Number Of People In India Research Articles

Impact of Breathing exercise and Inhalation Technique on patient’s Quality of Life among Asthma and COPD patients

Around 4 million deaths each year are caused by respiratory disorders worldwide. These diseases are a persistent threat to India as well; the number of people in India who suffer from COPD and asthma has been estimated to be 14.84 million and 17.23 million, respectively.In the present prospective and observational study, a total of 120 patients were enrolled, among 38 patients were diagnosed with Asthma and 82 were COPD patients. All the patients were trained with breathing exercises and inhalation techniques. The patients who have been prescribed with DPI and MDI inhalation devices were checked for their correct usage. The checklist score (DPI and MDI) for Asthma patients, before trainingwas 2.9 and after training was 8.1(<0.001***) and checklist score for COPD patients, before training was 2.8 and after training was 8.5(<0.001***).The results indicate that there is a significant increase (<0.001***) in correct usage after training session, which influences the inspiratory flow rate on Respirometer. Asthma Patient’s QoLwas measured by using ACT score, before training was 9.3 and after training was 19.7(<0.001***) and AQLQ score before training was 35.6 and after training was 74.1 (<0.001***). For COPD Patient’s QoLwas measured by using CAT score, before training was 33.2 and after training was 12.1(<0.001***) and MMRC score before training was 3.6 and after training was 1.4(<0.001***). In the present study breathing exercises increases inhalation capacity and hands on training for inhalation techniques improves the efficacy of drugs, together influences the patient’s Quality of Life (QoL) which reduces the number of days of hospitalization and socio-economic burden.

Transition of Care for Patients with Thalassemia.

Thalassemia is one of the most common hemoglobinopathies affecting a large number of people in India and other countries of South-East Asia. For patients with most severe form of the disease- Transfusion Dependent Thalassemia (TDT), stem cell transplantation or gene therapy are only curative treatment which are not available to most of the patients because of lack of experts, financial constraints and lack of suitable donors. In such situations, most cases are managed with regular blood transfusion and iron chelation therapy. With this treatment, over the years, survival of the patients has improved and 20-40% cases are entering into adulthood. In the absence of structured transition of care programs, currently most adult TDT patients are being managed by pediatricians. This article highlights the need for transition of care for TDT patients, barriers to transition and how to overcome the barriers and process of transition of care to adult care team. The importance of empowering the patients in self-management of the disease and educating the adult care team to achieve the desired outcome of transition program is highlighted.

An Effective Comparative Evaluation in 4G and 5G Generation of Wireless Mobile Network

Most business or government services are implemented in a web or cloud-based environment nowadays. For this purpose, websites, mobile applications, and cloud-based services are established in cyberspace so that services may be accessed at any time, from any location. India is one of the largest smartphone marketplaces and an attractive location for smartphone manufacturing multinational corporations. According to data and statistics from Statista.com, India is one of the leading nations with a substantial mobile user market. In 2017, over 134 million cellphones were sold in India, which is a significant number. According to a separate study, the number of people in India who use smartphones is expected to almost reach 450 million by the year 2022. There is a need to improve the performances of present 4G and upcoming 5G Net-work technologies so that a better level of performances may be obtained in the net-work environment in order to support the massive load of smartphone wireless networks. This book focuses on the presentation of the outcomes of advanced 4G and 5G wireless net-works simulated utilizing the advanced implementation tools of cupcarbon.

Governance and Best Practices of Common Property Resources Management in Tripura

A number of people in India depend on common property resources for their means of subsistence such as forests, wastelands, grazing land, water resources, and so on. However, cultivating these common resources with community support in order to achieve sustainable development is not only an unavoidable task but also a challenging one for the people who live in rural areas. People who reside in rural areas, particularly people who are members of tribal communities in Tripura, rely on common property resources as an essential source of income for their households. The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyse the most effective procedures and governance systems that community members and local village panchayats in Tripura have used for the purpose of the management of common property resources in order to establish sustainable communities.

A Computational approach of phytochemicals from Bacopa monnieri in contrast to DPP-4 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors gamma as a Target for type-1 diabetes

Affecting the vast majority of the population, diabetes has become one of the major causes of death in India and the world. With the growing number of diabetic people in India, one in six people in the world with diabetes is from India. Bacopa monnieri is a wonder herb having many pharmacological applicaions. Traditionally, Brahmi is used to improve memory and concentration. Asthma, bronchitis, gastric ulcers, irritable bowel syndrome, anxiety, etc. DDP-4 inhibitors cause antihyperglycemic effect and regulates blood glucose. PPARs effectively regulates blood glucose levels and reduce triglycerides. The isoform of PPARs i.e., PPARγ plays a vital role in insulin sensitivity. The role of these protein receptors in treating T1DM is under research. Though few instances prove their effectiveness to treat T1DM, its efficacy is questionable and requires more research input. Branched chain and aromatic amino acids like tyrosine and glutamine have their functional role in regulating blood glucose level and onset of diabetic conditions. Bioactive ligands like Jujubogenin, bacogenin and luteolin are selected based on their interactions and binding affinity. T1DM mainly affects children and prediabetic period before the onset of T1DM provides us the golden opportunity to treat or suppress the condition through medical interventions. Thus, the ligand-macromolecule interaction and their efficacy in controlling Type-1 diabetes mellitus is the basis of this study.

English

BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major cause of avoidable blindness in the developing and the developed countries. Diabetic patients have 25 times more chance of becoming blind than the non-diabetics.1 According to the WHO, the number of people in India affected with Diabetes Mellitus in the year 2000 was 31.7 million which is estimated to rise to 79.4 million by 2030, which would be higher than any other country in the world. 75 percent of all Type 2 diabetics and almost all Type 1 diabetics are expected to develop diabetic retinopathy (DR) over a period of time.2 Diabetic dermopathy or shin spots are the commonest dermatological manifestation in patients with Diabetes Mellitus. It is also known as pigmented pretibial patches, spotted leg syndrome or diabetic dermangiopathy.3 Both diabetic retinopathy and dermopathy are manifestations of diabetic microangiopathy. We wanted to study the association between diabetic retinopathy and diabetic dermopathy. METHODS 182 patients (between 40 - 70 years of age) having diabetes mellitus for at least five years were included in the study and were examined for retinal changes and skin changes. The study period was six months. RESULTS Of the 182 diabetic patients included in this study, 106 (58.2 %) had diabetic retinopathy. Shin spots were seen in 158 cases (86.8 %). 100 (94.3 %) cases with diabetic retinopathy had shin spots. The mean duration of diabetes mellitus in patients with diabetic retinopathy was 11.85 years and it was 8.16 years in those without diabetic retinopathy. The mean duration of diabetes mellitus in patients with shin spots was 14.88 years and it was 10.70 years in those without shin spots. CONCLUSIONS There is significant association between diabetic retinopathy and diabetic dermopathy. KEYWORDS Diabetic Retinopathy, Shin Spots, Diabetic Dermopathy

Operator algebras in India in the past decade

Operator algebras come in many flavours. For the purpose of this article, however, the term is only used for one of two kinds of self-adjoint algebras of operators on Hilbert space, viz., C*- algebras (which are norm-closed) or von Neumann algebras (which are closed in the topology of pointwise strong convergence or equivalently, in the weak-* topology it inherits as a result of being a Banach dual space). To be fair, there are a number of people in India (eg., Gadadhar Misra, Tirthankar Bhattacharyya, Jaydeb Sarkar, Santanu Dey, etc.,) who work on non-selfadjoint algebras, mostly from the point of view of connections with complex function theory; but in the interest of restricting the size of this paper, I confine myself here to selfadjoint algebras. I apologise for ways in which my own personal taste and limitations colour this depiction of operator algebras. Another instance of this arbitrary personal taste is a decision to concentrate on the work of younger people. Thus, the work of the more senior people who have worked in operator algebras is only seen via their collaborations with younger people: e.g., KRP via Srinivasan and Rajarama Bhat, Kalyan Sinha via Debashish, Partha, Arup, Raja, etc,. and me via Vijay, Srinivasan and Panchugopal. Not long ago, interest in operator algebras in India was restricted to the three centres of the Indian Statistical Institute. Now, I am happy to note that it has spread to IMSc, some IITs, IISERs, NISER, JNU,.... My role in this article has been merely that of compiling inputs from many active Indian operator algebraists that came to my mind. I wrote soliciting a response from a certain number of them, then put together the responses received. (I apologise to those people who were omitted in this process). My colleague, Partha, with the help of his collaborator Arup, agreed to take care of the C*-related inputs, while I take care of the von Neumann-related ones with the help of my collaborator Vijay. What follows are some areas of ongoing research done in von Neumann algebras in India and some names of people doing such work: (a) subfactors and planar algebras, (Vijay Kodiyalam of IMSc, Chennai); (b) quantum dynamical systems and complete positivity (Rajarama Bhat of ISI, Bengaluru); (c) E0 semigroups (R. Srinivasan of CMI, Chennai, and Panchugopal Bikram of NISER, Bhubhaneswar), and (d) Masas in II1 von Neumann algebras and free Araki-Woods factors (Kunal Mukherjee of IIT, Chennai, and Panchugopal Bikram of NISER, Bhubhaneswar).

The Systematic Medical Appraisal, Referral and Treatment (SMART) Mental Health Project: Development and Testing of Electronic Decision Support System and Formative Research to Understand Perceptions about Mental Health in Rural India.

IntroductionCommon mental disorders (CMD) such as depression, suicidal risk and emotional/medically unexplained complaints affect a large number of people in India, but few receive appropriate care. Key reasons for this include few trained mental health professionals and stigma associated with mental health. A potential approach to address poor access to care is by training village healthcare workers in providing basic mental health care, and harnessing India’s vast mobile network to support such workers using mobile-based applications. We propose an intervention to implement such an approach that incorporates the use of mobile-based electronic decision support systems (EDSS) to provide mental health services for CMD, combined with a community-based anti-stigma campaign. This will be implemented and evaluated across 42 villages in Andhra Pradesh, a south Indian state. This paper discusses the development and testing of the EDSS, and the formative research that informed the anti-stigma campaign.Materials and MethodsThe development of the EDSS used an iterative process that was validated against clinical diagnosis. A mixed methods approach tested the user acceptability of the EDSS. Focus group discussions and in-depth interviews provided community-level perceptions about mental health. This study involved 3 villages and one primary health centre.ResultsThe EDSS application was found to be acceptable, but some modifications were needed. The community lacked adequate knowledge about CMD and its treatment and there was stigma associated with mental illness. Faith and traditional healers were considered to be important mental health service providers.DiscussionA number of barriers and facilitators were identified in implementing the intervention analysed in a framework using Andersen’s behavioural model of health services use.ConclusionThe findings assisted with refining the intervention prior to large-scale implementation and evaluation.

Cardamom - Properties, Products and Uses

Cardamom is in use from ancient times for flavouring and as a component in many indigenous medicines in India. It is unique because of the delicate blend of its aroma. Cardamom flavoured tea and coffee form part of the daily routine of people in the Middle East and chewing cardamom after a meal is a habit with large number of people in India. The potentialities of this great spice have not been exploited fully. Innovative technologies are needed for increasing the global demand of cardamom. For this research needs to be directed to product development including novel cardamom-flavoured dishes.

Prevalence of diabetes and other health related problems across India and worldwide: An overview

Diabetes mellitus is a major source of mortality and morbidity along with an economic menace all over the world. In 2000, prevalence of diabetes worldwide was 171,000,000 and in 2030, it will be 366,000,000, nearly one in ten people globally will have some form of diabetes by 2035. There are some 382 million people living with the disease, but that could jump 55% by 2035. The total number of people in India with diabetes to be around 50.8 million in 2010, rising to 87.0 million by 2030 and it is estimated that by 2040 the numbers will increase upto 123.5 million. It has estimated that the prevalence of diabetes in rural populations is one-quarter that of urban population for India and other Indian sub-continent countries such as Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, and Sri Lanka. Indian Council of Medical research (ICMR) revealed that a lower proportion of the population is affected in states of Northern India (Chandigarh 0.12 million, Jharkhand 0.96 million) as compared to Maharashtra (9.2 million) and Tamil Nadu (4.8 million). The National Urban Survey conducted across the metropolitan cities of India reported similar trend: 11.7 per cent in Kolkata (Eastern India), 6.1 per cent in Kashmir Valley (Northern India), 11.6 per cent in New Delhi (Northern India), and 9.3 per cent in West India (Mumbai) compared with (13.5 per cent in Chennai (South India), 16.6 per cent in Hyderabad (south India), and 12.4 per cent Bangalore (South India). Strengthening of health promotion activitiesin different settings, preventive health screening package, better treatment facilities and effective implementation can cure these problems worldwide.

Abstract P062: Cardiovascular Health Awareness Among School Children in the Rural District of Midnapore, India: A School-Based Survey

Introduction: India is the second most populous country in the world with two thirds of the population in their youth. With economic development and adoption of a western lifestyle, a large number of people in India will be affected by cardiovascular disease (CVD). As atherosclerosis starts in the second decade of life and many of the risk factors are better controlled if addressed early, health awareness among the school children assumes a central role for primary prevention. Currently, there is no established school health program for health education about CVD in India. This survey was conducted to assess the present level of health awareness about CVD in the adolescent school children with a goal to establish school-based health education, early detection of different risk factors and development of heart healthy lifestyle. Methods: A school-based survey was conducted between 15 th of June and 15 th of July, 2014 as a joint venture of Tufts University, USA and Kolkata Medical College, India in the rural district of Midnapore, India with approval from the IRB of Tufts University and the local ethics committee. This involved a pre-test with 20 questions each having 5 statements, a power point presentation by a physician of the study team, and a post-test using the same questions. The data were analyzed by the cluster sampling design method. Results: Nine hundred and fifty nine students (32 %) participated in the survey out of a target population of 3003 from 11 schools with a mean age 14.5 years, 58% male, 59% grade IX and 41% grade X. Prevalence of known CAD among the parents (as reported by the students) was 3% and current history of smoking (26%) was the predominant risk factor, while other identified risk factors were less common (hypertension 5%, diabetes mellitus 4%, and hyperlipidemia 3%). In the pretest evaluation, the mean score was 41/100 (IQR 33-48 and SD ± 10.5) with an improvement by 7% in the post test results (IQR 36-59, SD ± 16.9). This improvement was highly significant by Wilcoxon signed rank test with continuity correction (p <0.001). A multivariable regression analysis showed family history of hypertension (p = 0.01) and higher parental education (p = 0.02) were the main determinants for an improved score. Conclusions: Cardiovascular health awareness was modest among the adolescent school children in the population under study. A school-based educational program may help improve awareness and reduce disease burden in this community.

Barriers, Challenges and Possible Solutions in Establishing Diabetes Self-Management Education (DSME) in India

The number of diabetic people in India is increasing. A vast gap of health service need and provision exists. However, the proposed agenda of promotion and recognition of diabetes educators may translate into diabetes effective management at individual level to the maximum possibility. Managing diabetes is a unique and on-going process. As such, self-management of the disease is crucial. Diabetes patients should receive support to help them to manage diabetic condition as effectively as possible. This study proposes conceptual approach to diabetes self-management education. This framework further articulates the short term and long term outcomes. DSME promotion through educational intervention in a sustained manner has long-term benefits. DSME in an Indian context as optimally trained, effective, efficient, viable health human resource allocation across different levels is not a feasible solution in a low resource setting. This study proposes that a need exists for further research in an Indian context about the scientific credibility of DSME, financial feasibility, cultural acceptability and operation stability of the policy initiative.