Number Of Rosettes Research Articles

Genome-Wide Analysis of the Gibberellin-Oxidases Family Members in Four Prunus Species and a Functional Analysis of PmGA2ox8 in Plant Height.

Gibberellins (GAs), enzymes that play a significant role in plant growth and development, and their levels in plants could be regulated by gibberellin-oxidases (GAoxs). As important fruit trees and ornamental plants, the study of the mechanism of plant architecture formation of the Prunus genus is crucial. Here, 85 GAox genes were identified from P. mume, P. armeniaca, P. salicina, and P. persica, and they were classified into six subgroups. Conserved motif and gene structure analysis showed that GAoxs were conserved in the four Prunus species. Collinearity analysis revealed two fragment replication events of PmGAoxs in the P. mume genome. Promoter cis-elements analysis revealed 24 PmGAoxs contained hormone-responsive elements and development regulatory elements. The expression profile indicated that PmGAoxs have tissue expression specificity, and GA levels during the dormancy stage of flower buds were controlled by certain PmGAoxs. After being treated with IAA or GA3, the transcription level of PmGA2ox8 in stems was significantly increased and showed a differential expression level between upright and weeping stems. GUS activity driven by PmGA2ox8 promoter was detected in roots, stems, leaves, and flower organs of Arabidopsis. PmGA2ox8 overexpression in Arabidopsis leads to dwarfing phenotype, increased number of rosette leaves but decreased leaf area, and delayed flowering. Our results showed that GAoxs were conserved in Prunus species, and PmGA2ox8 played an essential role in regulating plant height.

Изучение влияния препарата Янтарин в составе питательной среды Мурасиге и Скуга на клональное микроразмножение некоторых сортов земляники садовой

The article presents the results of studies on the influence of different variants of modification of Murashige and Skoog (MS) nutrient medium with the help of preparations of growth-regulating action. The researches were carried out on the basis of the educational and production laboratory of agricultural biotechnology of FGBOU VO Kostroma State Agricultural Academy. Regenerant plants of garden strawberry: Asia and Albion were used as research objects. As research subjects were used: growth regulator of cytokinin nature 6-BAP (6-benzinaminopurine), which is standard in plant biotechnology and growth-stimulating preparation - Yantarine, VRK. In the process of research work, a comparative analysis of the effect of different doses of cytokinin 6-BAP and Yantharin preparation on the growth and reproduction of plants of the studied varieties of garden strawberry was carried out. As a result, it was found that at the stage of clonal micropropagation of garden strawberry varieties Asia and Albion, the use of the preparation Yantarine (10.0 mg/L medium) in the nutrient medium together with cytokinin 6-BAP (0.5 mg/L) and 6-BAP (1.0 mg/L) in comparison with the traditional variant 6-BAP (0.5 mg/L medium) - control did not have a stimulating effect on the increase in height and number of micro rosettes formed by each plant regardless of variety. Keywords: CLONAL MICROPROPAGATION, MULTIPLICATION COEFFICIENT, GARDEN EARTH, VARIETY, GROWTH REGULATOR, IN VITRO

Influence of dry form of bacteria strains of the genus <i>bacillus</i> on garden strawberry in maternal plants

In 2019-2022 in field experiments, stimulation of the survival rate and growth of mother plants of strawberries under the influence of pre-planting treatment with Fitop 8.1 (dry form) and Fitop 8.67 (liquid form) in working concentrations of 1 × 105 CFU / ml was proved: an increase in the survival rate of seedlings by 12.3 % and 19.5 %; an increase in the number of leaves by 29 % and 21 %; an increase in the length of the roots in both variants by 12.9 %; an increase in total plant biomass to levels of 92.9 g/plant and 94.5 g/plant. The biological effectiveness against strawberry white spot in the variants with Fitop 8.1 and Fitop 8.67 treatment was 33.1 % and 29.3м %, which is explained by the immunising effect of treatments on plants. The best effects of stimulating vegetative propagation were also noted in variants where the biological preparations Fitop 8.67 (liquid form) at a concentration of 1×105 CFU/ml and Fitop 8.1 (dry form) at concentrations of 1×105 CFU/ml and 1×106 CFU/ml were used for pre-planting treatment – the increase in the number of rosettes, on average, over three years, amounted to 3.0-3.9 rosettes/plant (20.6-27.3 %) relative to the control, where 14.4 rosettes/plant were formed, in average over three years of observation. The effects obtained in the biological product variants were at a statistically identical confidence level with the reference variant with the Phoenix humic preparation, 0.05 %. As a result, the yield of seedlings from an area of 100 m2 of the mother plantations increased significantly in the variants with Fitop 8.67 and Fitop 8.1 by 32.6 % and 55.9 % at 4229.5 seedlings/100 m2 in the control variant. In contrast, the effectiveness of Fitop 8.1 for seedlings, superior to Fitop 8.67 (liquid form) and the reference version with Phoenix, 0.05 %, has been proven.

Влияние регуляторов роста растений на усообразовательную способность сортов земляники в условиях южной лесостепной зоны Башкортостана

This work aims at the influence of plant growth regulators on the ability of strawberry varieties to form runners in the conditions of the southern forest-steppe zone of Bashkortostan. The plants were twice sprayed with Albit (0.6 g/l), Krezacin (1 g/l), Zircon (1 g/l), and control water. The use of foliar fertilizers increased the resistance of strawberry plants to unfavorable environmental conditions. The use of Zircon increased the number of strawberry runners by 1.1-1.4 time and the number of daughter rosettes by 1.1-1.5 time. The Asia variety turned out to be highly sensitive to the use of preparations; the proportion of rosettes increased by 27 – 54 % above the control. Under the influence of growth regulators, the Festivalnaya romashka (Festival Chamomile) variety had the largest proportion of plants with runners, up to 83.3 %.

A lncRNA bra-miR156HG regulates flowering time and leaf morphology as a precursor of miR156 in Brassica campestris and Arabidopsis thaliana

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are important regulators in plant growth and development. Here the function of a lncRNA fragment was studied, which was predicted as an endogenous target mimic (eTM) of miR156 in Brassica campesrtis. Unexpectedly, the transformation of this lncRNA into Arabidopsis thaliana neither inhibited the expression of miR156a nor resulted in any phenotypes that differed from the control plants (CK). The full-length sequence of the lncRNA (named bra-miR156HG) was then obtained using RACE and transferred into A. thaliana. The transgenic plants displayed a delay in flowering time, an increasing number of rosette leaves, and a changed morphology of cauline leaves, which was similar to the plants that expressed bra-miR156a. In contrast, the overexpression of bra-miR156HG in B. campestris resulted in an increased tip angle of leaves and changed the length-width ratio of leaves at different nodes, suggesting that bra-miR156HG may be involved in regulating the leaf morphology. Collectively, our study showed that bra-miR156HG functions as a precursor of bra-miR156a involved in regulating plant flowering time and leaf development under different biological backgrounds. The secondary structure of lncRNA is essential not only for the normal roles that it plays but also for expanding the functional diversities.

Clinical Significance of Nodal DCsign Expression in Non-small-cell Lung Cancer Patients.

Dendritic cells (DCs) are difficult to evaluate in lung regional lymph nodes because of region-specific structures, such as abundant trabeculae connecting the medullary and subcapsular sinuses, the latter of which contains few anthracotic macrophages. Therefore, DC-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin (DCsign)-positive DCs and CD68-positive macrophages are unlikely to show a typical distribution. The present study therefore explored quantitative factors connecting the nodal DC morphology to the patient outcome. Lymph nodes from 34 non-small-cell lung cancer patients who underwent complete resection were used for immunohistochemical assessments of DCsign and CD68 and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling. Preoperative patient blood samples were used for the quantitative evaluation of monocytes. The nodal DCs showed a complementary distribution with macrophages, thus few DCs were seen in clusters of macrophages. DCs often presented as a mesh-like rosette that was solitary or connected to a DC cluster. DCs disappeared, and some macrophages were apoptotic when surrounded by cancer cells that have metastasized to lymph nodes. The proportional area of a DC cluster was significantly associated with the histological differentiation of cancer (p=0.013), with a higher ratio tending to lead to a better overall survival (p=0.059), and significantly so in adenocarcinoma (p=0.007). The rosette number was significantly correlated with the smoking index and blood monocyte number (p=0.013 and p=0.005, respectively). The nodal DC morphology appears useful as a prognostic factor and may lead to a new phase of clinicopathological studies of solid cancers.

Expression profiling and function analysis highlight the positive involvement of sweet cherry PavTCP17 in regulating flower bud dormancy

The TCP transcription factors function diversely in plant growth, development and stress response. The flower bud dormancy was particularly important for the yield formation of fruit trees. However, there has been no in-depth study on the involvement of TCP genes in regulating flower bud dormancy in sweet cherry so far. In the present study, a total of 18 TCP genes were obtained based on the whole genome, which were divided into two subfamilies and three subclasses (PCF, CIN, CYC/TB1) by multiple sequence alignment and evolutionary analysis. Four TCP genes targeted by miR319 were identified in the degradome results. Tissue-specific expression of TCP gene was verified based on transcriptome data and qRT-PCR. The expression patterns of PavTCPs under cold treatment in dormant buds of two cold-requiring sweet cherry cultivars were analyzed, among which PavTCP17 was significantly positively correlated with the gene expressions of gibberellin (GA) degradation and abscisic acid (ABA) synthesis. The abundance of PavTCP17 gene expression was significantly reduced after low cold-requiring cultivars met its chilling demand. The qRT-PCR quantification also showed a decreasing trend of PavTCP17 expression level during blooming process. To further unravel the role of PavTCP17 gene in positively regulating floral bud dormancy, transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressed PavTCP17 was obtained by genetic transformation. Compared with the WT, the number of main branches and rosette leaves was significantly reduced in PavTCP17-overexpressing lines. Moreover, the outgrowth of lateral buds of the PavTCP17-overexpressing lines were remarkably inhibited, mirroring the formation of bud dormancy. Furthermore, PavTCP17 might directly bind to PavNCED3 promoter of sweet cherry, suggesting the implication of PavTCP17 in promoting ABA synthesis, which was essential for bud dormancy. Our study bettered the understanding of TCP gene functions and revealed the mechanism by which PavTCP17 positively regulates flower bud dormancy in sweet cherry.

The Effects of Agronomic Management in Different Tillage Systems on the Fall Growth of Winter Oilseed Rape

The article presents the results of a three-year study, which analyzed agronomic management in the production of winter oilseed rape (WOSR) in different tillage systems. The effects of weed control and growth regulation in fall on the number of rosette leaves, epicotyl length, root collar diameter, taproot length, rosette weight, root weight, and the overwintering success of WOSR plants in different tillage systems were determined in the study. A field experiment was conducted at the University’s Agricultural Experiment Station in Bałcyny in north-eastern Poland in three growing seasons (2016/2017–2018/2019). The experiment had a mixed 21 × 32 factorial design with two replications, where one factor was evaluated at two levels, and two factors were evaluated at three levels. The experimental factors were: A—tillage: (A0) strip-till, (A1) low-till, and (A2) conventional tillage; B—weed control: (B0) pre-emergent, (B1) foliar, and (B2) sequential; C—growth regulation: (C0) none and (C1) in fall. Winter oilseed rape plants developed rosettes with the optimal morphometric parameters in the strip-till system. Sequential and foliar application of herbicides decreased the dry matter (DM) content of leaf rosettes (by approx. 18%). The application of the growth regulator in BBCH stages 14–15 increased taproot length by 3%.

THE COMPLEX EFFECT OF A MIXTURE OF SAPROTROPHIC BACTERIAL STRAINS ON GARDEN STRAWBERRIES DURING PRE-PLANTING PROCESSING

The studies were carried out in field experiments in 2014-2017 with the aim of a comprehensive assessment of the action of bacterial bioagents on garden strawberry plants in the conditions of a production mother liquor. It has been established that preplant treatment of strawberry seedlings with a suspension of a mixture of strains of saprotrophic bacteria of the genus Bacillus (B. amyloliquefaciens VKPM V-10642, B. amyloliquefaciens VKPM V-10643, B. subtilis VKPM V-10641) in equal proportions, at a concentration of 1×105 CFU/ ml) increased their survival by an average of 20.5% relative to the control, providing a pronounced antistress effect. The degree of damage to strawberry leaves with white spotting decreased by 1.2-1.8 times due to the immunizing effect of the drug. Treatment with a mixture of bacterial strains stimulated an increase in the length of the aerial part by 15%, the length of the root system - by 19%, the biomass of strawberry plants - by 20%, as well as vegetative propagation of strawberries - the number of daughter rosettes increased by 31.8%. The preparative mixture of bacterial strains has a multifunctional effect on plants and is a promising tool for expanding the arsenal of biological methods to increase the efficiency and environmental stabilization of the production of strawberry planting material.

EVALUATION OF THE ACTION OF BIOAGENTS AGAINST STRAWBERRY HELMINTHIASIS

In 3-year field model experiments on 2 plots of a strawberry production plantation: populated with a stem strawberry nematode and free from a nematode, it was found that pre-planting treatment of the root system of seedlings with fungal and bacterial strains of bioagents by the fungi Arthrobotrys oligospora VKPM F-1141 and Duddingtonia flagrans VKM F-2574 , as well as a mixed biopreparation Fitop 18.81 hasa protective effect against plant damage by a nematode disease with a biological efficiency of 37-49 %. The length of the roots significantly increased in the variants with the treatment with the strain Duddingtonia flagrans VKM F-2574 and the mixed preparation Fitop 18.81 - by 15.7 and 11.5 %, respectively. Against the background free from nematodes in the variants with preplant treatment with Arthrobotrys oligospora strain VKPM F-1141 and Fitop 18.81, effective stimulation of the number of daughter rosettes by 36.7-39.1 % was proved. The studied bioagents are promising as prophylactic anti-nematode agents when laying fruit-bearing and uterine strawberry plantations.

Demographic structure across all known populations of the rheophyte Dyckia brevifolia Baker (Bromeliaceae) in the Itajaí-Açu River, Southern Brazil.

Understanding the distribution and demographic structure of populations is essential for species conservation. In Brazil, the rheophyte group has been greatly affected by the construction of hydroelectric dams. All know populations of Dyckia brevifolia Baker along Itajaí-Açu River were studied. The plants were classified as seedlings, immature or reproductive rosettes. In addition, the number of dead rosettes, except for seedlings, was determined in five populations of D. brevifolia. The total number of rosettes per population ranged from 273 to 7,185, totaling 30,443 rosettes, and 1,789 seedlings (5.9%). Only 2.4% of rosettes occurred isolated and 97.6% occurred clumped into 2,254 clumps. The number of rosettes per clump ranged from two to 339 rosettes. The percentage of reproductive rosettes per population ranged from 7.8 to 26.7%. The correlation between the number of clumps or between the total number of rosettes and the area of occupation was significant and positive (r = 0.82; P < 0.05). The production of offshoots (1-4) occurred on immature and reproductive rosettes. Dyckia brevifolia has herbivory by Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris (capybara). These rosettes die or often resprout, emitting from 1 to 20 shoots. The populations did not present a pattern of distribution of rosettes in the diametric classes, but in all populations a decrease in the number of rosettes can be observed in the classes with the largest diameter. The small area of occupation (9,185 m2) showed high environmental specificity and vulnerable to habitat loss and environmental changes. Therefore, the maintenance these sites is essential for the long-term conservation of D. brevifolia.

Leaf morphological characteristics of three Sonchus arvensis L. accessions with different harvest methods

Sonchus arvensis L. is a medicinal plant and is mainly taken from nature which over time will cause it to run out. This plant has rosette and inflorescence leaves commonly harvested simultaneously, but they can also be harvested separately. The experiment goal was to identify the leaf characteristics of S. arvensis with different methods of leaf harvest. The experiment used a factorial completely randomized block design. The three accessions of S. arvensis, namely Lembang, Tawangmangu, and Banjararum as the first factor. Harvest methods: gradual and simultaneous harvest of rosette and inflorescence leaves as the second factor. The experiment was carried out at IPB experimental station in Cikarawang, Bogor, Indonesia (± 250 m asl, 6°30’-6°45’ S, 106°30’-106°45’ E), on clay-loam latosol soil. The results showed that the interaction between two factors influenced canopy diameter and the number of rosette leaves where Tawangmangu had the values of those variables were higher with simultaneous- than those with the gradual- harvest. Other leaf properties, namely the number of inflorescence leaves and leaf size of rosette leaves, were different among S. arvensis accessions. In conclusion, rosette and inflorescence leaves of S. arvensis can be harvested gradually or simultaneously.

Influence of burning and mechanical clearing on the provision of Gentiana lutea L. in the Iberian Peninsula

Overexploitation, land-use change, and climate warming are compromising the conservation of many plant species across the globe, as well as the benefits they provide to people. The yellow gentian (Gentiana lutea L.) is a hemicryptophyte used for pharmacological and food industries harvested in the mountain systems of Southern Europe, which may be subject of management measures. Here we identify the influence of two common management strategies, burning and clearing, on G. lutea populations, and provide insights on the role of burning on seed germination by analyzing the effect of thermal shocks from a populational approach. To achieve these goals, we selected areas affected by low intensity burning and mechanical clearing over the short term (1–2 years) and over the medium term (6–8 years) in the Cantabrian Mountains (NW Iberian Peninsula), where we sampled the number of basal rosettes, fertile stems and cover of G. lutea, and the total cover of woody species. Likewise, we collected seeds from three populations, which were used to quantify several seed traits and to analyze the germination dynamics after heat shocks alone and combined with a dormancy break treatment (gibberellic acid). Results showed decreases in G. lutea population variables immediately after burning and a full recovery over the medium term. On the contrary, clearing did not show effects over the short-term but largely increased all population variables over the medium term. Among other factors, management effects are mediated by their influence on woody species cover, which constrains G. lutea populational growth. Thermal shocks did not break the dormancy of G. lutea seeds, and thermal shocks combined with forced dormancy break revealed no clear effects of heating. Populational differences in the germinative response were detected, as heavier and less moist seeds require longer time to germinate. Based on our results, we propose mechanical clearing as a suitable management strategy to sustain G. lutea populations in NW Iberian Peninsula, but we recommend further analysis to extrapolate our advice to sites with distinct environmental conditions.

Two polyamines -responsive WRKY transcription factors from Anoectochilus roxburghii play opposite functions on flower development

Anoectochilus roxburghii is a rare and precious plant with medicinal and healthcare functions. Embryo abortion caused the lack of resources. Polyamine promoted its flowering and stress resistance in our previous study. But the mechanism remains unclear. The WRKY transcription factor family has been linked to a variety of biological processes in plants. In this study, two WRKY TFs (ArWRKY5 and ArWRKY20) of A. roxburghii, which showed significant response to Spd treatment, were identified and functionally analyzed. Tissue specific expression analyzation showed both of them mostly present in the flower. And ArWRKY5 expressed highest in the flower bud stage (−1 Flowering), while ArWRKY20 showed the highest expression in earlier flower bud stage (−2 Flowering) and the expression gradually decreased with flowering. The transcriptional activation activity assay and subcellular localization revealed that ArWRKY5 and ArWRKY20 were located in the nucleus and ArWRKY20 showed transcriptional activity. The heterologous expression of ArWRKY5 in Arabidopsis thaliana showed earlier flowering, while overexpression of ArWRKY20 delayed flowering. But the OE-ArWRKY20 lines had a robust body shape and a very significant increase in the number of rosette leaves. Furthermore, stamens and seed development were positively regulated by these two ArWRKYs. These results indicated that ArWRKY5 and ArWRKY20 not only play opposite roles in the floral development, but also regulate the plant growth and seed development in A. thaliana. But their specific biological functions and mechanism in A. roxburghii need to be investigated further.

Use of prolonged-acting fertilizers in growing garden strawberry seedlings

Timeliness. Currently, the Russian Federation has a high demand in healthy planting material of garden strawberries. The benefits of using fertilizers when growing strawberry seedlings have been proven by numerous studies. However, a comparative study of the effect of new fertilizers and methods of their application is very limited. In this regard, studies aimed at identifying the effectiveness of the use of prolonged-acting fertilizers in the production of garden strawberry planting material in protected soil conditions are relevant.Methods. Adapted to non-sterile conditions, ex vitro healthy garden strawberry plants were planted in a peat substrate of Veltorf LLC (recipe No. 5c/2) with the addition of Pg mix starter fertilizer with the structure NPK 14-16-18 + microelements (1.5 g/l of substrate). At the same time, prolonged-acting fertilizers were introduced into the substrate in the recommended concentrations: FertiPro Gran 1M (1.25 g/l of substrate), Ruscote 5-6M (3.0 g/l of substrate), Basacote Plus 6M (4.0 g/l of substrate), control peat substrate without fertilizers, PG mix standard.Results. It has been established that for the Karmen crop with an average runner-forming ability, the effectiveness of applying FertiPro Gran 1M fertilizer to the substrate was revealed, with the use of which, on the 180th day of cultivation, the number of runners and rosettes increases by 3.5–3.8 times compared to the control. At the same time, the yield of marketable seedlings is 95% compared to 70% in the control. For the Jūnija smaids crop with a high vine-forming ability, the effectiveness of all experimental variants with the application of FertiPro Gran 1M, Ruscote and Basacote Plus fertilizers to the substrate was revealed, with the use of which, on the 180th day of cultivation, the number of runners and rosettes increases by 1,9-2,5 times compared to the control. At the same time, the yield of marketable seedlings is 94-96% compared to 65% in the control.Conclusion. The introduction of long–acting fertilizers FertiPro Gran, Ruscote and Basacote Plus into the peat substrate with the addition of Pg mix starter fertilizer allowed a 2.3 – 3.8-fold increase in the number of runners obtained and 1.9-3.5-fold increase in the number of sockets obtained compared to the control without fertilizers.

Morphological Features of Winter Rape Cultivars Depending on the Applied Growth Stimulators

Currently, in agricultural engineering, plant growth regulators or biostimulants, immunity stimulants or bacterial vaccines are becoming standard elements in the production technology of many types of field, fruit and vegetable crops. The research was based on a three-year field experiment carried out in 2018–2021 at the Agricultural Experimental Station of northeastern Poland. The aim of the research was to determine the effect of biostimulators containing microorganisms and micro and macro elements, phosphorus and potassium and silicon on the morphological features of the leaf rosette and the increase in fresh and dry mass of the above-ground part of the rosette and the root system of three winter rape cultivars. The conducted research showed that the application of the organic preparation Ugmax significantly increased the number of rosette leaves (by an average of 13.9%), the length of the tap root (by an average of 2.3 cm), root neck diameter (by an average of 4.2%), fresh and dry weight of the above-ground part of the rosette (by an average of 6.0% and 6.6%) and fresh weight of the root system (by an average of 0.88 g) compared to the control variant. The hybrid morphotypes that were restored compared to the population cultivar Chrobry were characterized by a weaker autumn development of the leaf rosette.

The impact of foliar application of biostimulators on the morphological characteristics of the leaf rosette of winter rape plants

The field experiment was caried out in three growing seasons (2013–2016) at the Agricultural Experimental Station – Zawady (52°03'N and 22°33'E) belonging to the University of Natural Sciences and Humanities in Siedlce, Poland. The experiment was set up in a split-plot configuration with three replications. The examined factors were: I – morphotypes of winter oilseed rape: population (Poznaniak), hybrid restored with a semi-dwarf type of growth (PX104), hybrid restored with a traditional type of growth (Konkret); II – four types of biostimulators: 1. control variant, 2. biostimulator Tytanit® (titan), 3. biostimulator Asahi®SL (sodium ortho-nitrophenol, sodium para-nitrophenol, sodium 5-nitroguaiacol), 4. biostimulator Silvit® (active silicon, potassium oxide, boron – form of pure element, zinc – form of pure element). The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of biostimulators containing various active substances on the morphological characteristics of winter oilseed rape plants in the leaf rosette stage (number of rosette leaves, tap root length, height of the growth cone) and on the fresh and dry mass of the above-ground rosette and the root system of traditional and semi-dwarf winter oilseed rape morphotypes type of growth under changing climatic conditions. The genetic factor significantly influenced the morphological features of plants, marked in autumn by inhibition of vegetation. The population variety Poznaniak developed more rosette leaves, greater length of the tap root, and fresh and dry mass of the rosette and the root system as compared to the restored hybrids. The applied biostimulators significantly influenced plant parameters determined in the fall before the vegetation inhibition. After the use of a biostimulator containing the active substance in the form of sodium o-nitrophenol, sodium para-nitrophenol and sodium 5-nitroguajakol, a significantly higher value of the tested features was obtained compared to the control variant. Regardless of the type of biostimulator used, the height of the growth cone was the same as in the control object. The most favourable parameters of the leaf rosette were obtained in the first and second periods of summer-autumn vegetation and winter dormancy, while in extreme drought conditions during sowing and a fairy dry period of emergence, its weakest features were obtained. Natural growth stimulants are becoming an increasingly common elements of agricultural plant agrotechnics. Their use has a positive effect on the growth and development of plants and increases the resistance of plants to the adverse effects of stress factors.

TCP Transcription Factors Involved in Shoot Development of Ma Bamboo (Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro).

Ma bamboo (Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro) is the most widely cultivated clumping bamboo in Southern China and is valuable for both consumption and wood production. The development of bamboo shoots involving the occurrence of lateral buds is unique, and it affects both shoot yield and the resulting timber. Plant-specific TCP transcription factors are involved in plant growth and development, particularly in lateral bud outgrowth and morphogenesis. However, the comprehensive information of the TCP genes in Ma bamboo remains poorly understood. In this study, 66 TCP transcription factors were identified in Ma bamboo at the genome-wide level. Members of the same subfamily had conservative gene structures and conserved motifs. The collinear analysis demonstrated that segmental duplication occurred widely in the TCP transcription factors of Ma bamboo, which mainly led to the expansion of a gene family. Cis-acting elements related to growth and development and stress response were found in the promoter regions of DlTCPs. Expression patterns revealed that DlTCPs have tissue expression specificity, which is usually highly expressed in shoots and leaves. Subcellular localization and transcriptional self-activation experiments demonstrated that the five candidate TCP proteins were typical self-activating nuclear-localized transcription factors. Additionally, the transcriptome analysis of the bamboo shoot buds at different developmental stages helped to clarify the underlying functions of the TCP members during the growth of bamboo shoots. DlTCP12-C, significantly downregulated as the bamboo shoots developed, was selected to further verify its molecular function in Arabidopsis. The DlTCP12-C overexpressing lines exhibited a marked reduction in the number of rosettes and branches compared with the wild type in Arabidopsis, suggesting that DlTCP12-C conservatively inhibits lateral bud outgrowth and branching in plants. This study provides useful insights into the evolutionary patterns and molecular functions of the TCP transcription factors in Ma bamboo and provides a valuable reference for further research on the regulatory mechanism of bamboo shoot development and lateral bud growth.

Heterologous Expression of LiSEP3 from Oriental Lilium Hybrid 'Sorbonne' Promotes the Flowering of Arabidopsis thaliana L.

The MADS-box gene family has multiple molecular and biological functions in plants. Here, the LiSEP3 gene of the MADS-box gene family of' 'Sorbonne' was obtained by homologous cloning using the petals of the flowering stage of Lilium Oriental Hybrid 'Sorbonne.' The ORF full-length sequence is 729bp, encoding 242 amino acids. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the relative molecular weight of the LiSEP3 protein is 27.67 kD and the isoelectric point (pI) is 9.16. The prediction result of the gene positioning is transcription in its nucleus. Homologous alignment of amino acid sequences showed that the protein not only had typical MADS-box and K-box domains, but also contained two short and relatively conservative SEP motifs. The phylogenetic tree showed that the amino acid sequence encoded by the LiSEP3 gene had the closest relationship with SEP3 in monocotyledon plants such as Apostasia odorata. The results of real-time PCR showed that LiSEP3 gene was mainly expressed in petal. During flower development, the expression level of the LiSEP3 gene showed an overall trend of initially increasing and then decreasing. The flowering time of LiSEP3 transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana L. plants was earlier than that of wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana L. plants, compared with wild type, the number of rosette leaves is less. In the transgenic plants, the expression of flowering-associated AtSPL5 and AtGI genes was up-regulated, while the expression of AtSVP and AtFRI genes that inhibit flowering was down-regulated, which was consistent with the statistical results of the flowering time of LiSEP3 transgenic plants. Our results illustrate that the heterologous expression of SEP3 functional genes in the MADS-box family promoted the flowering period of transgenic plants of this hybrid. This research provides a theoretical basis for improving the flowering period of ornamental plants through plant genetic engineering technology and enhancing their economic and social values.

RNAi silencing of the Arabidopsis thaliana ULCS1 gene results in pleiotropic phenotypes during plant growth and development.

WD40-repeat-containing proteins (WDRs) are highly abundant in all eukaryotes. Several have been implicated as subunits of multi-protein CRL E3 ligase complexes that regulate ubiquitination mediated protein degradation and thus various cellular and developmental processes. Impairment of the WDR protein ULCS1 from Arabidopsis causes pleiotropic phenotypes during plant development, including reduced lignification, anther indehiscence, and sterility. Here we show that RNAi-mediated downregulation of ULCS1 results in a fast-growing phenotype during vegetative development. Due to accelerated growth, ulcs1i mutants reach their vegetative to reproductive transition point earlier than WT plants. However, their comparable germination rate and their similar number of secondary branches and rosette leaves at bolting indicate that ulcs1i is not an early flowering time mutant. GUS staining of progeny, obtained from crosses between ulcs1i and CYCB1::GUS plants, revealed an increased number of mitotic cell divisions in the root meristems of ulcs1i compared to WT. Immunolabeling of homogalacturonans (HGAs) epitopes showed significant fluorescent signal differences at the cell walls and the mucilage of the seeds between ulcs1i and WT. Furthermore, we demonstrate that ULCS1 interacts with the UBA-like protein in a yeast two-hybrid assay, suggesting a direct or indirect physical coupling of these proteins in Arabidopsis.