Number Of Rhizomes Research Articles

Sediment accretion and nutrient enrichment enhance the growth and vegetative propagation of Phalaris arundinacea growing within a Carex thunbergii stand.

Sediment accretion (burial) and nutrient enrichment may exert a synergistic influence on the growth and distribution of macrophytes in floodplain wetlands; however, this phenomenon has rarely been examined. In this study, we investigated the effects of sediment accretion and nutrient enrichment on the growth and vegetative propagation of Phalaris arundinacea within a Carex thunbergii stand (one P. arundinacea ramet within 25 C. thunbergii ramets) using a factorial sediment burial (0, 3, and 6 cm) and nutrient addition (low, medium, and high) experimental design. High sediment burial (6 cm) without nutrient addition decreased the aboveground and total biomass of C. thunbergii but did not affect P. arundinacea, indicating that P. arundinacea is more tolerant to sediment burial than C. thunbergii. Moderate sediment burial (3 cm) with nutrient addition enhanced the aboveground and total biomass of P. arundinacea but did not affect C. thunbergii, indicating that P. arundinacea may gain a growth advantage over C. thunbergii under moderate sedimentation. High sediment burial with nutrient addition increased the number of rhizomes and ramets produced by P. arundinacea but did not affect C. thunbergii, indicating that the relative abundance of P. arundinacea may increase within the Carex community under high sedimentation conditions. Based on these results, it can be concluded that an increased sedimentation rate facilitates the invasion of P. arundinacea into Carex grasslands, and this invasion is further enhanced by nutrient enrichment. Therefore, management measures should be taken to reduce the sediment load and nutrient input to prevent Carex grasslands invasion by P. arundinacea and maintain the ecological function of floodplain wetlands.

Effect of planting material and pre-planting storage method on rhizome sprouting, crop stand, and seed rhizome yield of Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) at Teppi, Southwestern Ethiopia

A two-year study experiment was conducted from January 2021 to December 2022 at the Teppi Agricultural Research Center (TARC) with the aim of identifying suitable planting material and an appropriate pre-planting storage method that can enhance turmeric seed quality and yield under rain-fed conditions. The experiment consisted of three planting materials (mother rhizomes, finger rhizomes, and mixed rhizomes) and five pre-planting storage methods (cemented floor, under tree shade, raised mesh-wired bed, pit with grass cover, and pit with soil cover). These factors were factorially arranged using a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results from the analysis of variance revealed that the seed quality, growth, and seed rhizome yield of turmeric were significantly (p<0.05) influenced by the main effect of both planting material and storage method. However, their interaction effect did not significantly affect these attributes (p>0.05). The highest clean and sprouted seed rhizomes, as well as total sprouts, were recorded in mother seed rhizomes and seed rhizomes stored under tree shade. Conversely, storing mother seed rhizomes on cemented floors resulted in the highest seed weight losses. Finger seed rhizomes stored in soil-covered pits produced the highest percentages of non-sprouted and decayed seed rhizomes. Regarding growth attributes, mother seed rhizomes led to the highest plant stands, plant height, stem girth, leaf growth, and tiller number. Storing seed rhizomes under tree shade performed the best across these growth attributes. Turmeric plants grown from mother seed rhizomes yielded a higher number of mother and finger rhizomes per plant and the highest fresh rhizome yield. Likewise, storing seed rhizomes under tree shade resulted in the highest fresh rhizome yield. In general, utilizing mother seed rhizomes and storing them under tree shade improved turmeric seed quality, growth, and seed rhizome yield. Therefore, farmers in the area are recommended to adopt these practices, but further research is needed to assess their economic feasibility.

Effect of planting material and pre-planting storage method on rhizome sprouting, crop stand, and seed rhizome yield of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) at Teppi, Southwestern Ethiopia

A two-year study experiment was conducted from January 2021 to December 2022 at the Teppi Agricultural Research Center (TARC) with the aim of identifying suitable planting material and an appropriate pre-planting storage method that can enhance turmeric seed quality and yield under rain-fed conditions. The experiment consisted of three planting materials (mother rhizomes, finger rhizomes, and mixed rhizomes) and five pre-planting storage methods (cemented floor, under tree shade, raised mesh-wired bed, pit with grass cover, and pit with soil cover). These factors were factorially arranged using a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results from the analysis of variance revealed that the seed quality, growth, and seed rhizome yield of turmeric were significantly (p<0.05) influenced by the main effect of both planting material and storage method. However, their interaction did not significantly affect these attributes (p>0.05). The highest clean and sprouted seed rhizomes, as well as total sprouts, were recorded in mother seed rhizomes and seed rhizomes stored under tree shade. Conversely, storing mother seed rhizomes on cemented floors resulted in the highest seed weight losses. Finger seed rhizomes stored in soil-covered pits produced the highest percentages of non-sprouted and decayed seed rhizomes. Regarding growth attributes, mother seed rhizomes led to the highest plant stands, plant height, stem girth, leaf growth, and tiller number. Storing seed rhizomes under tree shade performed the best across these growth attributes. Turmeric plants grown from mother seed rhizomes yielded a higher number of mother and finger rhizomes per plant and the highest fresh rhizome yield. Likewise, storing seed rhizomes under tree shade resulted in the highest fresh rhizome yield. In general, utilizing mother seed rhizomes and storing them under tree shade improved turmeric seed quality, growth, and seed rhizome yield. Therefore, farmers in the area are recommended to adopt these practices, but further research is needed to assess their economic feasibility.

Study on the genetic variability and adaptability of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) genotypes for development of desirable cultivars.

Turmeric, a globally cultivated spice, holds significance in medicine, and cosmetics, and is also a very popular ingredient in South Asian cuisine. A study involving 53 turmeric genotypes evaluated for rhizome yield and related traits at Spices Research Center, Bogura, Bangladesh over three years (2019-22). A randomized complete block design was followed with two replications. ANOVA revealed significant trait variations among genotypes. Genotype T0015 emerged as the highest yielder at 28.04 t/ha. High heritability (0.58-0.99) and genetic advance characterized plant height (PH), mother rhizome weight (WMR), primary and secondary finger weights (WPF and WSF), and yield per plant (YPP) across seasons. Genetic gain (GG) was prominent in these traits. Genotypic and phenotypic coefficient variations (GCV and PCV) (6.24-89.46 and 8.18-90.88, respectively) across three years highlighted mother rhizome weight's importance followed by numbers of primary finger (NPF), and WPF. Positive and significant correlations, especially with PH, WMR, WPF, and YPP, emphasized their relevance to fresh yield (FY). Multiple linear regression identified PH, number of mother rhizome (NMR) and WMR as key contributors, explaining 37-79% of FY variability. Cluster analysis grouped genotypes into five clusters with maximum distance observed between clusters II and III. The geometric adaptability index (GAI) assessed adaptability and superiority, revealing nine genotypes outperforming the best existing cultivar. Genotype T0117 as the top performer based on GAI, followed by T0103 and T0094. Mean rank analysis favoured T0121 as the best performer, succeeded by T0117, T0082 and T0106. The top ten genotypes (T0015, T0061, T0082, T0085, T0094, T0103, T0106, T0117, T0121 and T0129) were identified as superior based on yield and overall ranking, warranting further evaluation. These findings may induce a window for improving turmeric research and ultimately play a role in enhancing its cultivation and productivity.

Characterization of black turmeric genotypes based on DUS descriptor (Curcuma caesiaRoxb.)

In accordance with the DUS multiscale scoring standards, a study was conducted at Farmer’s Field in Vadapalani village of Erode district, Tamil Nadu to characterize twenty black turmeric genotypes for sixteen characters. Three of the examined characteristics viz., Leaf color (ventral side), Leaf margin, and Number of mother rhizome were found monomorphic. Seven characteristics were dimorphic and six were polymorphic. Tall plants with lengthy petioles, lamina lengths, and broad leaves were regarded as a plant morphological trait for choosing the best genotype (BTG 6, BTG 11, BTG 12, BTG 15, BTG 16, BTG 17, BTG 19) that are adaptable to local conditions. Black turmeric rhizome variations in inner core color have drawn attention. The inner core of the rhizome’s greenish-blue color can be used to identify the genotype BTG3. Earliness can be a sign for genotypes BTG6, BTG11, BTG15, and BTG19 because they were shown to have short-duration types with less than 210 days. The differences seen with DUS characters provide a clear window for selection based on desired morphological characteristics that may be used for selecting individuals based on particular traits.

Genetic Divergence among On-farm Collections for Yield and Yield-related Traits in Ginger (Zingiber officinale R.)

The present investigation was carried out at the farmer’s field Neshwi village, Haveri District of Karnataka, India during kharif season (May, 2021 to January, 2022). The improvement of crop relies heavily on genetic diversity. The objective of the study was to assess the genetic divergence of 76 diverse genotypes of ginger collected from different parts of the Karnataka, India which including four checks. The genetic divergence of ginger genotypes was assessed using Mahalanobis D2 statistics. Genetic divergence studies revealed considerable genetic diversity among 76 genotypes of ginger for a set of ten quantitative traits pertaining to the growth and yield characters viz., height of the shoot (cm), leaf area (cm2), number of primary rhizomes, length of the primary rhizome (cm), girth of the primary rhizome (cm), number of secondary rhizomes, length of the secondary rhizome (cm), girth of the secondary rhizome (cm), crop duration (number of days) and rhizome yield plant-1 (g). Analysed 76 ginger genotypes were clustered based on similarities between their D2 values using Tocher’s method, resulting in 14 distinct groups. Considerable diversity within and between 14 clusters was observed among the genotypes. The characteristics such as average rhizome yield plant-1, girth of the primary rhizome and length of the primary rhizome were the main factors in differentiating the genotypes of ginger studied. Utilizing genotypes from clusters with high inter-cluster distances, such as clusters VI and XIII, VI and XIV and X and XIV can form potential pre-breeding material for the improvement of ginger crop.

The Effect of Different Mulches and Bed Sizes on Growth, Yield and Quality of Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) Under the Mid-Hill Zone of Himachal Pradesh

The present investigation was carried out in the Department of Vegetable Science, Dr. YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India during kharif, May, 2020–January, 2021 to examine the effect of different mulches and bed sizes on the growth, yield and quality of turmeric. The trial was laid out in randomized complete block design (factorial) with 9 treatment combinations, including 3 mulches (silver-black mulching film, pine needles and dry grass) with 3-bed sizes (9×1 m2, 6×1 m2 and 3×1 m2), which were triplicated. Turmeric yield proved to be significantly affected by mulching materials with silver-black mulching film producing the highest yield (32.01 t ha-1) whereas pine needles produced the lowest yield (23.85 t ha-1). Rhizome length and breadth, the number of primary and secondary rhizomes, dry recovery, essential oil, oleoresin and curcumin content were some of the yield and quality characteristics that have been improved by the use of silver-black mulching film. Bed size also provided a significant effect on the yield of turmeric with the highest (29.03 t ha-1) in bed size 9×1 m2 whereas lowest in 3×1 m2 (25.75 t ha-1). A combination of silver-black mulching film and 9×1 m2 bed size provided the significantly highest turmeric yield (33.56 t ha-1). This study recommends that farmers in Himachal Pradesh’s mid-hill zone to produce turmeric using silver-black mulching film on beds measuring 9×1 m2 for better growth, yield and improved quality of turmeric.

Pola Penyebaran Varietas Pisang Roid (Musa spp.) Lokal Jatigede di Kecamatan Jatigede Kabupaten Sumedang

As time goes by and human efforts to plant and expand new superior species cause local species that are very diverse to be suppressed resulting in decline (inbreeding depression), even genetic drift. one of the local species is banana Roid from Jatigede District. Roid banana is allowed to grow wild without any special care from the local community. The purpose of this study is to identify the potential genetic diversity of local varieties of Roid banana (Musa spp.) in Jatigede District. This research will be conducted in November 2021 – January 2023 in three villages located in Jatigede Sub-district, namely Ciranggem Village, Jemah Village, and Mekarasih Village. The research was conducted using a descriptive method through exploration and characterization that refers to descriptors. Determination of the sample location was done by purposive sampling. Based on the results of the study, Jatigede Sub-district has a wide genetic diversity and distant kinship between Roid banana species. Characters that contribute to inter accession diversity are midrib width (LPt), bunch diameter (DTn), and pseudostem length (PPs). Accession MS1.3 was selected as a superior accession with the characters of the number of combs per bunch, leaf blade width 71-80 cm, leaf blade length 171-220 cm, and the number of rhizomes > 5 tillers..

Patterns in genetic variation and character association of yield components in turmeric (curcuma longa L.)

Understanding genetic variability patterns of turmeric yield traits is essential to develop new genotypes with improved traits. The objective of the present study was to investigate the genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance and association of various yield components in turmeric genotypes. The experiment was conducted for two seasons during 2021-22 and 2022-23 using 21 turmeric genotypes at ICAR-IISR, Experimental farm, Peruvannamuzhi, Kerala. The results indicate that the genotypes exhibited significant variation across two seasons for most traits, with the exception of collar girth, weight of primary rhizomes per clump, and number of primary rhizomes per clump, which suggests the presence of genetic variability in the genotypes. Maximum fresh rhizome yield per clump was recorded in the genotype, IISR Pragati. The Genotypic Coefficient of Variation (GCV) was found to be moderate to high for most of the traits except plant height, leaf lamina length, collar girth and fresh rhizome yield per plant, whereas, Phenotypic Coefficient of Variation (PCV) was found to be moderate to high for all the traits except plant height. Heritability was observed moderate to high for all the traits except collar girth, number of primaries per clump, weight of primaries rhizomes per clump and fresh rhizome yield per plant. The petiole length, total leaf area, weight of mother rhizomes per clump and number of mother rhizomes per clump showed high heritability along with genetic advance. Correlation analysis suggested that weight of mother rhizomes per clump had a strong positive association with plant height, number of leaves, leaf lamina length, leaf lamina width, leaf area, total leaf area, and collar girth and had a weak positive relationship with fresh rhizome yield per plant and petiole length. The path analysis revealed, total leaf area, fresh rhizome yield per plant and number of primaries per clump have high direct positive effects with weight of mother rhizomes per clump. The high heritability and genetic advance observed for above mentioned traits suggest that exercising a simple selection could indirectly improve the low heritable low genetic advance traits such as fresh rhizome yield per plant as indicated by correlation and path analysis.

Evaluation of Different Arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea L.) Accessions for High Rhizome Yield with Good Quality and Starch Content

Aim: Arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea L) is an underutilized tuber crop belonging to the family marantaceae. This study mainly aims to evaluate different arrowroot accessions for quality starch and best yield.
 Study of Design: The field experiment was conducted in randomized block design with total ten accessions and three replications.
 Place and Duration of Research: The present investigation was undertaken at the College Orchard, Department of Vegetable Science, Horticultural College & Research Institute, TNAU, Coimbatore during the year 2022-2023.
 Methodology: In this study, ten arrowroot accessions viz.,TAr18-01, TAr18-02,TAr18-04,TAr18-05,TAr18-10, TAr18-11, TAr18-12, TAr18-13, TAr18-14 and Local were evaluated for their growth, yield and quality parameters.
 Results: The statistical results revealed that all the accessions significantly differ from each other. Results obtained as maximum height in the accession TAr18-14(132.01cm), maximum number of leaves in TAr18-10 (109.33), number of tillers in TAr18-14 (8.45) and biggest rhizome weight in TAr18-14(198.81g) respectively. The yield traits like rhizome length (25.49 cm), diameter (9.46cm) and number of rhizome per plant (30.00), rhizome yield per plant (1.49kg) were maximum in TAr18-10. The quality parameters viz., dry matter (%) was highest for TAr18-10(56.76%),TSS in TAr18-12 (27.83%), ash contents in TAr18-10 (3.88%). These parameters mainly decide the quality and nutritive value of Arrowroot. There is a significant variation in the quality parameters like starch, TSS, dry matter, protein, crude fiber. Among various accessions TAr18-04 recorded the highest starch (54.62%) and TAr18-14recorded highest protein content (6.194%). Amylose content (21.88%) was maximum in TAr18-01.
 Conclusion: It can be concluded from the following study that TAr18-10 recorded highest rhizome yield, dry matter content with quality starch and can be selected for further evaluation and exploitation in industrial applications.

Cytokinin and Metabolites Affect Rhizome Growth and Development in Kentucky Bluegrass (Poa pratensis).

Rhizome growth and development is regulated by phytohormone. However, endogenous phytohormones affect rhizome initiation, and sustained growth in perennial grass species remains elusive. In this study, we investigated the morphological characteristics and the content of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), zeatin (ZT), gibberellic acid (GA3), and abscisic acid (ABA) in the rhizomes of two different Kentucky bluegrass. Using ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), we performed metabolite analysis of two different rhizomes. In our study, the multi-rhizome Kentucky bluegrass material 'Yuzhong' had an average of 1113 rhizomes, while the few-rhizome material 'Anding' had an average of 347 rhizomes. The diameter of rhizome and length of rhizome internode in 'Yuzhong' were 1.68-fold and 1.33-fold higher than that of the 'Anding', respectively. The rhizome dry weight of 'Yuzhong' was 75.06 g, while the 'Anding' was 20.79 g. 'Yuzhong' had a higher ZT content (5.50 μg·g-1), which is 2.4-fold that of 'Anding' (2.27 μg·g-1). In contrast, the IAA, ABA, and GA3 content of rhizome were markedly higher in 'Anding' than 'Yuzhong'. Correlation analysis revealed significant correlations between ZT and ZT/ABA with the number of rhizomes, diameter of rhizome, and length of rhizome internode, whereas IAA, ABA, GA3, and IAA/ZT were opposite. In the metabolic profiles, we identified 163 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) (60 upregulated and 103 downregulated) in positive ion mode and 75 DEMs (36 upregulated and 39 downregulated) in negative ion mode. Histidine metabolism and ABC transporters pathways were the most significantly enriched in the positive and negative ion mode, respectively, both of which are involved in the synthesis and transport of cytokinin. These results indicate that cytokinin is crucial for rhizome development and promotes rhizome germination and growth of Kentucky bluegrass.

Effects of aeration treatments on root and rhizome growth parameters of Phyllostachys violascens (Lei bamboo) under intensive cultivation: A field study

Aeration through underground tunneling in mulched Phyllostachys violascens (Lei bamboo) forests can improve soil quality. Nevertheless, the effect of soil ventilation on the growth of bamboo roots and rhizomes at different distances, directions and depths of the forest are still unclear. In a field experiment, four treatments including organic mulching without aeration (MNA), organic mulching with aeration (MA), non-mulched with aeration (NMA), and non-mulched and non-aeration treatment (control) were set up to investigate the effects of soil aeration treatment on bamboo root and rhizome growth at different depths and radii distances from the bamboo trunk in both perpendicular (PD) and horizontal (HD) aeration directions. The results show that root and rhizome quantity and quality decreased vertically and linearly in the soil layers and this trend was more significant in the PD direction and near the trunk. MA treatment induced the most significant effects on the determined root and rhizome growth parameters. At 10 cm depth, the number of rhizomes in CK was 70.8 %, 77.1 %, and 18.8 % higher than that in MA, NMA, and MNA plots, respectively. However, fewer rhizomes appeared in CK and MNA plots at 20 and 30 cm depths relative to 10 cm while the number was increased by 149 % in MA and 151 % NMA plots at 20 cm. This suggest that in CK and MNA plots, soil hypoxia and soil acidification were prevalent which inhibited rhizome growth by inducing rhizome up-floating and preventing root elongation, respectively. Also, the root morphological parameters including lengths, surface areas, and volumetric areas were significantly increased in MA and MNA treatments compared to the control and NMA. For example, root length, surface area, and volumetric area in MA were increased by 56 %, 44.9 %, and 28.3 % while that in MNA increased by 40 %, 55.8 %, and 81.0 % compared with roots from the control plot. This study provides both a theoretical and practical guide for improving soil quality and bamboo growth under intensive management using aeration treatment.

Comparison of two contrasting Leymus chinensis accessions reveals the roles of the cell wall and auxin in rhizome development

Leymus chinensis, a perennial native forage grass, is widely distributed in the steppes of Inner Mongolia as the dominant species. The main reproductive strategy of this grass is clonal propagation, which occurs via the proliferation of subterranean horizontal stems known as rhizomes. To elucidate the mechanism underlying rhizome development in this grass, we collected 60 accessions of L. chinensis and evaluated their rhizome development. One accession, which we named SR-74 (Strong Rhizomes), had significantly better rhizome development capacity than the accession WR-16 (Weak Rhizomes) in terms of rhizome number, total and primary rhizome length, and number of rhizome seedlings. Rhizome elongation was positively correlated with the number of internodes in the rhizome, which affected plant biomass. Compared to WR-16, SR-74 had higher rhizome tip hardness, higher abundance of transcripts participating in the biosynthesis of cell wall components, and higher levels of the metabolites L-phenylalanine, trans-cinnamic acid, 3-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and coniferin. These metabolites in the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway are precursors of lignin. In addition, SR-74 rhizomes contained higher amounts of auxin and auxin metabolites, including L-Trp, IPA, IBA, IAA and IAA-Asp, as well as upregulated expression of the auxin biosynthesis and signaling genes YUCCA6, YUCCA8, YUCCA10, YUCCA11, PIN1, PIN2, UGT1, UGT2, UGT4, UGT10, GH3, IAA7, IAA23, and IAA30. We propose a network between auxin signaling and the cell wall underlying rhizome development in L. chinensis.

In-situ characterization of Jatigede local Roid banana (Musa spp.) based on morphological and agronomical characteristics

Banana (Musa spp.) is one of the agricultural commodities that’s widely cultivated and used by the local community. Currently, only 101 types of local varieties of bananas are registered in Indonesia; one of them is the Roid banana from Jatigede District. Roid bananas grow wild without any mandatory special care. Continuous use without any conservation and preservation efforts can lead to scarcity of Roid banana germplasm as a genetic resource. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the distribution and diversity of Roid bananas through in situ exploration and characterization activities. This study aimed to identify the potential for genetic diversity and develop conservation efforts for the local variety of Roid banana (Musa spp.) in Jatigede District. This research was conducted from November 2021 - March 2022 in three villages in Jatigede District: Ciranggem Village, Jemah Village, and Mekarasih Village. The research used exploratory, survey, and interview methods as data collection techniques. Based on the results of the study, Jatigede District has a wide genetic diversity and distant kinship among Roid banana accessions. Characters that contributed to genetic diversity among accessions were the width of the midrib margin, the diameter of the bunch, and the length of the pseudostem. MS1.3 was the selected accession with its potential characteristics: more combs in bunches, leaf width of 71-80 cm, leaf length of 171-220 cm, and the number of rhizomes > 5 tillers.

Polyploidization-enhanced effective clonal reproduction endows the successful invasion of Solidago canadensis.

Clonality and ploidy levels are positively associated with plant invasiveness. However, there is still no consensus on whether polyploidization can promote the invasion of alien plants by enhancing clonality. Our recent long-term community succession study found that the more vigorous clone of introduced polyploid Solidago canadensis succeeded into mono-dominant community, which seems to be a positive correlationship between polyploidization and clonal reproduction. However, the formation process of clonal ramet and how polyploidization improves the clonal reproduction of S. canadensis remains unknown. Here, we compared clonal growth ability among diploids and polyploids of S. canadensis from native and introduced ranges in a common garden. Results showed that the rhizomes of S. canadensis originated from axillary buds of dense nodes at the basal stem of seedling and then produced into clonal ramets from the rhizomes. Diploids had denser nodes and more buds, developed more rhizomes per unit mass and produced more clonal propagules at the early growth stage compared with polyploids. However, the number of juvenile and secondary rhizomes, as well as the diameter and length of rhizomes in polyploid populations was significantly higher or greater than those of diploids, and those clonal traits in introduced polyploids were significantly higher than in native polyploids. Moreover, a phalanx growth form was observed in native and introduced diploid populations, which allocated about 3% and 5% of the total biomass to rhizomes, respectively, resulting in short and weak rhizomes. However, native and introduced polyploids allocated about 35% and 40%, respectively, of the total biomass to rhizomes, resulting in long and strong rhizomes, which were guerrilla growth forms. This study firstly shows that polyploidization enhanced the effective clonal reproduction of S. canadensis through pre-adaptation and rapid post-adaptation evolution, and consequently contributed to its successful invasion.

Assessment of shade adaptation and spacing on growth and yield of wild turmeric (Curcuma aromatica Salisb.)

Curcuma aromatica (common name: wild turmeric), well known for antibacterial, antifungal, and cosmetic properties, is a member of the genus Curcuma belonging to the family Zingiberaceae. A study was undertaken at the Department of Agronomy farm, College of Agriculture, Vellanikkara, Thrissur, Kerala from May to December 2021 to study the effect of shade and spacing on the growth, yield and, quality of Curcuma aromatica. The experiment was laid out in a two factorial completely randomized block design with three replications. Shade was taken as the first factor, and spacing was taken as the second factor. Two levels of the first factor (open and 25% shade) and three levels of the second factor (60 cm x 40 cm, 40 cm x 25 cm, and 25 cm x 25 cm) were evaluated. Plants grown under shaded conditions were taller (142.50 cm) and had more leaf area (453.42 cm2) than plants grown under open (92.17 cm and 377.36 cm2 respectively) conditions. Open conditions resulted in a greater number of leaves (10.41) and tillers (2.02) compared to shade (7.38 and 1.44 respectively). But yield and yield characters except number of fingers were not statistically different in both the treatments. The number of fingers was higher in open (36.26) condition and it was lower in shaded condition (30.31). Essential oil content was higher in shade (3.32%) compared to open (3.06%). Concerning the effect of spacing on growth and yield, 25 cm x 25 cm spacing (123.79 cm) had produced taller plants followed by 40 cm x 25 cm (118.93 cm) and 60 cm x 40 cm (109.30 cm) spacing. The treatment 60 cm x 40 cm significantly resulted in higher number of leaves, tillers and leaf area and lowest was produced by 25 cm x 25 cm. The yield and yield characters (rhizome length and number of rhizomes) were significantly higher under 60 cm x 40 cm spacing compared to other treatments. But per hectare yield was higher at 25 cm x 25 cm spacing since plant population is more in this treatment. The treatment combination 25 cm x 25 cm spacing with shade had produced maximum plant height and lowest was produced by 60 cm x 40 cm spacing under open conditions. Number of leaves, number of tillers, number of rhizomes were found to be higher at 60 cm x 40 cm under open conditions. There is no statistical difference between treatments for leaf area, rhizome yield of single plant, rhizome yield (kg ha-1) and essential oil content. The results acknowledge that Curcuma aromatica is a shade tolerant crop. It can be grown in either open or shaded areas. To achieve a higher yield, it is preferable to use a 25 cm x 25 cm spacing

Efeito da quitosana na propagação por estaquia foliar da planta de interior tropical zamioculca

Abstract Zamiifolia (Zamioculcas zamiifolia) is an ornamental and perennial medicinal plant, which belongs to Araceae family. This plant holds a prominent place in the economic significance of this particular plant family. This study aimed to examine the process of root development and rhizome production through leaf cuttings of zamiifoliain the this experiment. This experiment was conducted as factorial design within a completely randomized framework design with three replications. Experimental treatments composed of chitosan application at three levels (0, 250 and 500 mg L-1), and the positioning of leaflet cuttings along the main axis of the mother leaf (apical, middle, and basal). After the application of the treatments, the leaflet cuttings were subjected to a four-month rooting period. This rooting process took place in a growth medium consisting of a balanced mixture of perlite and cocopeat mixed in a volume ratio of 1:1. The results exhibited significant effects of different chitosan concentrations on several parameters, including rhizome number, rhizome width, the number of roots, and the quality of the mother leaf. In addition, the type of leaflet cutting demonstrated a significant influence on the width and number of rhizomes. These results demonstrated that the application of chitosan at concentrations of 250 and 500 mg L-1 had a positive effect and resulted in increased rhizome number, rhizome width, and number of roots. Overall, it can be concluded that chitosan can promote the growth and development of zamiifolia by stimulating rhizome production and improving root proliferation.

Identifikasi Karakter Morfologis dan Hubungan Kekerabatan Tanaman Jahe ( Zingiber officinale Rosc.) di Kabupaten Siamlaungun

Ginger plants were grown in large areas in Indonesia through inter cropping and diversecroped. Simalungun was one of the largest ginger producer centers in North Sumatra. The aim of the study was to identify the morphological characters and relationship of ginger in Simalungun Regency. This research was conducted in three districts ; Purba District, Dolok Masagal District and Raya District from September to November 2021. The UPOV (International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants) descriptor was used with purposive sampling technique. Parameters observed were plant habitus, plant height, number of stems, type of top growth, number of leaves on main stem, stem lenght, leaf width, intensity of green color on stems,leaf lenght, leaf width, intensity of green color on leaves, rhizome total weight, rhizome shape, rhizome skin color, rhizome surface texture, number of rhizomes, rhizome size, rhizome colour, time of sprouting (after planting), time of harvest maturity. The result of this study showed there were wide and narrow diversity on the observed characters and the closest value of the relationship is 2.019 in samples B1J4 and F1J5, while the farthest value of the relationship is 35.903 in samples A1J1 and A1J2.

Physiological and ecological characteristics and reproductive responses of Phragmites australis to dry-wet conditions in inland saline marshes of Northeast China.

Inland saline marshes in northeastern China have unique soil characteristics and population distribution features. Hydrological change is a critical environmental factor causing wetland degradation and soil salinization in this region. The growth and reproductive responses of typical wetland plants to dry-wet alternations are essential for restoring inland saline marshes. A pot experiment was conducted to study the growth and reproductive responses of Phragmites australis populations to three hydrological treatments simulating drought degradation (drought), permanent inundation restoration (flooding), and seasonal inundation restoration (dry-wet). The species showed different growth and reproductive responses to the three treatments. After 120 d, the drought conditions induced a lower biomass, root length and root surface area of P. australis, but with higher root diameter, soluble sugar, and Na+ ion contents. Flooding and alternating dry-wet treatments induced the opposite responses. Alternating dry-wet treatments can be considered a better solution to effectively conserve water and meet the water needs of P. australis in the current growing season. The biomass under the alternating wet and dry treatment was the same as that under flooding, but the number of rhizome shoots was lower. The alternating dry-wet treatments was able to recover the growth of P. australis in the current season, but the potential for asexual reproduction of the species was insufficient.

Effect of Different Level of NPK and CRF for Plant Growth and Rhizome Yield in Arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea L.)

The present investigation was carried out to Effect of different level of NPK and CRF for plant growth and rhizome yield in Arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea L.) was conducted in the horticulture Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higgin bottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj (U.P.) during July 2021- April 2022. The experiment was laid out in RBD with 11 Treatments with 3 replications. The results revealed that the treatment T10 100% CRF(Control Release Fertilizer)performed the best in terms in Plant height (140.22), leaf length (49.06), leaf width (19.10), No. of tillers(14.33), fresh weight per plant (736.33), Number of rhizomes per plant (11.33), yield of rhizomes per plant (11.78), yield of rhizomes per hectare (81.81), Maximum cost benefit (3.50). Therefore, the treatment T10 100% CRF is the best when compared to other treatments. As, the highest benefit cost ratio was observed in T10 100% CRF. i.e. (3.50).