Number Of Research Organizations Research Articles

Rising pharmaceutical innovation in the Global South: a landscape study

BackgroundThere is growing interest in pharmaceutical innovation in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), but information on existing activities, capacities, and outcomes is scarce. We mapped available data at the global level, and studied the national pharmaceutical innovation systems of Bangladesh and Colombia to shed light on pharmaceutical research and development (R&D) in the Global South, including challenges and prospects, to help fill existing knowledge gaps.MethodsWe gathered and analyzed data from three types of sources: literature, semi-structured interviews with key informants, and publicly available data on R&D funding, R&D scientific capacity measured by human resources, and clinical trial activities.ResultsPharmaceutical R&D activities are occurring in many LMICs, but 16 countries have emerged as frontrunners. Investment in R&D in LMICs has increased in the past decade, particularly from middle-income countries (MICs). Capacity is also growing, with an increase in the number of research organizations and the amount of funding available from external sources. The total number of clinical trials and the proportion of trials in LMICs increased markedly, and there is also growing activity in the earlier, more innovative and riskier Phase 1 and 2 trials. Non-commercial entities comprise the majority of clinical trial funders and sponsors in LMICs. Finally, investments have borne fruit, as indicated by a number of innovative medicines developed in LMICs. The Bangladesh and Colombia country studies showed that there is still a need for both targeted R&D policies to strengthen capacities in the pharmaceutical sector, and more government support to overcome the challenges of a lack of funding and coordination among different actors.ConclusionsBy triangulating between the data sources, it was possible to paint a broad picture of who was involved in pharmaceutical R&D in LMICs, in which particular countries, for which diseases, in which R&D phases, and with what results—as well as how these trends have changed over time. Prioritizing pharmaceutical R&D is an important strategy for better meeting health needs. The trendlines are promising, but focused attention is still needed to realize the potential for greater innovation in the Global South.

Анализ процессов кадрового обеспечения инновационного сектора российской экономики в контексте развития институтов венчурного инвестирования

The article presents the results of the analysis of the processes of staffing the innovation sector of the Russian economy in the context of the development of venture investment institutions. Studied the indicators of the number of highly qualified personnel in the Russian economy. Analyzed data on the number of research organizations in the Russian Federation and their staffing.

Exploring the Innovative Development of Russian Regions: A Spatial Regression Analysis Using the Cobb-Douglas Model

Relevance. Extensive research has focused on evaluating and modeling innovative processes in territorial systems. However, an underexplored aspect is the assessment of spatial effects resulting from neighboring territories and the modeling of inter-territorial interactions in enterprise innovation. The existing regression models have limitations in accounting for spatial effects, indicating the presence of unaccounted factors. Research objective. This study aims to develop a methodological approach to evaluate the influence of factors on the dynamics of shipped innovative goods in Russian regions, taking into account spatial effects. Additionally, it aims to test the hypothesis that territories located near innovatively developing regions exhibit faster progress. Data and methods. The study utilizes regression analysis of panel data, employing combined least squares, fixed effects, and random effects methods to evaluate the influence of enterprise costs on innovation, the number of research personnel (researchers and technicians), advanced production technologies developed and used, the number of research organizations, as well as the internal costs of fundamental and applied research and development on the volume of shipped innovative goods in Russian regions from 2000 to 2021. To account for spatial effects, spatial econometrics techniques such as Spatial Autoregressive (SAR) models considering spatial lag and Spatial Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (SAC) models considering both spatial lag and spatial error are employed. The Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) with the White period weight matrix is used to address heteroscedasticity, and data transformation techniques including orthogonal deviations and the inclusion of dummy variables for each spatial unit and time period are applied. Results. The study reveals deepening spatial heterogeneity in innovation processes during economic downturns, which smooth out during economic recovery. Regions with high and low concentrations of shipped innovative goods are identified. Regression analysis establishes the impact of various factors on shipped innovative goods. Spatial models utilizing the Cobb-Douglas SAR and SAC frameworks demonstrate positive spatial effects, wherein neighboring regions exert influence on innovative development. Regions with high enterprise innovation activity, including Moscow, St. Petersburg, and others, exhibit the highest spatial effects. Conclusions. The innovative development of a single region depends not only on its own production factors but also on the innovative activity of enterprises in the surrounding regions. These findings highlight the importance of considering spatial effects in assessing and modeling regional innovation dynamics.

The nature of magnetic anomalies in the southern part of the Barents Sea shelf according to the results of an integrated analysis

Research subject. The anomalous magnetic field of the southern part of the Barents Sea Shelf.Materials and methods. The research was based on a digital matrix (grid) of the anomalous magnetic field (AMP) compiled from the materials of magnetic surveys performed in 2002–2007 by a number of research organizations and research and production companies. A model describing the structure and formation of the magneto-active layer of the southern part of the Barentsevomorsk region was developed. An analysis of the radially averaged field spectrum made it possible to establish the confinement of the upper edges of the field sources to several structural horizons. Band filtering in the frequency domain in accordance with the allocated depth ranges allowed anomalies to be distinguished from other sources. To determine the nature of sources of magnetic anomalies at different levels of the earth’s crust, an integrated analysis of gravimagnetic fields, seismic profiling data and ground studies was conducted.Results. At least two levels of magnetic anomaly sources were found: the distribution of effective magnetization for the low-frequency component of AMP, reflecting the depth structure of the region, and the high-frequency component of AMP, reflecting the distribution of local intrusions in the upper part of the foundation and in the sedimentary cover. The lower level is represented by massive blocks of deep laying and corresponds to the SDR (Seaward Dipping Reflectors) complex, which is an alternation of tectonic plates of continental material with ultrabasite basites that were introduced into the crust at the post-rift stage of the continent’s split. The zone of positive linear anomalies of the magnetic field reflects the divergent boundary of the ancient continental plate of the Baltic, which arose during the fragmentation of the supercontinent of Colombia (Paleopangea) in the middle reef and the formation of the Rifean oceanic basin, which was then veiled by subsequent tectonic processes. The upper structural level indicates the introduction of the main composition into the upper layers of the earth’s crust in the zones of rift-forming faults of magma in late Devonian times during the process of continental rifting on the Svalbard Plate. This is confirmed by the presence of manifestations of the main magmatism within the propagation zone of the South Barents riftogenic depression into the body of the Baltic Shield.Conclusions. The conducted integrated analysis of the anomalous magnetic field and other geological and geophysical data allowed the authors to establish the nature of the sources of magnetic anomalies located at different structural levels of the earth’s crust in the southwestern part of the Barents Sea shelf. The magnetoactive layer of this region is characterized by a complex structure, the section of which includes at least two structural levels, each reflecting certain evolutionary stages of the earth’s crust.

Applied scientific research development in Russian mechanical engineering

Recent vital structural and functional transformations in the national science resulted in decreasing of the social significance of the country’s science and scientific potential. Analysis of statistic data demonstrates noticeable decline of scientific human resources potential and reduction in the number of research organizations. Moreover, government funding becomes the main driving force for development of scientific research in Russia, and the role of Russian business and other sources is of secondary importance. The situation in the national science and lack of funding for research and development in particular caused such negative tendencies as slowing down innovative transformations in the country, outflow of qualified human resources, lower quality of scientific research and its efficiency. Due to low speed of developing advanced research and development the national mechanic engineering is lagging behind in developing new technologies which proves that this sphere of applied science is in unsatisfactory condition. Applied science is developing in two main directions: directive and natural science. The first option presupposes that development of science is influenced mainly by external factors such as material production needs and the state of social and economic sphere of the society. The second direction is based on the determining role of the internal logics of the scientific development and the continuity of scientific ideas between the old and new knowledge. Natural science way of developing applied (technological) science is not explored properly; government support of scientific schools is obviously insufficient. It results in their gradual degradation with rare exceptions. This can also happen to a new trend in mechanic engineering technology – additive manufacturing of products from metals and alloys. If new knowledge is not generated purchasing of foreign equipment becomes inevitable, and such equipment quickly becomes obsolete both morally and physically.

Managing research and development process in conditions of economic growth of Kazakhstan: Methods and analysis

This study aims to assess the relationship between R&D and economic growth in terms of their ability to understand R&D management. In the paper, the algorithm of actions was used, which allows ensuring interconnection, sequence of work, validity of the choice of the methods used, and defining key factors over a long period. The following methods of the empirical study were used: analysis of the provision of level development; regional analysis of the data; correlation analysis. Based on correlation analysis the impact of economic growth on R&D was investigated, which is expressed by such variables as the number of organizations engaged in R&D, internal expenditures in R&D, expenditures for technological innovations, number of employees in R&D. The data were obtained from the World Bank, the Eurasian Economic Union, and the statistical yearbook of Kazakhstan for 2009–2019. The results obtained show that all determinants correlate not only with the GDP but with each other as well. According to the findings, viewing the GDP level, there is a positive and negative correlation link between such two factors as ‘the number of research organizations’ and ‘R&D technological innovations’. These coefficients of correlation between GDP and independent factors selected for the analysis are significant, i.e. they can significantly affect the value of the GDP. The obtained results are useful in formulating the R&D development management strategy. AcknowledgmentsThis study has been funded by the Science Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan (grant IRN AP08052800 “Intellectual potential of the regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan: assessment and development prospects”).

Reproductive Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Globally reproductive health services such as contraception and abortion are impacted and are not accessible to a considerable population. The International Planned Parenthood Federation reported anticipated shortage of contraception as the lockdown measures led to reduction in the manufacturing of contraceptives. A recent analysis by the Guttmacher Institute estimated the potential effects of the pandemic. It was found that a 10% decline of sexual and reproductive health services due to COVID-19, would mean an additional 15.4 million unintended pregnancies, over 3.3 million unsafe abortions and 28,000 maternal deaths. The UN Secretary General has issued a call to continue the delivery of sexual and reproductive health services even without prescription. The focus is now to provide vaccines, and therefore, a number of research organizations and pharmaceutical industries are working on their production. One of the reasons for vaccine refusal is the concern that it may affect female and male reproductive functions. However, it is important to correct this misunderstanding as vaccination does not affect fertility. In most cases, vaccination during pregnancy and lactation can be considered safe and effective.

Indices of Post-Graduate Students’ Social Mobility

The article presents statistical indicators for analyzing the potential of postgraduate studies and, in general, the field of science and innovation in the context of social (educational and professional) mobility of postgraduate students. Key indicators characterizing the potential of educational mobility are arguably dynamics of the number and age structure of postgraduate students, as well as the dynamics of the number of defended dissertations. Since the sphere of science and innovation is for postgraduate students the labor market (a field of professional mobility as well), the article considers following indicators: share of the “science and innovation” sphere in the country’s GDP; research funding structure; number of research organizations; dynamics and structure of research organizations personnel. Conclusions are made regarding, on the one hand, ambivalent nature of the postgraduate studies as a factor of educational mobility, and on the other hand, the discrepancy between trends and internal dynamics between postgraduate studies as an educational institution and sciences as a sphere of professional mobility. On the basis of the analyzed indicators, a conclusion is also made about a certain limited potential of social (educational and professional) mobility and social maturing of postgraduate students.

INVESTIGATION OF THE POSSIBILITY OF USING A VORTEX HEAT GENERATOR IN HEAT SUPPLY SYSTEMS FOR RESIDENTIAL, INDUSTRIAL AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS

In a number of foreign countries, vortex heat generators have become widespread in decentralized heat supply systems. For Belarus, vortex heat generators are quite new sources of heat supply. The article considers the possibility of using vortex heat generators for heat supply systems for residential, public and industrial buildings. Vortex heat generators are based on the principle of cavitation in a turbulent water flow. For many devices cavitation is not desirable, but in a vortex heat generator it is used as a favorable phenomenon. The authors carried out a series of full-scale experiments to determine the efficiency of the “VTG-2.2” vortex heat generator when different operating modes were applied. The performance of the vortex heat generator can be estimated by the energy conversion factor. Energy conversion factor is the ratio of the amount of thermal energy that a vortex heat generator generates to the amount of electrical energy consumed. Experiments conducted in a number of research organizations (including the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and MPEI) have demonstrated that energy conversion factor can exceed 1. The authors conducted experimental tests with the use of an experimental installation simulating a heat supply system. According to the obtained experimental data, the energy conversion coefficients for each mode were calculated. The constructed graphical dependencies clearly demonstrate that, with increasing rotational speed of the vortex heat generator, the efficiency of its use increases. The highest energy conversion factor value was 61.1 % with a rotation frequency of 40 Hz. It was also found that with increasing the rotational speed of the vortex heat generator, a significant increase in noise and vibration occurs.

Internet of Things in Higher Education: A Study on Future Learning

In the coming years, technology will impact the learning experience in many ways. Internet of Things (IoT) continues to confirm its important position in the context of Information and Communication Technologies and the development of society. With the support of IoT, institutions can enhance learning outcomes by providing more affluent learning experiences, improved operational efficiency, and by gaining real-time, actionable insight into student performance. The purpose of this study is to find out the potential of IoT in higher education and how to maximize its benefits and reducing the risks involved with it. Further efforts are necessary for releasing the full potential of IoT systems and technologies. Therefore, this paper presents a study about the impact of IoT on higher education especially universities. IoT stands to change dramatically the way universities work, and enhance student learning in many disciplines and at any level. It has huge potential for universities or any other educational institutions; if well prepared to ensure widespread and successful implementation by leadership, staff, and students. IoT needs development where universities can lead. Academics, researchers, and students are in a unique place to lead the discovery and development of IoT systems, devices, applications, and services. Moreover, this paper provides an evidences about the future of IoT in the higher education during the next few years, which have offered by a number of research organizations and enterprises. On the other hand, IoT also brings tremendous challenges to higher education. Hence, this paper also presents the perspective on the challenges of IoT in higher education.

Selected Laboratory Research on Geogrid Impact on Stabilization of Unbound Aggregate Layer

The influence of geogrid on aggregate layer has been tested by number of research organizations across the globe since early 80-ties of XX century. Test were carried out in laboratories and in field. The paper discuss selected laboratory tests important for stabilization function as well as describes recent laboratory research influence of geogrid for stabilization of aggregate layer in pavement. Laboratory part of the research was focused on interaction between grid and aggregate. Part of model tests carried out in box include calibration of measurement unit for future test in real trafficked pavement.

International Migration in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Call for a Global Research Agenda

Research on international migration has brought about remarkable awareness within the global research community, stimulating some theorists and policy-makers to talk about ‘international migration’ as a field for research. A number of research organizations have also adopted various methods of inquiry to examine and change their research agendas and practices. Although much is known about international migration, there are still many unanswered questions. Formulating a comprehensive agenda that is well informed by research can have a real influence on the lives of migrants throughout the world. It is also believed that the outcome of this research will help the ways in which concerned organizations think and act while dealing with the situation of international migrants. This research is aimed at drawing an inclusive research agenda that is better informed by distinguishable human rights requirements. The research agenda presented here is the result of the contribution of nearly 35 purposely selected researchers from various organizations working in the area of international migration in sub-Saharan Africa. The knowledge base that is produced from this study can yield data and information to governmental and non-governmental organizations that are dealing with international migration in sub-Saharan Africa.

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For the past 25 years Stuart M. Lichtman has been actively involved in the treatment of older patients with cancer. He has been an active participant in a number of research organizations, including the Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) Committee on Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics and their Committee on Cancer in the Elderly; the Scientific Advisory Board of the Geriatric Oncology Consortium; the International Society of Geriatric Oncology (SIOG) and its Taskforces on Geriatric Assessment, Renal Dysfunction, Chemotherapy and Gynecologic Oncology and currently on the Board of Directors; and the Elderly Taskforce of the Gynecologic Oncology Group. He was on the Program Committee for the 2005 and 2006 meetings of American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and led the Patient Care Tract and have been reappointed for 2012-2014 as well as the ASCO Special Interest Group in Geriatric Oncology. In 2008 and 2010 he was a faculty member of the ASCO Educational Session devoted to the pharmacology of chemotherapy and assessment in older patients. He has been a faculty member for the Vail ASCO/AACR Clinical Trials Workshop (2004-2009) and was the Scientific Chair of the 11th International Society of Geriatric Oncology (SIOG) meeting in 2011.

Monitoring of Tool Wear in Rotary Ultrasonic Machining of Advanced Ceramics

Tool wear and failure monitoring has raised quite a lot of interests among researchers and has consequently been studied in a number of research projects by a number of research organisations. However, few researchers monitored tool wear in rotary ultrasonic machining (RUM) using various sensors. This paper, for the first time in literature, presents an experimental monitoring on tool wear in RUM of silicon carbide (SiC) using accelerometer, force and acoustic emission sensors. A digital microscope was used to observe the actual tool wear during the experiment. After describing the experimental procedures, it presents and discusses the results on tool wear and acceleration signal, force signal and acoustic signal in RUM of SiC

Marine Mammal Resource

In the sonar world there is still a heavy reliance on the human ear for detection. To detect threats, the sonar operator must be familiar, not only with their acoustic signatures but also with the many and varied noises emanating from other sources in the ocean. These include noises of biological origin, particularly marine mammals. The Marine Mammal Resource is a hypertext document aimed at providing a reference set of sounds for training purposes. It contains textual descriptions on 18 different aspects of ecology for each of the species, summarizing the information available from the open literature. Subjects include vocalizations, habitat, distribution, hearing, and physical characteristics. The resource also contains images, diagrams, and movies for identification purposes. Data has been collated for over 40 species primarily found in the Atlantic Ocean. Information has been collated through a number of research organizations in America and Europe. The resource has application to the reduction of cetacean by-catch in trials, both in providing information in the derivation of environmental impact assessments pretrial and in the acoustic monitoring of the area during the course of a trial.

SiC/SiC複合材料研究・開発の現状と今後の展望

SiC fiber-reinforced SiC matrix composites (SiC/SiC composites) are attractive structural materials for next-generation high-temperature applications, because the density of such a composite is only one third of the conventional heat-resistance one, and it has superior oxidation resistance due to the formation of SiO2 on the surface in the air at elevated temperatures. A research and development activity to realize high efficiency gas turbine materials and aerospace materials replaced C/C composites has been initiated. Continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites (CFCC), including SiC/SiC composites, should be showed to prevent crack propagation due to deflection and scattering of micro cracks initiated in the matrix around the interphase. As the crack-opening displacement (COD) is increased, the reinforced fibers should bridge the matrix and they will break after pull out. The apparent fracture resistance can be increased. As a result of this sequence of phenomena, the CFCC shows the better mechanical properties than that of the monolithic ceramics. Therefore, interpretation of the fracture mechanism at the interface between the fibers and the matrix is essential to improve mechanical properties. Currently, many efforts are being made to develop the advanced SiC/SiC composites from “state-of-the-art” materials by a number of research organizations, including universities, national institutes and industries in the world. In this paper, the current status of research and development of SiC/SiC composites is described together with our results of microstructure analysis using advanced microscopy, and future prospects are also discussed.

Fracture Toughness of DCI Casks and Prediction by Small Specimen Test

AbstractSpent nuclear fuel transport and/or storage containers (casks) must maintain their structural integrity even when subjected to hypothetical accidents during transport or handling accidents at storage facilities. For ductile cast iron (DCI) to be used as a cask containment boundary material, adequate fracture toughness must be demonstrated at service temperatures and Impact loading conditions of concern. In Japan, comprehensive studies of the fracture toughness of heavy section DCI have been undertaken by a number of research organisations to provide the safety assurance for the DCI casks. In the present study, the fracture toughness data were used to develop a lower bound trend curve for heavy section DCI and to examine the prediction methods by small specimen tests. The fracture toughnesses KIc, KIIc and KIIIc were also obtained to study the safety assessment of DCI casks under different loading mode conditions.

Thermal and mechanical properties of single- and double-layer amorphous Se1−x Te x photoreceptors

Single and multilayer photoreceptor devices based on various compositions of amorphous selenium alloyed with tellurium and arsenic have been tested recently in a number of laboratories for use in laser and LEDtype printers employing the xerographic process, as well as for use in vidicon image tubes. Monolayer a-Sel_xTex alloys form one of the most widely used commercial xerographic photoreceptors and hence have been extensively examined for electrical and optical properties by a number of research organizations. There is, however, very little information available on the thermal stability and mechanical durability of these amorphous semiconductors, particularly in machine operating conditions where they are subjected to temperature variations, humidity changes, mechanical wear and scratching dUring the cleaning cycle and other environmental influences. In fact it was the proneness to crystallization and the weakness to mechanical wear and tear which led to the abandonment of pure a-Se as a viable xerographic photoreceptor in the 1960s. It was replaced by a-Se alloyed with 0.5 to 1% As which has a higher resistance to crystallization. The purpose of this letter is to provide some useful comparative data on the thermal and mechanical behaviour of singleand double-layer photoreceptor films from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and microhardness measurements. Inasmuch as a-As 2 Se 3 is another commercial amorphous photoconductor competing directly with the a-Se~_xTex system, we will also give data on its thermal and mechanical characteristics. Singleand double-layer a-Se~_xTe~ photoreceptor films were fabricated by vacuum evaporation of vitreous pellets from long stainless steel boats on to heated (~ 70 ° C) aluminium substrates. The stainless steel coating plant pumped by a conventional silicone diffusion pump (10-6torr) was equipped with a set of independently controlled boats and a shutter system to enable the fabrication ofmultilayers. Pure selenium pellets of xerographic grade (99.999%) were loaded into one boat and a mixture of selenium and prealloyed Se: Te pellets in correct proportions into another. The two sources were then evaporated sequentially without breaking the vacuum. Typical coating rates were 1 to 2 #m rain~ and the film thicknesses were 50 to 70/tm. Preparation and characterization of monolayer xerographic photoreceptors have already been reported [1]. Typical composition variation with distance in a singleand two doublelayer photoreceptors are shown in Fig. 1. In doublelayer photoreceptor structures the thin a-Se:Te top coating serves as the photogeneration layer (PGL) whereas the thicker a-Se coating between the PGL and the aluminium substrate acts as the charge transport layer (TL). The tellurium concentration profile was obtained from scanning electron microprobe (SEM) analysis. Films of a-As2Se3 were also prepared by vacuum evaporation on to heated aluminium substrates. The substrate temperature in the latter case was ~ 185 ° C. All the samples were well aged at room temperature to allow the physical properties to stabilize via structural relaxation processes. DSC studies were carried out on a DuPont differential thermal analyser, Type 990, equipped with the DSC cell attachment as described previously and also by others [1]. The films were stripped of their substrates and placed in Smallaluminium pans and then sealed. An empty pan Was used as a reference. A typical specimen weight was in the range 5 to 20 rag. The observed DSC thermograms were unaffected when the samples were preilluminated under highintensity light or dark-rested inthe pan for many days. The microhardness tests were carried Out on a Leitz (Wetzlar, Germany) miniload hardness tester with a 25g load which was the minimum available. The equipment operates a diamond pyramidal indenter for Vickers indentations on the sample under the selected load. For the softest films (a-Se) the measured indent diameters were ~ 35/~m which implies that the indentation depth was less than the film thickness. The quoted Vickers hardness number, Hv, for each sample is a mean over a number of random indentations. The variation was within ~ 10%. Fig. 2 shows three typical DSC thermograms at a heating rate of 5°Cmin -~ on (a) pure a-Se, (b) a-Se: 10wt % Te/Se double-layer and (c) a-Se: 10wt % Te single-layer photoreceptor films. The various characteristic temperatures are defined on thermogram (a). It is apparent from Fig. 2 that both the glass transition temperature, Tg, and the peak crystallization rate temperature, To, are shifted to higher temperatures with 10wt % Te alloying. Because of the broadening of the exotherms with tellurium addition the crystallization onset temperatures, Tff and To, however, are only slightly affected. By applying thermoanalytical methods developed for non-isothermal crystallization transformations based on nucleation and growth, we were able to show that the crystallization