Number Of Rubella Cases Research Articles

Rubella in Poland in 2021.

Rubella is a viral infectious disease, and humans are the only reservoir of the virus. In 2020, all WHO member countries conducted epidemiological surveillance for rubella, and almost all (99%) had access to rubella testing at laboratories operating under the WHO Global Measles and Rubella Laboratory Network. The aim of this study was to evaluate epidemiological indicators of rubella in Poland in 2021 compared to previous years, taking into account the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The assessment of the epidemiological situation was based on a review of data from the bulletin , "Infectious Diseases and Poisons in Poland in 2021" (5), and the assessment of the immunization status of the population was based on data from the bulletin , "Immunization in Poland in 2021" (6). Classification of cases was made based on the definition used in the 2021 surveillance (7). Data from the epidemiological surveillance system "EpiBase" were also used. In 2021, 50 cases of rubella were registered, 48 fewer than in 2020 (98 cases). There was also a decrease in incidence to 0.13 per 100,000, compared to 0.26 per 100,000 in 2020. The highest incidence, regardless of gender and residential environment, was recorded in the 0-4 age group (1.23 per 100 thousand). No cases of congenital rubella syndrome were reported in 2021. In 2021, there was a decrease in the number of rubella cases in Poland, which could be a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and the introduced restrictions. In addition, rubella was registered 99% on the basis of clinical diagnoses, without the required laboratory confirmation, which means that other rash diseases could be registered as rubella.

Różyczka w Polsce w 2019 roku

Rubella has been included in the elimination program coordinated by the World Health Organization (WHO) since 2005. Elimination of rubella in the country is possible provided that min. 95% of the vaccination status of the population and monitoring the epidemiological situation, including recording all suspected rubella and conducting laboratory diagnostics at the WHO Reference Laboratory. The aims of the present article are to analyze the epidemiological situation of rubella in Poland in 2019 and to discuss the rubella vaccination coverage. The assessment of the epidemiological situation of rubella in Poland was conducted on the basis of aggregated reports of suspected rubella cases sent to the National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene by Voivodeship Sanitary and Epidemiological Stations, and data from the bulletin "Infectious diseases and poisoning in Poland in 2019" and "Vaccinations in Poland in 2019 ". In 2019, there was a decrease in the number of rubella cases with registered 285 cases (in 2018 - 37 cases), and a decline in incidence (from 1.1 per 100,000 to 0.74). The highest incidence rate, regardless of gender and the environment, was observed among children agded 0-4 years (6.4 per 100,000). In 2019, no cases of congenital rubella syndrome were registered. In 2019, only 3 (1.05%) cases were classified as laboratoryconfirmed cases. The remaining 98.9% (282 cases) were diagnosed on the basis of clinical symptoms. In 2019, there was a decrease in the number of rubella cases. In Poland rubella in reported exclusively on the basis of the clinical picture. The proportion of laboratory tests confirming/excluding rubella infection is still very low in Poland.

The period from prodromal fever onset to rash onset in laboratory-confirmed rubella cases: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundIn resource-limited settings, where rubella is endemic, it is difficult to determine which sporadic case should be tested for rubella. The study aimed to provide useful evidence to help screen rubella cases for real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) examination for rubella in resource-limited settings.MethodSuspected rubella patients identified by a physician and brought to the notice of the Ryugasaki public health center or the Tsuchiura public health center were enrolled from April 2018 through December 2019. The inclusion criterion was a confirmed rubella diagnosis based on laboratory tests. We studied the distribution of the time from the onset of fever until the onset of rash.ResultsThe study included 86 cases with simultaneous presentation of fever and rash. Twenty-nine cases had confirmed rubella based on the laboratory diagnosis. Among these, the time from the onset of fever until the onset of rash was limited to − 1 day to 2 days. The number of rubella cases was the highest when the onset of rash was on the following day of the onset of fever. Of the 78 patients who underwent the RT-PCR test, 48% tested positive for rubella among those with a time from the onset of fever to the onset of rash between − 1 day and 2 days (22 out of 46, 95% confidence interval 34–62%); no positive results (0 out of 30, 95% confidence interval - 14%) were seen in patients with a time from fever to rash onset ≥3 days.ConclusionThe period from the onset of fever to the onset of rash was limited to − 1 day to 2 days among confirmed rubella patients. If the period from onset of fever to the onset of rash was ≥3 days for a patient, the likelihood of rubella was low.

Model Comparisons of the Cost Effectiveness of Rubella Vaccination Method in Japanese Adults.

The number of rubella cases has increased in Japan, especially among adults. Rubella infection in pregnant females can lead to congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). The Japanese government is promoting vaccination to prevent CRS. This study performs a cost-effectiveness analysis of the following four methods: (1) females who wished to become pregnant and partners, with an antibody-titer test; (2) females only, with an antibody-titer test; (3) females and males, without an antibody-titer test; (4) females only, without an antibody-titer test. A decision tree model with a hypothetical cohort of 500 males and 500 females was used for the analysis, and the parameters were obtained from previous studies. The number of avoidances of CRS was defined as the effect. Compared to the case where methods were not implemented, the number of CRS cases that can be prevented by implementing the methods was 0.0115589 by (1) and (3) and 0.0147891 by (2) and (4). The cost effectiveness of (1) to (4) was 287,413,677 JPY, 135,050,529 JPY, 388,524,974 JPY, and 197,744,219 JPY, respectively (1 JPY = 0.00963247 USD). Method (2) was the most cost-effective and did not change by sensitivity analysis. We conclude that the vaccination for females only with an antibody-titer test is recommended.

Rubella in Poland in 2017

Rubella is the disease subject to the elimination programme coordinated by the World Health Organization (WHO). Generally, rubella is an infection of mild course among children but in the case of pregnant women, who are not immunized, the probability of the occurrence of severe congenital abnormalities (congenital rubella syndrome) may amount to 95%. The strategy of the countries belonging to the WHO European Region is directed to the interruption of the rubella virus transmission in the environment in order to prevent the cases of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). The aims of the present article are to analyze the epidemiological situation of rubella in Poland in 2017 and to discuss the rubella vaccination coverage. The epidemiological situation of rubella in Poland was analyzed on the basis of publications: “Infectious diseases and poisonings in Poland in 2017” and “Vaccinations in Poland in 2017”. In 2017, there was a decrease in the number of rubella cases - with registered 476 cases (in 2016 – 1 105 cases) - and a decline in incidence (from 2.9 per 100 000 to 1.2). The highest incidence rate, regardless of gender and the environment, was observed among children aged 0-4 years (11.8 per 100,000). In 2017, no cases of congenital rubella syndrome were registered. In 2017, there was a decrease in the number of rubella cases. In Poland Rubella is reported exclusively on the basis of the clinical picture. The proportion of laboratory tests confirming/excluding rubella infection is still very low in Poland.

Różyczka w Polsce w 2016 roku

Rubella is the disease subject to the elimination programme coordinated by the World Health Organization (WHO). Generally, rubella is an infection of mild course among children but in the case of pregnant women, who are not immunized, the probability of the occurrence of severe congenital abnormalities (congenital rubella syndrome) may amount to 95%. The strategy of the countries belonging to the WHO European Region is directed to the interruption of the rubella virus transmission in the environment in order to prevent the cases of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). OBJECTIVES. The aims of the present article are to analyze the epidemiological situation of rubella in Poland in 2016 and to discuss the rubella vaccination coverage. The epidemiological situation of rubella in Poland was analyzed on the basis of publications: “Infectious diseases and poisonings in Poland in 2016” and “Vaccinations in Poland in 2016”. In 2016, there was a decrease in the number of rubella cases - with registered 1 105 cases (in 2015 – 2 027 cases) - and a decline in incidence (from 5.3 per 100 000 to 2,9). The highest incidence rate, regardless of gender and the environment, was observed among children aged 0-4 years (27.9 per 100,000). The incidence of rubella in boys and men was identical 2.9. In 2016, no cases of congenital rubella syndrome were registered. In 2016, there was a decrease in the number of rubella cases. In Poland Rubella is reported exclusively on the basis of the clinical picture. The proportion of laboratory tests confirming/excluding rubella infection is still very low in Poland.

Progress Toward Control of Rubella and Prevention of Congenital Rubella Syndrome—Worldwide, 2009

Rubella, usually a mild rash illness in children and adults, can cause serious consequences when a pregnant woman is infected, particularly in early pregnancy. These serious consequences include miscarriage, fetal death or an infant born with birth defects (i.e., congenital rubella syndrome (CRS)). The primary purpose for rubella vaccination is the prevention of congenital rubella infection including CRS. Since 1969, several rubella virus vaccines have been licensed for use; however, until the 1990s, use of rubella-containing vaccine (RCV) was limited primarily to developed countries. In 1996, it was estimated that 110,000 infants with CRS were born annually in developing countries. In 2000, the first World Health Organization rubella vaccine position paper was published to guide introduction of RCV in national childhood immunization schedules. From 1996 to 2009, the number of countries that introduced RCV into their national routine childhood immunization programs increased by 57% from 83 countries in 1996 to 130 countries in 2009. In addition, three of the six WHO regions established rubella control and CRS prevention goals: Region of the Americas and Europe rubella elimination by 2010 and 2015, respectively, and Western Pacific Region-accelerated rubella control and CRS prevention by 2015. Also, during this time period, the number of rubella cases reported decreased from 670,894 in 2000 to 121,344 in 2009. Rubella control and prevention of CRS can be accelerated by integrating with current global measles mortality reduction and regional elimination activities.

Efforts at Rubella Elimination in the United States: The Impact of Hemispheric Rubella Control

We examined rubella vaccination trends, rubella surveillance, and disease patterns for the Americas, Mexico, and the United States, to evaluate the impact of hemispheric rubella control on rubella elimination in the United States during 1997-2004. In 1997, 130,375 rubella cases were reported in the Americas, with 38,042 reported in Mexico. Over the next 7 years, a rubella control initiative resulted in the administration of approximately 110 million rubella-containing vaccine doses in Latin America, with 77.7 million doses administered within Mexico. By 2004, the number of reported rubella cases had declined to 3103 in the Americas and 698 in Mexico. Concurrently, the number of rubella cases in the United States fell from 817 during 1997-1999 to <25 cases/year from 2001 onward, with loss of seasonality and geographic clustering, despite no change in vaccination rates. Implementation of rubella control strategies in the Americas, particularly in Mexico, appears to have facilitated rubella elimination in the United States.

Prevention of Rubella Transmission in Medical Facilities

The widespread use of rubella vaccine in the United States has dramatically decreased the number of rubella cases and has prevented epidemics. Nevertheless, outbreaks of rubella continue to occur in medical facilities and have become important in the transmission of the disease. Control of outbreaks requires isolation of infectious patients, assignment of immune staff only to infectious patients, exclusion from work of infectious personnel, special follow-up of pregnant women and exposed persons, and the rapid vaccination of susceptible staff. Implementation of hospital rubella prevention programs is preferable to controlling an outbreak. The vaccination of all susceptible personnel provides the opportunity for preventing rubella outbreaks, disruption of hospital services, and fetal rubella infection.

Congenital Rubella Syndrome: A Continuing Problem

The 1964-1965 rubella pandemic resulted in approximately 20,000 malformed infants and 30,000 stillbirths in the United States, with an estimated economic impact of approximately $1.5 billion. 1 The opportunity to prevent similar tragedies was provided when rubella vaccine was licensed in 1969. Initial control efforts in the United States were aimed at preschool and young school-aged children to decrease the overall number of rubella cases and, consequently, the chances of exposing a susceptible pregnant female. Vaccination of susceptible postpubertal females was given lower priority. Implementation of this strategy has resulted in an interruption of the characteristic epidemics of rubella at six- to nine-year intervals, a marked reduction in the overall incidence of rubella, and prevention of epidemics of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). 2 The major impact has been on young school-aged children, among whom rubella incidence decreased 89% between 1966-1968 and 1975-1977. Unfortunately, less progress has been made in controlling