Number Of Out-migrants Research Articles

Is internal migration a way to cope with weather extremes? Evidence from Egypt

PurposeIn this study, the authors examine the push and pull effects of extreme weather events on migration among governorates in Egypt.Design/methodology/approachTo estimate the effect of extreme weather events on internal migration, the authors use migration gravity models and data from the 1996 and 2006 Population and Housing Censuses. The authors measure weather extremes by the number of months in the past 36 months with temperatures or precipitation of a governorate below the 5th percentile and above the 95th percentile of the distribution of monthly temperatures or precipitation of the corresponding governorate during the period 1900–2006.FindingsThis study’s results suggest that high temperatures in the origin area act as a push factor. High-temperature extremes have a positive effect on out-migration. A 1% increase in the number of months with high-temperature extremes in the original governorate results in a 0.1% increase in the number of out-migrants.Practical implicationsThe study suggests that people may respond to weather extremes through migration. However, climate migrants in Egypt may encounter several significant risks that authorities must address.Originality/valueThis study is one of the first attempts to measure the push and pull effect of weather extremes on migration in Egypt.

Anadromy efficacy of native kokanee in Alturas Lake, Idaho

Eaton KR, Tardy KA. 2022. Anadromy efficacy of native kokanee in Alturas Lake, Idaho. Lake Reserv Manage. XX:XX–XX. Partial migration is a complex process that can have profound impacts on ecosystems and populations. Oncorhynchus nerka ecotypes in the Sawtooth Valley include migratory and resident populations, with each exhibiting partial migration. Kokanee can exhibit anadromous behavior and therefore are valuable for O. nerka recovery. In the Sawtooth Valley, Alturas Lake supports a native kokanee population for which the ability to produce outmigrants could influence conservation decisions. In this study, we used contemporary genetic tools to identify the life history origin of Alturas Lake O. nerka outmigrants. Additionally we use population and survival estimates to determine the extent and success of any present kokanee migration. We found that in Alturas Lake, all juvenile outmigrants are progeny of native kokanee. We also found that increased population abundance is related to a higher number of outmigrants. Furthermore, juvenile survival estimates of Alturas kokanee outmigrants were similar to juvenile Redfish Lake sockeye salmon survival estimates. These similar survival estimates and return of anadromous kokanee adults throughout program history indicate that the Alturas Lake kokanee population is successful in exhibiting anadromous behavior. While kokanee are not a focus for O. nerka recovery, this study shows the importance of partial migration in a native kokanee population in preserving the anadromous life history strategy. Our results highlight that in locations with no sockeye salmon population, like Alturas Lake, native kokanee populations are vital to O. nerka recovery and should be monitored and protected accordingly. Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/10402381.2022.2026541.

Commuting distances to local non‐farm workplaces and out‐migration: The case of Northeast Thailand

The relationship between commuting distances and where people work has been studied for urban contexts in both developed countries and developing countries. However, few studies have examined the situation in rural areas, and none look at commuting distances to non‐farm workplaces in rural areas of developing countries. This paper investigates how commuting distance, and thus accessibility, to local non‐farm work influences non‐farm employment and out‐migration from rural villages in Northeast Thailand. The main issues examined are: (i) the distance that rural residents travel to work in local non‐farm jobs; and (ii) the influence that local non‐farm employment has on the number of outmigrants from rural villages. The study finds: (i) distance between villages and non‐farm work sites impact the number of villagers who are employed in regular wage work; (ii) beyond 20 km villagers are less likely to travel to non‐farm employment using their own means of transportation; and (iii) employment in regular wage work decreases outmigration. The findings from this study contribute to the debates over the drivers of rural out‐migration, rural livelihood changes, and agrarian changes that are taking place in Southeast Asia.

Insights from an individual based model of a fish population on a large regulated river

On regulated rivers, managers must understand how drivers they can influence interact with the system to affect the health of resident fish populations. One potential way to gain insight into how these drivers interact or act in insolation is with individual based models (IBM), which can take numerous environmental drivers as inputs and mechanistically simulate their effects on the individuals in the system. This paper uses inSALMO, a spatially explicit IBM for salmon freshwater life stages, to examine how eight different drivers affect nine response variables for winter run Chinook salmon on the Sacramento River, CA. This paper examines the effects spawner numbers, spawner timing, water temperature, flow rate, turbidity, habitat cover, gravel area, and food concentration on superimposition, temperature induced egg mortality, predation, stranding, poor condition mortality, age at out-migration, length at out-migration, number of out-migrants, and juvenile size distribution. Notable results included: flow’s lack of effect on juvenile stranding and small effect on final out-migrant count, the degree to which flow affects superimposition risk, temperature having the largest effect on final juvenile out-migrant count, the interaction between predation and temperature induced egg mortality which produces a constantly decreasing out-migration count with temperature, and the level at which gravel additions would not have added benefits for superimposition mortality. While this method uses simulations, and thus will not have perfectly fidelity to the system, it is a cost-effective and quick method for gaining a mechanistically derived understanding of the complex relationships between numerous drivers and response variables.

Urban attraction: Bhutanese internal rural–urban migration

Internal migration in developing countries often occurs in a rural–urban migration context. In many Asian countries, rural–urban migration has been widely documented; however, it has not been widely documented in the Bhutanese context. Bhutan, a landlocked country in Southeast Asia, is situated between China and India, with China to the north and India to the south. This research documents the rural–urban migration that is occurring in Bhutan using data from the most recent Population and Housing Census of Bhutan, conducted in 2005, and Geographic Information Systems to identify spatial migration patterns, identifying Bhutanese urban areas as having the highest percentage of in-migrants, and the rural areas as having the highest number of out-migrants. This research also uses ancillary information to help explain the patterns from the Population and Housing Census of Bhutan data.

Household Migration, Remittances, and Its Impact on Health in Indonesia.

The growing flow of migrant's remittances has generated much interest in understanding the socioeconomic consequences of household migration for individuals and families in migrant-sending areas. This paper examines the effect of household migration on health status, as measured by nutritional status, of adults who remained behind in rural Indonesia, a setting with high rate of out-migration and poor nutritional profiles. Assuming that remittances may improve household economic resources and thus change dietary intake and health-related investment, household migration may be associated with both the risks of undernutrition and overnutrition. The analyses use longitudinal data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey and fixed-effect regressions. The results show that adults in emigrant household were significantly less susceptible to being underweight than those in non-migrant households, but they did not have increased risk of being overweight. The improved nutritional status was restricted to people in households with labor migrants, highlighting the role of remittances in improving nutritional intake. The health gain also was concentrated among women, increased with the number of out-migrants, and was revealed over time as remittances arrived. Overall, this study demonstrates the beneficial role of household migration, especially the resulting remittances, in the health status of household members in resource-constrained settings. Improving transfers of remittances would be helpful in reducing the problem of undernutrition in poor migrant-sending areas.

The System of Korean Cities Based on the Analysis of Internal Migration

The study of city system is to examine the whole relationship through the socio-economic activities among cities. It is fundamentally important to analyse the interrelations among cities using the study of a city's system. However, studies have not been sufficiently undertaken till now because of difficulties in data collection. This study attempts to clarify the system of cities based on the analysis of internal migration in Korea, and to compare it with that of Japan based on the analysis of internal migration (Morikawa, 1985).Data used are The Korean National Migration Surveys published by the National Bureau of Statistics of Economic Planning Board and Korea Institute for Population and Health in 1985. The number of city was 50 in 1983 and the number of analysed cities was 45.Analysis methods are as follows. (1) The types of cities were analysed by the number of out-migrants and in-migrants, and each type was analysed by population size. (2) The spatial patterns of migration among cities were analysed by the nodal flows of the largest and secondary flow of the migration rates (out-migration rates plus in-migration rates). And hierarchical structure of cities was analysed by semi-logarithm graph; vertical axis (logarithm graph) represented the city population size and horizontal axis (arithmetic graph) represented the direct distance of each city from Seoul, and each city was linked by nodal flows.The results are as follows:1. The city growth based on the migration appeared conspicuously in middle rank cities, and small rank cities declined. These phenomena are very similar to Japan. In case of Korea, the development of manufacture is a factor of city growth.2. The spatial patterns of migration among cities appeared in the migration field of national level, and all cities are directly or indirectly linked with Seoul. But in the case of Japan, the migration fields are centered in Tokyo, Osaka and Nagoya. The differences between the two countries are caused strongly by the attraction of population force of capital city and the weak development of local cities in Korea.3. The city's rank of population size consists of 6 ranks, and the Korean city's system shows a typical hierarchical structure as seen in Christaller's model. These phenomena are caused by such factors as agglomeration of functions in capital city and centralization of administrative power system and the lack of interchange between Honam and Yeongnam cities by geomorphological hindrance (Fig. 1). The Japanese city system shows a typical hierarchical structure as seen in Christaller's model, but the capital city gradually encroached the system of the neighborhood local cities made by prefectural center cities of middle rank. Accordingly, the existing hierarchical structure is destroyed, and the direct connection to capital city appeared.4. Centralization of administrative power system and primacy impedes the development of regional center cities in Korea. But, practice of local self-government system caused the development of regional center cities in Japan.5. Level of employments and incomes of high rank cities are the highest in terms of the economic characteristics of each hierarchical rank, and middle rank cities appeared higher. But regional center cities appeared lower than middle rank cities in level of employments and incomes. These phenomena became an important obstacle factor of the development in regional center cities.As mentioned above, system of cities in Korea does not consist of well developed hierarchy of metropolitan city—regional center city—prefectural city—local city as Japan. Especially, because regional center cities are undeveloped, and provincial center cities are not dominant in the province cities, it is necessary to promote a more regular hierarchical system.