Number Of Pages Research Articles

A Semantic and Optimized Focused Crawler Based on Semantic Graph and Genetic Algorithm

A focused crawler automatically retrieves, organizes, and extracts specific topic-related information from the internet for analysis and application. Currently, most focused crawlers assess the relevance of web pages to a given topic through methods such as keyword matching, semantic analysis, and link structures. However, these existing focused crawlers suffer from issues such as misleading directions and reduced accuracy due to the lack of semantic analysis of topic terms, as well as biased computation of topic relevance caused by the absence of effective weighting factors. To solve the above-mentioned problems, this study proposes a semantic and optimized focused crawler based on Semantic Graph and Genetic Algorithm. The proposed crawler eliminates ambiguous terms by constructing a semantic graph, optimizes the weighting factors of topic relevance with asymmetry by using a genetic algorithm, and combines both above two points to predict the priority of each unvisited hyperlink. The experiment results indicate that the proposed SG-GA Crawler improves the evaluation indicators compared with the other three focused crawlers, including VSM Crawler, SSRM Crawler, and SG Crawler. More specifically, the percentage improvement achieved by the proposed method exceeds 19%, 19%, and 13% in terms of three evaluation indicators, including the number of relevant web pages, acquisition rate, and average relevance, respectively. In conclusion, the proposed focused crawler can grab more quantity and higher quality topic-related web pages from the Internet.

The impact of the covid-19 pandemic on sports – reporting in the daily newspapers of the Czech Republic

The Czech quality (non-tabloid) nationwide daily newspapers never published fewer sports pages during the two first decades of twenty-first century than they did during the COVID-19 pandemic. A reduction in the number of pages devoted to sports and other topics was a logical reaction to the paralysis of professional sports and many other domains of human life. But a comparison of data from the first wave of the pandemic, from March to May of 2020 with the same period in the following years proves that the trend to downsize sports sections continued in many cases. This study applied quantitative content analysis to the Monday editions of the Czech daily newspapers Hospodářské noviny, Lidové noviny, Mladá fronta Dnes, and Právo. It confirmed that the position of sport in the daily newspapers has weakened in the long term, and the pandemic accelerated the tendency, especially in the case of more specialised daily newspapers.

Content Analysis of Social Studies Textbooks for Middle School in Relation to Legal Education and Suggestions for Inclusion

This study aims at identifying “Content Analysis of Social Studies Textbooks for Middle School in Relation to Legal Education and Suggestions for Inclusion”. The study community involved the content of social studies books for the intermediate stage for the first intermediate Stage for the year (2019) Social Studies (3rd edition) which is taught in the academic year (2023-2024 AD), and for the second intermediate Stage for the year (2023 AD) (4th edition) which is taught in the academic year (2023-2024 AD), and for the third intermediate Stage for the year (2023 AD) (2nd edition) which is taught in the academic year (2023-2024 AD), and the researcher excluded (the introduction, the index, and the questions), and the number of pages subject to analysis became (389) pages. The research sample contained analyzing the content of social studies books for the intermediate stage, and the total analysis pages were (432) activities, as the number of analysis pages for the social studies book for the first intermediate Stage was (119) pages, for the second intermediate grade it was (126) pages, and for the third intermediate Stage it was (144) pages. "To achieve the goal" of the research, with regard to legal education, the researcher prepared the analysis tool (questionnaire) for analyzing the content of social studies books for the intermediate stage for legal education, which amounted to (39) concepts after reviewing the literature and previous studies, then it was presented to experts to express their opinions and observations on it, and in light of that, some paragraphs were deleted, added and modified, and by relying on the modified tool to analyze the content of social studies books according to legal education and to ensure the stability of the analysis of legal education, the researcher used the analysis with the help of other analysts and using the Holsti equation for legal education. The stability coefficient between the researcher and the first analyst was (89%) and the stability coefficient between the researcher and the second analyst was (90%). The researcher analyzed the content again with a time difference between the two analyses (30 ) Days and the stability coefficient between the two analyses reached (92%) and the topic or idea unit was used as units of analysis because it is appropriate for the research objective and the nature of the analyzed content and the analysis was carried out according to fixed steps and foundations, and for the purpose of extracting the results the researcher used repetitions and percentages for legal education, and among the most important conclusions that the researcher reached: 1- The content of the social studies books for the first, second and third Stages did not reflect legal education in an equal and balanced manner. 2- Lack of emphasis on the following legal education concepts: (organ trafficking, anti-smoking, anti-drug and psychotropic drugs) The researcher recommended a set of recommendations and proposals, including: Reviewing the content of the social studies books in a way that ensures the provision of all legal education concepts within 39 concepts. The researcher suggested the following : 1- Conducting a study similar to the current study on other educational stages in the social studies books for the intermediate stage. 2- Conducting an analytical study that helps to identify the difficulty that hinders the provision of legal education paragraphs within the content of the social studies books for the intermediate stage.

Quran memorisation and heart rate variability: How do they correlate?

BACKGROUND Heart rate variability (HRV) was shown to be affected by performing religious activities. AIM To examine the relationship between the level of Quran (the holy book of Muslims) memorisation and HRV among teenagers. METHODS This experimental study included 16 Tahfiz students and 16 non-Tahfiz students (n = 32). The HRV was measured in three tasks: Recalling familiar verses, memorising new verses, and recalling the newly memorised verses of the Quran. HRV analysis was done using these parameters: Standard deviation of N-N (heartbeat peak) interval; low frequency (LF); high frequency (HF) and LF/HF ratio. RESULTS There were significant differences between tasks for all parameters (P < 0.05). However, between the groups, only the LF/HF ratio had significant differences, with F = 5.04, P < 0.05. Pearson correlation showed a moderate positive correlation between the number of pages memorised and the LF/HF ratio (r = 0.61, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Quran memorisation increased the HRV and our results suggested that this activity could be developed as an effective sympathovagal modulation training activity.

Difficulties Encountered by Home Facilitators in Printed Modular Learning Modality

Parents or guardians acting as home facilitators may encounter obstacles while introducing printed modular learning modalities. It is a long premise that this paper sought to measure the difficulties encountered by home facilitators in printed modular learning modality in a mountainous public elementary school in a fourth-class municipality in the central Philippines for the school year 2021-2022. Data needed for this descriptive study was collected from grade five composed of 2 sections with a total of 58 home facilitators using 30 items self-made instruments that have passed the rigorous validity which obtained a rating of 5.00 from the three jurors interpreted as excellent and valid, and reliability which obtained 0.966 which means that instrument developed has a high degree of reliability. Statistical tools used were mean and Mann- Whitney U test. Data showed that home facilitators experienced a high difficulty in printed learning modality regardless of age, family income, number of children, and educational background. When grouped by age, family income, and number of children, no significant difference was found in the respondents’ level of difficulty with printed learning based on monitoring, support, and learning environment. Nonetheless, a significant difference was found based on groupings by educational attainment. The result calls for the allocation of more funds for possible alternatives, equipping teachers with rigid workshop/orientation/training, revisiting the most essential learning competencies lessening the number of pages in modules, and formulating a plan of action to offset difficulties encountered by home facilitators in printed modular learning modality. Keywords: Education, Communication with Teachers, Monitoring and Support, Learning Environment, Negros Occidental, Philippines

PREFACIOS DE DINERO, CRÉDITO BANCARIO Y CICLOS ECONÓMICOS HASTA LA 8ª EDICIÓN

Following the success of the first edition of Dinero, Crédito Bancario y Ciclos Económicos, which sold out rapidly, I am pleased to present the second edition to Spanish-speaking readers. To avoid confusion and facilitate the work of scholars and researchers, the contents, structure and page numbering of the first edition have been maintained in the second, though the book has been thoroughly examined and all misprints detected have been eliminated.

Enhancing appeal of aggregate payment framing: effects of temporal payment framing and goal proximity on consumer purchase decisions

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine how temporal payment framing (i.e. segregate vs aggregate framing) and goal proximity (i.e. proximal vs distal goals) influence consumer purchase decisions. Design/methodology/approach Study 1 included four laboratory experiments and examined the moderating role of goal proximity in temporal payment framing. Study 2, using Facebook and a firm’s website for an online field experiment with a data set of 38,731 impressions, extended Study 1, enhancing the generalizability of the findings. Findings Consumers exhibited a stronger purchase intention for segregate payment framing. This effect became less pronounced when goal proximity was coupled with temporal payment framing. If products or services emphasized a distal goal, individuals showed greater responses for aggregate payment framing rather than segregate payment framing. The effect was substantial, demonstrating a consistent behavioral pattern in individuals’ browsing choices, including browsing duration and the number of pages viewed. Research limitations/implications Future studies ought to investigate if the alignment of goal proximity and temporal payment framing holds consistent across different product types, such as utilitarian versus hedonic products, or search goods versus experience goods. Practical implications Marketers can improve the effectiveness and efficiency of their marketing strategies by crafting persuasive messages where the monetary offer is in harmony with the goal proximity. Originality/value Temporal payment framing literature has focused on payment framing; however, consumers make their decisions based on a combination of factors rather than solely on payment framing. This study identifies the moderating role of goal proximity.

An Ontology Based Web Crawler with a Near-Duplicate Detection System to Improve the Performance of a Web Crawler

Purpose: The aim of the study is to examine how an ontology-based web crawler with a near-duplicate detection system improves the performance of a web crawler. Methodology: The experiment was carried out using secondary data from a sample web site which was used since crawling is an endless process. Using these two approaches, the ontology web crawler would search for relevant searches according to the search query of the user while the near-duplicate detection system would eliminate redundant data. Findings: It was observed that ontology web crawler performed better and faster than a normal crawler. It takes less execution time to search the web than other web crawlers. This is due to the fact that web documents are being filtered by the ontology web crawler such that only relevant web documents are retrieved according to the search query of the user. The relevant documents are further filtered by a near-duplicate detection system by removing web pages that are duplicates of each other and also remove near-duplicate web documents. This further reduces the number of web pages retrieved by the web crawler. This model saves on storage space because of the reduced number of web pages retrieved as it takes care of irrelevant and redundant web pages searched. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study recommends that the model can be improved to be dynamic by adding new relations that is the crawler should search for web pages related to the search even if they don’t contain the keywords searched. Domains and concepts should be added when visiting new web pages. Standardization of weights needs to be done because as of now experts assign weights to terms according to the area of expertise and knowledge.

Repair alert model when the lifetimes are discretely distributed

This paper deals with the repair alert models. They are used for analyzing lifetime data coming from engineering devices under maintenance management. Repair alert models have been proposed and investigated for continuous component lifetimes. Existing studies are concerned with the lifetimes of items described by continuous distributions. However, discrete lifetimes are also frequently encountered in practice. Examples include operating a piece of equipment in cycles, reporting field failures that are gathered weekly, and the number of pages printed by a device completed before failure. Here, the repair alert models are developed when device lifetimes are discrete. A wide class of discrete distributions, called the telescopic family, is considered for the component lifetimes, and the proposed repair alert model is explained in detail. Furthermore, the problem of estimating parameters is investigated and illustrated by analyzing a real data set.

Does continuous disclosure affect the market reaction to mergers and acquisitions announcements?

We examine the association between the degree of continuous disclosure by bidders and the market reaction to the announcement of 3512 mergers and acquisitions (M&As) by Australian bidders during the period 2000–2017. Using four proxies for continuous disclosure (total number of disclosures, total number of sensitive disclosures, total number of pages, and total number of sensitive pages), we find a positive association between the market reaction to M&A announcements and the level of continuous disclosure made by bidders. These findings imply that investors, when assessing M&A deals, find bidders' disclosures to be informative and value relevant. Further analyses reveal that this positive association is more pronounced for private target acquisitions, stock-financed acquisitions, and unrelated acquisitions.

The technology of organizing methodical online support during the fundamental training of future physics teachers at a pedagogical university

The article substantiates the didactic expediency of the technology of organizing methodical online support during the fundamental training of future physics teachers at a pedagogical university. The technology of organizing methodical online support during the fundamental training of future physics teachers at a pedagogical university is interpreted as a step-by-step process of creating an integrated environment of information and educational resources, software and technical and telecommunication tools, rules for their administration and use, which provide opportunities for interactive cooperation during training and independent work. The stages of the technology of organizing methodical online support during the fundamental training of future physics teachers at a pedagogical university are defined and characterized: preparatory-target, projective-motivational, activity-implementation and analytical-reflective stages. The preparatory-target stage guides the teacher to set a clear goal - to develop electronic resources (distance courses/online platforms/teacher's personal website) for learning educational components or their in-depth study, organization of project, research activities, finds out what he/she hopes to achieve with the help of such learning tools, the goal and the result are compared. The projective-motivational stage determines the design of the methods of presentation of the content of electronic resources, the number of pages, what should be displayed on the pages and in what way, what will motivate future physics teachers to study, which methods of presentation of educational material should be better used for motivational purposes, which materials will help students methodologically to learn the educational material better. The activity-implementation stage reflects the direct process of creating electronic resources: selection and testing of the functionality of software and technical tools, integration into the online platform (Google Sites, Google Classroom, etc.), video conferencing capabilities (Google Meet, Zoom, Skype, Instagram resources, etc.), use of possibilities of communication in chats and messengers. The analytical-reflective stage involves the implementation of a thorough analysis of the content and functionality of the developed electronic resources of methodical online support during the fundamental training of future physics teachers at a pedagogical university, as well as the evaluation of the learning results, achieved by the students, joint reflection of the teacher and students. It has been proven that the creation of a technology for the organization of methodical online support in the process of fundamental training of future physics teachers at a pedagogical university is an integration of personal-oriented and resource-oriented technology, which makes it possible for students to master the knowledge system, acquire practical skills, and form an information cultures during distance learning of educational components

Catalog of the Ulidiidae (Diptera: Tephritoidea) of Chile

A catalog of Ulidiidae, picture-winged flies, from Chile is provided. Included are all valid names and synonyms for the 16 species and nine genera known from Chile, including information about name, author, year of publication, page number, type species, type locality, and references. Euxesta Loew is the more species richness genus in Chile, with five species, followed by Ceroxys Macquart, with two species. Besides, the lectotype and three paralectotypes of Ortalis fasciata Wiedemann, 1830, now in Pterotaenia, are here designated. A discussion about the distribution and biology of the picture-winged flies’ species in Chile is presented.

Turning the "Page" Again: Decreasing Inappropriate After-Hours Pages.

To decrease the number of inappropriate pages after-hours by 50%. Over nine weeks, after-hours pages to the on-call resident at [INSTITUTION] Department of Urology were documented. Pages were deemed "appropriate" or "inappropriate" by three independent reviewers. The source of each page was reviewed and after several plan-do-study-act (PDSA) cycles, three separate interventions were created, directed at floor nursing, patient phone calls, and the call triage center. After a six-weeks implementation period, data was re-collected for nine weeks. Descriptive statistics were generated, and a Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare inappropriate pages pre- and post- interventions. In phase I, 48 shifts were recorded. The mean number of pages per shift was 8.9 (range 1-27), with 52.7% of pages considered "inappropriate." Most pages came from the wards (48.9%) followed by the emergency department (20.4%), patient phone calls (19.4%), and the call center (2.6%). From these domains, the call center had the highest proportion of inappropriate pages (90.9%). In phase II, 39 shifts were recorded. The mean number of pages per shift decreased to 6.0 (range 1-20), and inappropriate pages per shift decreased by 68.4%, (p<0.0001). By improving communication to nurses, patients, and call center personnel, inappropriate after-hours pages decreased by 68.4%- exceeding our aim. Future studies are needed to assess if the impact was sustainable over time.

Application of an Adapted Health Action Process Approach Model to Predict Engagement With a Digital Mental Health Website: Cross-Sectional Study.

Digital Mental Health (DMH) tools are an effective, readily accessible, and affordable form of mental health support. However, sustained engagement with DMH is suboptimal, with limited research on DMH engagement. The Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) is an empirically supported theory of health behavior adoption and maintenance. Whether this model also explains DMH tool engagement remains unknown. This study examined whether an adapted HAPA model predicted engagement with DMH via a self-guided website. Visitors to the Mental Health America (MHA) website were invited to complete a brief survey measuring HAPA constructs. This cross-sectional study tested the adapted HAPA model with data collected using voluntary response sampling from 16,078 sessions (15,619 unique IP addresses from United States residents) on the MHA website from October 2021 through February 2022. Model fit was examined via structural equation modeling in predicting two engagement outcomes: (1) choice to engage with DMH (ie, spending 3 or more seconds on an MHA page, excluding screening pages) and (2) level of engagement (ie, time spent on MHA pages and number of pages visited, both excluding screening pages). Participants chose to engage with the MHA website in 94.3% (15,161/16,078) of the sessions. Perceived need (β=.66; P<.001), outcome expectancies (β=.49; P<.001), self-efficacy (β=.44; P<.001), and perceived risk (β=.17-.18; P<.001) significantly predicted intention, and intention (β=.77; P<.001) significantly predicted planning. Planning was not significantly associated with choice to engage (β=.03; P=.18). Within participants who chose to engage, the association between planning with level of engagement was statistically significant (β=.12; P<.001). Model fit indices for both engagement outcomes were poor, with the adapted HAPA model accounting for only 0.1% and 1.4% of the variance in choice to engage and level of engagement, respectively. Our data suggest that the HAPA model did not predict engagement with DMH via a self-guided website. More research is needed to identify appropriate theoretical frameworks and practical strategies (eg, digital design) to optimize DMH tool engagement.

Extremely-Compressed SSDs with I/O Behavior Prediction

As the data volume continues to grow exponentially, there is an increasing demand for large storage system capacity. Data compression techniques effectively reduce the volume of written data, enhancing space efficiency. As a result, many modern SSDs have already incorporated data compression capabilities. However, data compression introduces additional processing overhead in critical I/O paths, potentially affecting system performance. Currently, most compression solutions in flash-based storage systems employ fixed compression algorithms for all incoming data without leveraging differences among various data access patterns. This leads to sub-optimal compression efficiency. This article proposes a data-type-aware Flash Translation Layer (DAFTL) scheme to maximize space efficiency without compromising system performance. First, we propose an I/O behavior prediction method to forecast future access on specific data. Then, DAFTL matches data types with distinct I/O behaviors to compression algorithms of varying intensities, achieving an optimal balance between performance and space efficiency. Specifically, it employs higher-intensity compression algorithms for less frequently accessed data to maximize space efficiency. For frequently accessed data, it utilizes lower-intensity but faster compression algorithms to maintain system performance. Finally, an improved compact compression method is proposed to effectively eliminate page fragmentation and further enhance space efficiency. Extensive evaluations using a variety of real-world workloads, as well as the workloads with real data we collected on our platforms, demonstrate that DAFTL achieves more data reductions than other approaches. When compared to the state-of-the-art compression schemes, DAFTL reduces the total number of pages written to the SSD by an average of 8%, 21.3%, and 25.6% for data with high, medium, and low compressibility, respectively. In the case of workloads with real data, DAFTL achieves an average reduction of 10.4% in the total number of pages written to SSD. Furthermore, DAFTL exhibits comparable or even improved read and write performance compared to other solutions.

Implementation of the Sahla Method in Qur’an Memorization

The Sahla Method, implemented since 2020, plays a crucial role in building a generation of Qur’anic memorizers who are not only strong in memorization but also excel in recitation and application, following the correct pronunciation (makharij al-huruf) and tajwid rules. The memorization process is carried out with a tahsin class system, the use of bayati tones, as well as a memorization system for page numbers and verse positions. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the Sahla Method in memorizing the Qur'an at the Al-Imam Tiru Kidul Modern Tahfidz Pond, Gurah, Kediri. The research method used is descriptive research with a qualitative approach, involving interviews, observations, and documentation. The results of the study show that the application of the Sahla Method significantly improves the quality of reading and memorization of students, with many students successfully participating in and winning various Tahfidz competitions. The method ensures high-quality memorization, including the ability to recall page numbers, verse numbers, positions, and verse comprehension, in an enjoyable manner. This research is based on the Al-Imam Modern Tahfidz Boarding School, which educates students at the elementary, middle, and high school levels. The study was conducted in response to the increasing interest of parents in enrolling their children in this boarding school.

&lt;i&gt;Ženski list&lt;/i&gt;

Objective. The aim of this paper is to explore the development and changes in the publishing policy of the women's magazine Ženski list, whose chief editor was Marija Jurić Zagorka. The magazine was published during the interwar period and significantly influenced the residents of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and emigrants abroad with its content. Approach/Methodology. The analysis of the magazine was conducted based on the most visually striking and/or important issues from each year of publication, totaling 14 issues. The analysis included the number of pages, quantity of illustrations and advertisements, citation of responsibility data, and graphic and thematic changes in the magazine design. Sources from the Stare novine portal and the Center for Women's Studies were used. Results. The paper provides a brief historical overview of women's magazines worldwide, in Europe, and in the Kingdom of SHS/Yugoslavia. Furthermore, Marija Jurić Zagorka is highlighted as the journalist, and editor, followed by an analysis of the magazine issues. The uniqueness of this magazine lies in achieving high circulation and reaching readers from all social circles. Despite financial difficulties due to the non-receipt of subscriptions and economic crises, the magazine, in its 14 years of publication, kept up with innovations in the layout of visual and textual contributions. A significant increase in illustrations and advertisements is noted, indicating the magazine's close connection to its social environment, especially businesses and shops in Zagreb. There is also an observed increase in attributing authors to texts and photos or indicating the source from which the content was taken, demonstrating the editorial understanding of the concept of intelectual property. Originality/Value. This paper provides an overview of publishing and editorial practices. In addition to technical characteristics, the paper offers a partial insight into the magazine's content, placing it in the context of publishing for women, by women, in the 1920s and 1930s.

Aquatic Plants of Northern and Central Europe Including Great Britain and Ireland

The introduction takes the reader back to early explorers of river systems and aquatic habits in the 1800s for the geographical areas highlighted in the book. Pages are filled with color photographs illustrating plant morphological examples along with taxonomic key couplets. Each species is profusely illustrated with line drawings and color photographs along with distribution maps. There is an illustrated glossary (pp. 728–733) that aids in interpreting the species descriptions. A literature citation section (pp. 734–738) is organized by topical headings, e.g., Species Identification and Biology. The Index of Latin Names locates the species by page numbers. I found this book easy to use because the authors have focused their attention on organization, function, and usability for the public, as well as aquatic taxonomists. Everything about this book is first class! The size and weight will limit its use in the field and will be more appropriate for in house laboratory or classroom use. The design, layout, printing, binding, and overall quality of the text is of exceptional high quality. I highly recommend this book for botanists interested in European aquatic habitats at a bargain price.

Evaluating the Websites of Academic Departments Using the GRA Method

The academic world heavily relies on search engine referrals, making SEO particularly relevant in this sector. To effectively improve page rankings, SEO encompasses two primary categories of factors: 'on-page' and 'off-page. ‘The on-page' factors are elements directly controlled on the website itself. These include strategic keyword usage, content quality, meta tags, URL structure, and internal linking. Conversely, 'off-page' factors involve external elements that influence a website's ranking. Examples include acquiring quality backlinks, maintaining a strong social media presence, and managing online reputation. To attain the maximum benefits from SEO, it is essential to consider relevant factors and criteria. Employing MCDM techniques allows website owners to evaluate and prioritize various SEO elements effectively, enabling a strategic and data-driven approach to improve their web content's search engine rankings. Today, with the advancement and widespread adoption of information systems, the quantity of websites has risen significantly. According to World Wide Web estimates based on the page index by search engines like Google and Bing, the total number of web pages has reached an impressive 4.48 billion. However, this sheer volume of websites makes it challenging for visitors to promptly find the information they are looking for. Thankfully, search engines play a crucial role in helping users access the relevant information they seek quickly and efficiently. The purpose of this study is to explore the challenges of multiple attribute decision-making when dealing with intuitionistic fuzzy information. In this scenario, the attribute weights are not entirely known, and the attribute values are represented by intuitionistic fuzzy numbers. To determine the attribute weights, an optimization model is constructed based on the traditional Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) method's fundamental principles. The proposed method involves calculating the Grey Relational degree between each alternative and the positive-ideal solution and negative-ideal solution. This degree is then used to define a relative relational degree, which enables the ranking of all alternatives simultaneously with respect to both the positive-ideal solution (PIS) and negative-ideal solution (NIS). Alternative taken as Performance criteria(C1), Design criteria (C2), Content criteria (C3), Meta tags criteria (C4), Backlink criteria (C5). Evaluation preference taken as Abdullah Gul University, Turkey (A1); Adana Science and Technology University, Turkey (A2); Aksaray University, Turkey (A3); Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Turkey (A4); Anadolu University, Turkey (A5).

The State of Diversity Among Consultant Neurosurgeons in the United Kingdom: Open Science, Education and Academic Success

It is important to have a diverse workforce in clinical and research environments. A cross-sectional study was conducted to examine the possible presence of gender, perceived skin color, education, academic productivity, and career progression inequalities among neurosurgeons in the United Kingdom. A list of all consultant neurosurgeons working in the United Kingdom (N= 384) was obtained from the Specialist Info website. Data about their education, research activity, academic productivity, impact, and progression were obtained from publicly available online sources. Over 90% of consultants and all full professors were men. There was a small number of black or brown consultant neurosurgeons and no black full professors. Very few black or brown consultants obtained their medical degree from a top university or had a PhD. There were no gender disparities in currently being affiliated with a university (or top university), obtaining a PhD or Master's degree, ranking of the university from which they obtained their medical degree, Master's degree or PhD, or number of pages and open access availability of their PhD thesis. Neurosurgeons who obtained their medical degree from the UK and those with a PhD had more publications, citations and a higher h-index. Male (vs. female) academic neurosurgeons had more publications, nonself-citations, and a higher h-index, and white (vs. brown) female neurosurgeons had more citations per paper. This study identified important gender, skin color, education, academic productivity, and career progression inequalities in the 2023 UK consultant neurosurgery workforce.