Number Of Resolvable Spots Research Articles

Advanced rutile-made acousto-optical cell designed for precise parallel optical spectrum analysis in ultrahigh-frequency regime of the noncollinear two-phonon light scattering

We present an original approach to precise optical spectrum analysis based on combining the nonlinear acousto-optical processing with the cross-disperser technique. This novelty gives us a possibility to overlap all the visible range by the parallel analysis with a gained spectral resolution. For this goal, an advanced rutile-made acousto-optical cell has been designed and tested as dynamic acoustic grating at ultrahigh-frequency to provide the needed slit density to increase the resolving power and the nonlinear apodization to improve the profile of a resolvable spot. Theoretical estimations were developed for low-loss 6-cm rutile-crystal at λ=440 nm, and they show that one can expect the spectral resolution 0.0609 Å, resolving power 72,250, and the number of resolvable spots ∼39,200. The illustrative proof-of-principle experiments with that rutile-crystal-made acousto-optical cell have been carried out. Experimentally we have obtained the spectral resolution ∼0.0815 Å and resolving power ∼54,000.

Chromatographic behavior of selected dyes on silica and cellulose micro-TLC plates: Potential application as target substances for extraction, chromatographic, and/or microfluidic systems

ABSTRACTThe main goal of this research communication focuses on screening of chromatographic behavior of 18 colorants including amaranth, black PN, bromophenol blue, bromocresol green, bromocresol purple, bromothymol blue, carmine, dimethyl yellow, erythrosine, fluorescein, methyl red, naphthalene black, patent blue, phenol red, Sudan II, Sudan III, Sudan IV, and p-xylenol blue. They are commonly used as food and industrial colorants or sensing molecules for analytical and biomedical applications. We studied retention (RF), peak base width (Wb), and peak asymmetry factor (AS) data collected under thermostatic conditions (303 K) using silica and cellulose-coated microplates (5 × 5 cm) and simple as possible mono/binary eluents. Presented retention database may help to select the proper conditions for, for example, chromatographic separation, extraction to solid phase (e.g. bar-type extraction devices) or application of such chemicals as the internal standard substances for planar/column chromatography and/or microfluidic devices (e.g., microfluidic paper-based analytical devices—μPADs). Furthermore, the microplates peak capacity (maximum number of resolvable spots, n) was calculated and discussed. As the second goal, we presented results of literature concerning dyes quantification in complex samples. We compared latest methodologies involving simple spectrophotometric analysis and more sophisticated protocols like high-throughput separation/detection procedures based on high-performance planar/liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis and microfluidic devices.

Homogeneous Planar Lens on an Anisotropic Waveguide

Anisotropic aberration of a four-element acircular homogeneous planar lens is calculated on anisotropic y cut or x cut LiNbO 3 waveguide. Raytracing shows that the beam waist size increases greatly with off-axis angle. Huygens-Fresnel analysis shows a focused spot size of 2·8 μm at — 8.1 dB in the incident angle range of ± 8° indicating the number of resolvable spots to be 2100.

Optical beam scanner with phase‐variable waveguide—analysis of performance and design

AbstractSmall‐sized, high‐speed optical scanners are very useful in optical information processing, optical communications, optical measurements, etc. Although there has been research on various devices of this kind, satisfactory characteristics are yet to be realized.This paper proposes a guided‐type optical scanner in which the propagation constant of each waveguide is varied independently by electronic means, and its characteristics are simulated. It is found that the number of resolvable spots is proportional to the number of waveguides and more than 670 resolvable spots can be obtained for the case of 1000 waveguides. Further, the number of resolvable spots is not influenced much even if phase errors of about 1 percent (2π/100) are introduced in each waveguide. Moreover, it is clarified that the coupling coefficient between the waveguides must be kept below 100 m−1 for the device length of 1 mm, and several other points are explained.

High-resolution electrooptic surface prism waveguide deflector: an analysis

A surface waveguide electrooptic deflector as described in the literature is analyzed in terms of a simple 2-D prism model. The model is treated by geometric as well as physical optics, and the far-field interference pattern is calculated. The results of this analysis are used to predict an upper limit to the ultimate resolvability of such a device. The maximum number of resolvable spots per centimeter of beamwidth, assuming +/-500-V drive, 50-mum prism aperture, and diffraction-limited operation, is shown to be on the order of 10(3). It is also shown that this ultimate resolution can be obtained only if the far-field interference pattern generated by the periodicity of the deflector array is overcome.

Electrooptic surface prism laser deflector: An analysis

Abstract Surface electrodes on an electrooptic waveguide cause waveguided light to react as if it were passing through an electrooptic prism. The basic operational characteristics of such an electrooptic surface prism (or ESP) device is discussed in terms of a simple two dimensional prism model. The analysis is made from the view points of both geometric as well as physical optics. An expression for the maximum number of resolvable spots is derived in terms of the maximum applied voltage, linear electrooptic coefficient, and aperture size assuming diffraction limited operation. It is shown that a single ESP deflector device will produce on the order of 10 spots with ± 500 V maximum applied voltage, 50μm aperture, and a LiNbO3 waveguide while 103 spots can be obtained for a parallel array of 200 such units (i.e., 1 cm aperture) provided that the inherent problems associated with the far field destructive interference can be overcome. Failure to overcome the far field interference problems limits the number...

Electrooptic streak camera: theoretical analysis

The use of electrooptic beam deflectors as streak cameras is analyzed. Two basic designs employing linear electrooptic crystals are considered. One is constructed of pairs of prisms, and the other exploits a traveling focusing interaction created in the crystal by an electrical pulse propagating down a strip transmission line. We show that the transit time of the optical signal imposes a strict limit on the performance of the deflectors and necessitates a trade-off between the time resolution and the number of resolvable spots or range which can be achieved. The optimum geometry of these devices is determined assuming a specific electrical driving pulse, and schemes for multiple stage deflectors are presented and optimized. We also consider practical constraints and show that the low impedance inherent to these systems further restricts their performance. Estimates of the performance limits which can be achieved with present day high voltage switching technology are given.

Laser beam deflection by frequency shifting

A new type of beam scanner has been developed which utilizes frequency shifting of a laser beam followed by deflection of the beam in a dispersive element. Theoretical considerations involve the maximization of the frequency shift and number of resolvable spots. An experimental deflector has been constructed which employs a mode-locked 0.633 μm He-Ne laser, lithium-niobate frequency shifter, and a Fabry-Perot dispersion element. Scans of 15 resolvable spots have been obtained with a theoretical access time of 18.5 ns.

Theory of Thermal Imaging Using Infrared to Visible Image Up-Conversion

A novel method of thermal imaging based on the up-conversion of infrared radiation in nonlinear optical crystals is analyzed. An equation is derived giving the temperature resolution in terms of the pump laser energy E(p). For a proustite-ruby system based on the 8-13-micro band, a temperature resolution of better than 1 degrees C is predicted when the number of resolvable spots is 100 x 100 and E(p) = 10 J. Numerical results are also provided for eighteen possible systems having different combinations of pump laser (neodymium or ruby), infrared band (3-5 micro or 8-13 micro), nonlinear crystal (Ag(3)AsS(3), AgGas(2), ZnGeP(2), or LiNbO(3)), and imaging photocathode [S-1, S-20, GaAs/(Cs,O), or In(As,P)/(Cs,O)].

Aberrations and Design of Graded-Index (GRIN) Rods Used as Image Relays

In this paper, we consider the aberrations and design of graded-index (GRIN) rods for use as image relays. Aberration formulas are derived based on the ray path solutions previously published by the authors. The aberrations are then minimized by selecting an optimal radial refractive index variation. We assume no index variation along the axis and also consider only monochromatic aberrations. Design curves and data on the number of resolvable spots are included. The accuracy of the aberration formulas is compared with total aberrations computed numerically.

Liquid Materials and Their Figures of Merit as Acoustooptical Deflector

Three figures of merit defined by Dixon for acoustooptical deflectors are reconsidered using combinations which include scattering efficiency, sound frequency bandwidth, number of resolvable spots and sound attenuation constant. A fourth figure of merit is proposed which is applicable to materials with non-negligible acoustic losses. Liquid materials were evaluated according to the proposed criteria and some were selected as good for use as acoustooptical deflectors. Experiments showed that the scattering efficiency and the fourth figure of merit of n-propyl iodide were 7.7 and 2.5 times those of water.

The number of resolvable spots in a photoelastic beam deflection system

The purpose of this letter is to derive a bound on the number of unique resolvable spots in a photoelastic beam deflection system which is limited by the attenuation of the acoustic wave in the interaction medium. It will also be shown that for a given interaction length, an optimum frequency range exists which yields the maximum number of resolvable spots.

Optimum Parameters and Resolution Limitation of Integral Photography

Integral photography offers an interesting alternative to holography for recording and displaying 3-dimensional information. This paper derives the optimum size of the lenslet in the lenticular screen and derives a resolution limitation for integral photography which for conventional objects is comparable to the resolution of a TV picture. The number of resolvable spots needed to record an integral photograph is also computed and it is shown that this number is proportional to the fourth power of the (linear) resolution in the reconstruction.