Number Of Role Models Research Articles

The dynamics of entrepreneurial agglomeration formation: Social selection and simulation.

From the facts that numerous regions with initially similar economic conditions end up with different levels of entrepreneurial agglomeration, this paper constructs a model assuming that the sequential entrants make their career choices based on existing entrepreneurial ratio and describing the dynamics of entrepreneurial agglomeration formation. After mathematical analysis and numerical simulation using NetLogo, it is found that under social selection, a nonlinear Polya process with self-reinforcing and path-dependency characters will emerge, and the repeated entrants' career choices will lead to the agglomeration of entrepreneurship; the agent's risk compensation value, the initial population of agents, the number of role models in the early stage and the initial entrepreneurial ratio are determinants to the formation of entrepreneurial agglomeration. The findings confirm that entrepreneurship has "memory" and the entrepreneurial history could have influence on the future. In order to forge the entrepreneurial agglomeration, our suggestions include exerting influence on the determinants from an early age, and improving the individual's risk-taking abilities.

Time to extinction of a cultural trait in an overlapping generation model

How long a newly emerging trait will stay in a population is a fundamental but rarely asked question in cultural evolution. To tackle this question, the distribution and mean of the time to extinction of a discrete cultural trait are derived for models with overlapping generations, in which trait transmission occurs from multiple role models to a single newborn and may fail with a certain probability. We explore two models. The first is a Moran-type model, which allows us to derive the exact analytical formula for the mean time to extinction of a trait in a finite population. The second is a branching process, which assumes an infinitely large population and allows us to derive approximate analytical formulae for the distribution and mean of the time to extinction in the first model under a large population size. We show that in the first model, the mean time to extinction apparently diverges (becomes so large that even numerical computation is impractical) under a certain parameter condition as the population size tends to infinity. Using the second model, we explain the underlying mechanism of the apparent divergence found in the first model and derive the mathematical condition for this divergence in terms of transmission efficiency and the number of role models per newborn. When this mathematical condition is satisfied in the second model, the probability of extinction is less than 1, and the mean extinction time does not exist. In addition, we find that in both models, the time to extinction of the trait becomes longer as the number of role models per individual increases and as cultural transmission becomes more efficient.

Barriers to and facilitators of endorsement for scheduled medicines in podiatry: a qualitative descriptive study

BackgroundAustralian podiatrists and podiatric surgeons who have successfully completed the requirements for endorsement for scheduled medicines, as directed by the Podiatry Board of Australia, are eligible to prescribe a limited amount of schedule 2, 3, 4 or 8 medications. Registration to become endorsed for scheduled medicines has been available to podiatrists for over 10 years, yet the uptake of training has remained low (approximately 2% of registered podiatrists/podiatry surgeons). This study aimed to explore barriers to and facilitators of engagement with endorsement for scheduled medicines by podiatrists.MethodsQualitative descriptive methodology informed this research. A purposive maximum variation sampling strategy was used to recruit 13 registered podiatrists and a podiatric surgeon who were either endorsed for scheduled medicines, in training or not endorsed. Semi-structured interviews were employed to collate the data which were analysed using thematic analysis.ResultsThree overarching super-ordinate themes were identified which encompassed both barriers and facilitators: (1) competence and autonomy, (2) social and workplace influences, and (3) extrinsic motivators. Within these, several prominent sub-themes emerged of importance to the participants including workplace and social networks role in modelling behaviours, identifying mentors, and access to supervised training opportunities. Stage of life and career often influenced engagement. Additionally, a lack of financial incentive, cost and time involved in training, and lack of knowledge of training requirements were influential barriers. Rural podiatrists encountered a considerable number of barriers in most of the identified areas.ConclusionA multitude of barriers and facilitators exist for podiatrists as part of the endorsement for scheduled medicines. The findings suggest that a lack of engagement with endorsement for scheduled medicines training may be assisted by a more structured training process and increasing the number of podiatrists who are endorsed to increase the numbers of role models, mentors, and supervision opportunities. Recommendations are provided for approaches as means of achieving, and sustaining, these outcomes.

Socialization of Undergraduate Medical Students in Bangladesh: Students' and teachers' view

This descriptive type of cross sectional mixed method study was conducted with four specific objectives to understand the perception, area, ways and barriers in socialization of undergraduate medical students in Bangladesh. The study was conducted in 8 (eight) medical colleges of which 6 (six) are public and 2 (two) are private. The study was conducted for one year from July 2017 to June 2018. Total 712 student of final phase participated in the study. In- depth interview was conducted with teachers. Convenience sampling technique for selection of the students whereas medical colleges were selected purposefully. Study revealed that most of the asked parameters related to patient care and humanistic attitude was taught to the undergraduate medical students of the selected medical colleges in Bangladesh. There are few concerns though in some area like number of role models and presence of negative role models among the teachers. Contents, aim and objectives of the current curriculum is vastly unknown to teachers. A conscious attempts to be made to transform medical students in a positive manner. Teachers should be selected following a proper career planning and they should undergo some kind of courses before deployment which would give them an understanding on teaching methodology and capability to foster ethically compatible as well as technically skill medical students of current era.
 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Education Vol.10(1) 2019: 14-19

Mentoring Faculty Women in Statistics: Exploring Challenges and Opportunities for Leadership Development

ABSTRACTThe problems for faculty women in statistics (FWIS) in the United States are complex and call for programs that aim to develop inclusive leadership competencies among both FWIS and faculty men in statistics (FMIS) regardless of whether they currently hold, or aspire to, administrative positions. Data indicate that, among faculty in doctorate-granting departments of statistics and biostatistics, there is a disparity between genders in numbers of role models or exemplars. Yet we note that there have been some innovative national initiatives over the years in mentoring, networking, or leadership that have been instrumental in advancing FWIS. Given current understandings of the role of implicit bias in sustaining a differential status for FWIS, this discussion emphasizes a new approach as a way to further advance FWIS: one that involves the development of inclusive leadership among both men and women toward promoting inclusive faculty cultures in statistics.

Entrepreneurial Role-Model Exposure, Self-Efficacy, and Women’s Entrepreneurial Intentions

We examined entrepreneurial role-model exposure (operationalized in terms of both the number of role models known and the intensity of interactions with one’s most influential role model) and self-efficacy as predictors of women’s entrepreneurial intentions. Among 620 female college students, self-efficacy and number of entrepreneurial role models were both associated with stronger entrepreneurial intentions. Among the 105 women who had at least one entrepreneurial role model, the intensity of interactions with the most influential of those role models was also associated with entrepreneurial intentions. Consistent with Social Cognitive Career Theory, self-efficacy mediated the relationships between both forms of role-model exposure and entrepreneurial intentions. Contrary to Bandura’s similarity hypothesis, the association between role-model exposure and self-efficacy was not stronger when access to female entrepreneurs was present. We discuss implications for future research and for career intervention.

Becoming a Woman Physician Scientist

To the Editor: We wrote this letter to share what we think has helped us succeed as women physician scientists. First, as we look back on our careers, we see that we have always been involved in some type of research and lifelong learning. In high school, it was a genetics course looking at the color of drosophila eyes. In college, it was an honors thesis project, which resulted in a coauthored paper or a summer internship in a research laboratory. During residency, it was using elective time to start a new research project. Throughout all of these experiences, the pursuit of knowledge was the motivation. Second, each of us had supportive mentors. Perhaps being on the West Coast made the experience of being women in academia easier. Although there appears to be a glass ceiling, the ceiling seems to be higher compared with that experienced by our colleagues elsewhere, where traditions are strong and the numbers of role models are fewer. Having a mentor who supports women in academics has been critical to the success of our careers. Also, seeing other women faculty successfully promoted is very encouraging, and those women can become excellent mentors. Third, we have learned that there are ways to overcome many of the obstacles that women physician scientists face at academic institutions. In addition to limited NIH funding, competition with PhD scientists, and the difficulties of having one’s work published, there are personal challenges—for example, delaying marriage or starting a family because of lack of time or finances. The NIH loan repayment program helps. Women with children have been successful if they have help at home, such as a nanny or babysitter (which can require significant resources) or a spouse or family member to help care for the children. Of importance is the need to remain focused and have protected time (less than 20% clinical work). Despite the challenges to becoming a successful physician scientist, we cannot imagine a more satisfying and interesting career. It is critical for us as successful women physician scientists to emphasize to ourselves and to those we advise the positive aspects of our professional lives: a satisfying career, intellectual satisfaction, avoidance of burnout from patient care, prestige, and recognition. Without this attitude and the other factors we have mentioned above, women physician scientists will become an endangered species and have fewer opportunities to train future role models in academic medicine. Kathleen M. Sakamoto, MD, PhD Professor and chief, Division of Hematology/Oncology, and vice-chair of research, Mattel Children’s Hospital, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California. Katrina M. Dipple, MD, PhD Associate professor, Departments of Human Genetics and Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and Mattel Children’s Hospital at UCLA, Los Angeles, California.

I think of Ronald Reagan: future selves in the present.

A nonlinear perspective on time (where the future exists in and affects the present) has been described by several theorists but there is little research on the extent, quality or origins of the personal future perspective. The present study examined the existence and origin of the future in the present by asking adults aged nineteen to eighty-three to: 1) project themselves into the oldest age imaginable, 2) describe their hopes and fears for that age, and 3) name role models for those hopes and fears. Data analysis revealed that length of future perspective, number of hopes and number of role models for the distant future declined with age. In addition, types of fears for the future varied with age, with older adults stressing dependency issues while younger adults reported concerns about personality and mental health. Despite age differences, most participants could name role models for both their hopes and fears for aging, but specific models were identified more often for hopes than for fears. Personalized hopes and fears for the distant future as motivators for the present are discussed.

The need to promote careers that combine research and clinical care.

Realistic descriptions of careers that successfully combine medical research and patient care should be given to students early in medical school. The students need to be told the various ways to prepare for such careers and should see a number of role models who exemplify these combined careers and who can convey the excitement, challenges, and satisfaction in these careers. Opportunities for research training in M.D.-Ph.D. programs, the medical student program offered jointly by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and the NIH postresidency physician-scientist programs are discussed.