Number Of Nomenclatural Changes Research Articles

Justicieae II: Resolved Placement of Many Genera and Recognition of a New Lineage Sister to Isoglossinae

We present phylogenetic results for Justicieae, the largest of the major lineages of Acanthaceae. With 300% more sequence data and a similarly increased but also more geographically representative taxon sample compared to the only previous study of the lineage as a whole, we confirm the existence of the Pseuderanthemum Lineage, Isoglossinae, the Tetramerium Lineage and the Justicioid Lineage. To the last three lineages, we add a number of taxa with the goal of advancing our knowledge of genera (e.g., Isoglossa, Rhinacanthus) and of geographic areas (e.g., Malagasy and Asian Acanthaceae). These added taxa are accommodated within the phylogenetic framework for the lineages established in our earlier work with one exception. The monospecific genus Ichthyostoma is not placed in any of the established lineages but is instead sister to (Tetramerium Lineage + Justicioid Lineage). As this result is unexpected, we examined topologies both including and excluding this plant which revealed that other aspects of relationships remain stable whether Ichthyostoma is included or not. We point to Ichthyostoma as one of several Justicieae that will benefit from additional study. One species of Isoglossa is placed in the Tetramerium Lineage instead of with all other sampled members of the genus in Isoglossinae. Pollen morphology of I. variegata is more consistent with its phylogenetic placement here than with its taxonomic assignment to Isoglossa. As suggested in our earlier work, pollen morphology can be a powerful signal of phylogenetic relationships in Justicieae. With our increased sampling, we show that the Ptyssiglottis Lineage, a relatively small group of African and Asian plants, warrants recognition separate from Isoglossinae. With the addition of the Ptyssiglottis Lineage and excluding Ichthyostoma for now, the lineages of Justicieae are related as follows: (Pseuderanthemum Lineage ((Isoglossinae + Ptyssiglottis Lineage) (Tetramerium Lineage + Justicioid Lineage))). The Pseuderanthemum Lineage has been understudied to date and we here attempt to include representatives of all genera that are putatively part of this lineage and also to test monophyly of the larger genera. We identify a number of strongly supported clades but some aspects of relationship remain unresolved. Asystasia, Graptophyllum, Oplonia, and Pseuderanthemum are not monophyletic although, with a small number of nomenclatural changes, the first and second can be rendered monophyletic. With a range essentially as extensive as that of Justicieae as a whole, the Pseuderanthemum Lineage is biogeographically complex with patterns of distribution suggestive of multiple shifts between continents including Australia and parts of the Pacific basin. The calibrated phylogeny confirms that intercontinental shifts in distribution across Justicieae must have been by long-distance dispersal rather than by vicariance or stepwise dispersal over land bridges and also points to a number of groups that have potentially undergone rapid diversification. The Pseuderanthemum Lineage, in particular, requires considerable additional research to both understand relationships and achieve an informative taxonomy for the group. Although we here establish a phylogenetic framework across Justicieae, Next Generation Sequence data will be necessary to elucidate details of relationships in most lineages. Additional study of structural characters is also warranted as we continue to be unable to identify structural synapomorphies for a number of aspects of phylogenetic relationships that are very strongly supported by molecular data.

Robinson a century on: The nomenclatural relevance of Roxburgh's Hortus Bengalensis

AbstractIn 1912, C.B. Robinson published an analysis of the Hortus Bengalensis. This work by William Roxburgh consists of a listing of the plant species growing in the East India Company Botanic Garden in Calcutta, and the new species Roxburgh was intending to publish in his Flora Indica. No descriptions are included in the Hortus Bengalensis, but as Robinson pointed out, a minority of names included are validated by citation of descriptions published elsewhere. The current paper reviews these names, particularly in terms of their application and typification. The identity of Laurus nitida Roxb. is clarified, and Cinnamomum nitidum (Roxb.) Hook. is shown to be the correct name for C. burmanni (Nees & T. Nees) Blume. A proposal to reject the name Laurus nitida Roxb., in order to maintain the accepted nomenclature of this important spice plant has been submitted. A number of cases are highlighted where later application of names first validated in the Hortus Bengalensis conflicts with their typification. These include Bambusa baccifera Roxb. (≡ Melocanna baccifera (Roxb.) Kurz), Calamus latifolius Roxb., Arum gracile Roxb. and Morinda bracteata Roxb. Proposals to conserve Bambusa baccifera Roxb. and Calamus latifolius Roxb. with conserved types have been made in order to maintain the current application of these and other important bamboo and rattan names. Despite the work of Robinson, and subsequent analyses of Merrill and others, certain names validated by Roxburgh are still not always recognised as the correct ones, e.g. Holostemma annularium (Roxb.) K. Schum. for H. ada–kodien Schult., Bambusa spinosa Roxb. for B. blumeana Schult. f., Ficus racemifera Roxb. for F. nodosa Teijsm. & Binnend. A number of nomenclatural changes are required based on the current investigation: Typhonium harpung Srib., J. Murata, K. Iwats. & I.M. Turner, replaces T. gracile (Roxb.) Schott excluding its nomenclatural type; Aganosma heynei (Spreng.) I.M. Turner, comb. nov., replaces A. dichotoma K. Schum., Hibiscus tortuosus Roxb. (≡ Talipariti tortuosum (Roxb.) Fryxell) is a synonym of Talipariti tiliaceum (L.) Fryxell, Diospyros nigra (J.F. Gmel.) Perr. is the correct name for D. digyna Jacq., the Nicobar breadfruit is correctly Pandanus leram Jones ex R. Millar, Sesbania aculeata (Schreb.) Pers. is the correct name for Sesbania bispinosa (Jacq.) Spreng. ex Steud., Asclepias senecionifolia M.E. Jones is the correct name for A. rosea Kunth and Salvia cana Wall. ex Benth. is correct for what has been called S. lanata Roxb. or S. mukerjeei Bennet & Raizada. Lectotypes are designated for 46 names and neotypes are designated for two names. Epitypes are designated for three names in which the identity of the lectotype is demonstrably ambiguous.

A taxonomically significant polymorphism in Leucochrysa (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): Nomenclature, larval and adult descriptions, and biological notes

Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) loretana Navás, 1935, a species described from Argentina, was discovered to have a geographically variable polymorphism, with two forms of adult coloration. One of the morphs (the “brown-spotted” morph) is indistiguishable from the widespread species Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) longicornis (G. Gray in Cuvier, 1832) and the second morph (the “white-spotted” morph) is identical to another Argentinian species, Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) boxi Navás, 1930. These observations generated a number of nomenclatural changes: (1) The oldest of the three names, L. (L.) longicornis (= Hemerobius longicornis), is a secondary homonym of a Linnaean species described in 1764 and therefore is unavailable for Gray’s species. (2) Thus, by priority, L. (L.) boxi becomes the valid name for the polymorphic species. (3) Leucochrysa (L.) loretana becomes a synonym of L. (L.) boxi. (4) The above three names are stabilized by the designation of primary types for each of the species, and by other nomenclatural actions. Specifically, (a) a lectotype is designated for Hemerobius longicornis G. Gray and, as First Revisers, we selected the species name from among two that were published in the original description; (b) a lectotype is designated for Leucochrysa boxi Navás; and (c) a neotype is designated for Leucochrysa loretana Navás. Finally, the L. (L.) boxi adult is redescribed (both morphs, as well as the male and female genitalia); the larvae (all instars) are described; and aspects of the biology of the species (geographic variation in the polymorphism and a new record of ectoparasitism) are presented.

Butterflies of Australia. Their Identification, Biology and Distribution

Butterflies of Australia. Their Identification, Biology and Distribution

Realignments in American Croton (Euphorbiaceae)

Revisional studies in Croton to achieve a more nearly phylogenetic classification necessitate a number of nomenclatural changes. The genera Crotonopsis and Eremocarpus are reduced to sec- tions of Croton, and the new names Croton mi- chauxii and C. willdenowii are proposed for the two species of Croton sect. Crotonopsis. For Croton sect. Julocroton, the 25 species accepted are enu- merated, including 19 new names or new combi- nations. In the course of an unpublished review of the sections of Croton L., I have found it necessary to make a number of changes in classification. Con- sequently, in order to be able to cite representative species for the 38 sections of Croton, a number of nomenclatural changes must be validated. The generic circumscription of Croton that has been almost universally accepted by systematists for more than a century is that proposed by Jean Muell- er (1865, 1866, 1873). In contrast to the earlier classification of Baillon (1858), Mueller recognized only four genera in the Croton alliance (subtribe

Publication of new and revised taxa: a guide to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature for Diatomists

As revision of diatom taxonomy has become crucial to many recent palaeolimnological studies, the number of nomenclatural changes required has increased. Publication and validation of new names for diatoms is governed by a set of principles published periodically and known collectively as the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. Creation of a computerised taxonomic database, designed to record recent nomenclatural changes, has revealed many of the names published to be invalid as they fail to comply with all requirements of the code. This paper outlines briefly the criteria needed to validly publish new or revised taxa.

New taxa and nomenclatural changes with respect to Vascular Plants of British Columbia: A Descriptive Resource Inventory

A number of nomenclatural changes were required for the presentation of the descriptive resource inventory of vascular plants of British Columbia. Documentation and discussion of these changes are presented. Additional notes and discussion are provided for some taxa presenting unusual problems in the British Columbia vascular plant flora, and several new taxa are described.

New and Noteworthy African Xyridaceae

Critical examination of African Xyris in the course of revising the genus for the Second Edition of the 'Flora of West Tropical Africa' has yielded a number of interesting observations, including two new species. The identification of a large number of tropical African specimens has been linked with this revision and the need for a number of nomenclatural changes, which are included here, has arisen.

IX. THE NOMENCLATURE OF FOSSIL PLANTS

ARTICLE 9 of International Rules of Botanical Nomenclature2 provides that the rules and recommendations of botanical nomenclature apply to all classes of plant kingdom, recent and fossil, with certain distinctly specified exceptions. However, examination of Rules soon reveals that certain important aspects of nomenclature of fossil plants are not yet covered by specific articles and recommendations. To remedy this condition, several sets of new proposals have been advanced, notably those by Jongmans, Halle, and Gothan,3 those by British paleobotanists,4 and those recently formulated by American paleobotanists. These three groups of proposals are representative of opinions held by many paleobotanists, whereas proposals of Dubois-Ladurantie and Gaussen5 and Hylander6 are outgrowths of individual efforts to resolve existing difficulties. Although these sets of proposals differ in various ways from one another and Rules, most of them prove that existing framework of latter is capable of expansion and correction to cover paleobotanical nomenclature. As actual proposals either have been published, or, like American proposals, are to be published in near future, main part of following discussion will deal with more important aspects of paleobotanical nomenclature represented by latter. A brief comment regarding American Committee on Paleobotanical Nomenclature may here be in order. Founded shortly before war,7 and hampered at first by it, original Committee was replaced by present one in March, 1947. The Droposals received and acted upon by present 1 For their active participation, either in formulating proposals or by critical reading of manuscript, author is greatly indebted to Dr. E. E. Sherff, Chairman of Symposium; Dr. W. H. Camp, Chairman of Committee on Nomenclature, American Society of Plant Taxonomists; to members of Committee on Paleobotanical Nomenclature, Drs. J. H. Johnson, H. L. Mason, and N. W. Radforth; and to several colleagues, especially Drs. J. M. Schopf, H. N. Andrews, Jr., and C. A. Arnold. 2 Bisby, G. R. An Introduction to Taxonomy and Nomenclature of Fungi. Kew. 1945. Camp, W. H., H. W. Rickett, and C. A. Weatherby. International Rules of Botanical Nomenclature. Brittonia 6: 1-120. 1947. 3 Jongmans, W., T. G. Halle, and W. Gothan. Proposed Additions to International Rules of Botanical Nomenclature. Adopted by Fifth International Botanical Congress Cambridge 1930. Heerlen. 1935. 4 Thomas, H. H. Proposed Additions to International Rules of Botanical Nomenclature. Suggested by British Paleobotanists. Jour. Bot. 73: 111-113. 1935. 5 Dubois-Ladurantie, G., et H. Gaussen. Projet de Nomenclature Paleobotanique. Bull. Soc. d'Hist. Nat. Toulouse 76:289-295. 1941. 6 Hylander, Nils. International Rules of Scientific Botanical Nomenclature-A New Proposal. 1948. 7 Schopf, J. M. American Committee on Paleobotanical Nomenclature. Chronica Botanica 7: 226-227. 1942. Committee will be published, together with those submitted to Committee on Nomenclature of American Society of Plant Taxonomists.8 The resulting publication will contain complete text of all proposals and accompanying arguments, together with names of respective authors. As a group, American paleobotanical proposals readily reflect spirit of Rules. For, if adopted, they are likely to effect least number of nomenclatural changes toward eventual stabilization of paleobotanical nomenclature. EXCEPTIONS TO THE PRINCIPLE OF PRIORITY.The recent discovery in China of a living Metasequoia,9 quickly resulted in a new proposal badly needed for selection of types, if names of related living and fossil plants are involved.10 Its published version has just been modified bv its author and as such approved by two American committees mentioned above. It now reads as follows: Names based on types derived from modern material always take nomenclatural precedence over names permanently attached to specimens of fossil or subfossil character. The reason for this proposal, its bearing on similar cases, and possible implications for future paleobotanical discoveries have been stated by its author and need not be detailed again. It is interesting to note, however, that no similar proposal has been incorporated among various recommendations by European paleobotanists. Although this proposal would actually sanction occasional departures from principle of priority as stipulated in Rules, such instances are not likely to be very numerous. In fact, number of exceptions to consistent application of principle of priority resulting from adoption of this proposal will be small compared with many names bound to appear on projected list of nomina generica conservanda of fossil plants. An objection concerns possibility of confusion arising from converse application of names of fossil plants to living plants. Although this problem exists, it is not very serious. According to art. 61, names of fossil plants applied to living