,5‰, primary morbidity 378,4±20,3‰, the need for dynamic follow-up 88,2±11,4‰, hospital admission 197,2±10,2‰, days out of work 3866±213‰, dismissal for health reasons 6,29±0,32‰. The death rate was 111,8±11,8 deaths per 100 thousand military per year. Polynomial trends of the listed indicators with determination coefficients of varying significance revealed reduction trends. Compared with all the contract servicemen of the Russian Armed Forces, sailors and foremen have a statistically significantly lower level of primary morbidity, hospitalizations and a higher level of dismissal due to health reasons. Diseases and injuries from categories IX, X, XI, XII XIII and XIX (International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Health Problems of the 10th revision) accounted for 76.8% of the general structure of health disorders. These health disorders are of high military-epidemiological significance for contract military personnel of the Russian Navy, including injuries and other consequencies of external causes (XIX) — 25%, respiratory diseases (X) — 18,3% and cardiovascular diseases (IX) — 14,3%. Measures to prevent such diseases and injuries will contribute to improving the health of contract servicemen.

When too many are not enough: Human resource slack and performance at the Dutch East India Company (1700–1795)

Slack is an elusive concept in organizational research, with studies documenting a variety of relationships between slack and firm performance. We advocate treating slack not as a resource, but as a practice – a sequence of events and responses over time. A longitudinal analysis of the Dutch East India Company (1700–1795) highlights the use of slack as a response to a resource constraint (the shortage of skilled labor). After documenting the negative performance effects of skill shortage, we identify a trade-off in the use of human resource slack (number of sailors above what is operationally required), in which slack enhanced operational reliability, but reduced efficiency. Derived from a historical context, this trade-off has contemporary relevance and is helpful in reconciling contradictory evidence on slack.

해군함정 협수로 연안 항해시 함위산출 및 보고사항 개선에 관한 연구

This research examines the use of Cross Bearing in the Republic of Korea Navy. Specifically, this study focuses on the degrees of errors caused by the order of measuring targets and suggests a new method to determine Advice Course. It then reviews the appropriateness of the contents of Location Report that is regularly to the duty officer during a voyage in a narrow channel. Whenever a naval vessel passes through a narrow channel, many number of sailors are assigned to diverse positions in order to enhance navigational safety. Even though it is possible to easily recognize the location of a ship with helps of various kinds of navigational equipments using state-of-the-art technology, there are still several situations where sailors' efforts are indispensible for calculating the position of their ship : when the ship is damaged during an engagement with enemies and when the enemies interfere (GPS) signals. In addition, the particularity of naval vessels in which many number of crew members can be assigned to various positions supports for the suitability of the use of Cross Bearing in the Navy. This study will contribute to navigational safety of the ROK Navy and fostering junior naval officers' seamanship.

Sailors and traders: a maritime history of the Pacific peoples

Written by a senior scholar and master mariner, Sailors and Traders is the first comprehensive account of the maritime peoples of the Pacific. It focuses on the sailors who led the exploration and settlement of the islands and New Zealand and their seagoing descendants, providing along the way new material and unique observations on traditional and commercial seagoing against the background of major periods in Pacific history. The book begins by detailing the traditions of sailors, a group whose way of life sets them apart. The period of prehistoric seafaring is discussed using archaeological data, interpretations from inter island exchanges, experimental voyaging, and recent DNA analysis. Sections on the arrival of foreign exploring ships centuries later concentrate on relations between visiting sailors and maritime communities. The successes and failures of Polynesian chiefs who entered into trading with European-type ships are recounted as neglected aspects of Pacific history. As foreign-owned commercial ships expanded in the region so did colonialism, which was accompanied by an increase in the number of sailors from metropolitan countries and a decrease in the employment of Pacific islanders on foreign ships. Eventually small-scale island entrepreneurs expanded inter-island shipping, and in 1978 the regional Pacific Forum Line was created by newly independent states. This was welcomed as a symbolic return to indigenous Pacific ocean linkages. The book's final sections detail the life of the modern Pacific seafarer.

The SS Montebello: Past Tragedy, Future Disaster

December 23, 1941, on the central coast of California the Union Oil Tanker SS Montebello left Port San Luis with eight of her ten oil bays filled with crude. She was blacked out and heading to Vancouver, British Columbia, expecting rough seas on her way. Her trip though was to prove much shorter than planned because only a few hours after departure a Japanese submarine's torpedo struck her and she sank within sight of the little town of Cambria. The sinking of this one tanker may seem almost insignificant considering the vast number of sailors and ships lost during World War II. But it was not insignificant for the thirty-six men who survived it and the future impact the disaster may have on all Californians.

Third session: Chemical and geological. Introduction

While other branches of science have made rapid advances in their fields since the war, only a handful of people have been struggling along in the marine sciences. The setting up of the National Institute of Oceanography barely 10 years ago has triggered off a greater study of the sea far in advance of the limited researches dating back to the days of the Beagle and Challenger . The second Challenger cruise in 1950-2 aroused further interest by the amount of sea-floor data she collected, which included a core from the greatest oceanic depth first reported by the earlier Challenger expedition. But the availability of men and ships has always been a serious handicap as the greater part of marine research can only be carried out from a ship at sea. Ships are expensive and need a large number of sailors to run them in addition to the scientists they carry. Sailors are, however, reasonably easier to obtain but scientists are not made in a day nor are the inducements for them to take up oceanography attractive enough yet.

The Migration of Species

IT has probably been the experience of most who have undertaken a voyage to sea, to have observed land-birds and insects far from the nearest coast, either in course of transit or resting on the vessel. Many travellers have observed these visitants, and their records have proved valuable biological facts bearing on the occasional migrations of species and their consequences as has been pointed out by Mr. Darwin. But it is more than probable that this dispersal of land species over extremely wide areas of sea is far more constant and less occasional than we are at present justified in affirming from the facts as yet collected. Unfortunately however, we glean very little biological information from the great mercantile marine service of this country, an assemblage of which we are so justly proud, and it is only by costly Government expeditions that we become acquainted with facts that remained and would have remained unnoticed by the immense number of sailors who leave our shores. Nor can we feel surprised at the result when we recollect that biology is scarcely a subject thought necessary to form part of a mariner's education. A good instance is afforded by the results of the voyage of the Beagle. An impalpable powder fell upon the ship off the Cape de Verd Islands. This powder must have fallen upon many ships before; but Mr. Darwin being on board the Beagle, it was collected and sent for inspection to Ehrenberg, and results of great scientific value accrued. Had our great philosophic naturalist not been there, this dust might still have fallen on ships to the present day, been swept away as a nuisance, and unrecognised as of any possible interest. That errant species must frequently visit vessels was shown me on a voyage to the East a few years ago. Thus, in the early part of September, in about lat. 12° N. and long. 26° W., a dove flew on board, which, after resting for a short time, again pursued its journey. In about lat. 9° N. and long. 25° W. a moth, apparently S. convolvuli, reached the vessel just before the arrival of a squall. In reply to my inquiries, both the officers and crew stated that these were simply very common occurrences.