Number Of New Cancer Cases Research Articles

Cancer statistics, 2014

Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths that will occur in the United States in the current year and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival. Incidence data were collected by the National Cancer Institute, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries and mortality data were collected by the National Center for Health Statistics. A total of 1,665,540 new cancer cases and 585,720 cancer deaths are projected to occur in the United States in 2014. During the most recent 5 years for which there are data (2006-2010), delay-adjusted cancer incidence rates declined slightly in men (by 0.6% per year) and were stable in women, while cancer death rates decreased by 1.8% per year in men and by 1.4% per year in women. The combined cancer death rate (deaths per 100,000 population) has been continuously declining for 2 decades, from a peak of 215.1 in 1991 to 171.8 in 2010. This 20% decline translates to the avoidance of approximately 1,340,400 cancer deaths (952,700 among men and 387,700 among women) during this time period. The magnitude of the decline in cancer death rates from 1991 to 2010 varies substantially by age, race, and sex, ranging from no decline among white women aged 80 years and older to a 55% decline among black men aged 40 years to 49 years. Notably, black men experienced the largest drop within every 10-year age group. Further progress can be accelerated by applying existing cancer control knowledge across all segments of the population.

Predicting county‐level cancer incidence rates and counts in the USA

Many countries, including the USA, publish predicted numbers of cancer incidence and death in current and future years for the whole country. These predictions provide important information on the cancer burden for cancer control planners, policymakers and the general public. Based on evidence from several empirical studies, the joinpoint (segmented-line linear regression) model (JPM) has been adopted by the American Cancer Society to estimate the number of new cancer cases in the USA and in individual states since 2007. Recently, cancer incidence in smaller geographic regions such as counties, and local policy makers are increasingly interested with Federal Information Processing Standard code regions. The natural extension is to directly apply the JPM to county-level cancer incidence data. The direct application has several drawbacks and its performance has not been evaluated. To address the concerns, we developed a spatial random-effects JPM for county-level cancer incidence data. The proposed model was used to predict both cancer incidence rates and counts at the county level. The standard JPM and the proposed method were compared through a validation study. The proposed method outperformed the standard JPM for almost all cancer sites, especially for moderate or rare cancer sites and for counties with small population sizes. As an application, we predicted county-level prostate cancer incidence rates and counts for the year 2011 in Connecticut.

Developing cancer control plans in Africa: examples from five countries

The creation and implementation of national cancer control plans is becoming increasingly necessary for countries in Africa, with the number of new cancer cases per year in the continent expected to reach up to 1·5 million by 2020. Examples from South Africa, Egypt, Nigeria, Ghana, and Rwanda describe the state of national cancer control plans and their implementation. Whereas in Rwanda the emphasis is on development of basic facilities needed for cancer care, in those countries with more developed economies, such as South Africa and Nigeria, the political will to fund national cancer control plans is limited, even though the plans exist and are otherwise well conceived. Improved awareness of the increasing burden of cancer and increased advocacy are needed to put pressure on governments to develop, fund, and implement national cancer control plans across the continent.

Cancer Evaluation in Geriatric Population: A Single Institution Experience

Increasing life expectancy and increasing cancer incidence with aging will result in expansion of the elderly cancer population. Cancer epidemiology trials of patients aged 70 years or older are very rare in the literature and only subgroup analysis are presented. The objective of our study was to evaluate the cancer distribution, rates and trends in geriatric population. 90,472 patients with cancer diagnosis, who were admitted to our hospital between January 2005 and December 2009, were identified through a search in the hospital-based computer database, retrospectively. 9682 (10.7%) patients aged 70 years or older were analyzed for social-demographic characteristics, cancer distribution, rates and trends. 4,954 male (51.2%) and 4,728 female (48.8%) patients, age ranged from 70 to 96 years, with a median age of 75 years were analyzed. Ten leading cancer types were breast (15.8%), prostate (9.9%), colorectal (9.6%), lung (9.4%), skin (6.7%), gastric (6.6%), bladder (6.3%), nonhodgkin lymphoma (4.7%), over (2.8%) and endometrium (2.7%) in elderly. The number of new cancer cases significantly increased by years, for both men and women (p 0.05). In conclusion, a comprehensive cancer statistic in geriatric population will be decisive in determining the health policies. Breast, cervical, colorectal and prostate cancers are the types of cancer for which early screening has been shown to reduce mortality. Cancer screening should be attentively applied in elderly patients.

Cancer incidence and mortality patterns in Europe: Estimates for 40 countries in 2012

IntroductionCancer incidence and mortality estimates for 25 cancers are presented for the 40 countries in the four United Nations-defined areas of Europe and for the European Union (EU-27) for 2012. MethodsWe used statistical models to estimate national incidence and mortality rates in 2012 from recently-published data, predicting incidence and mortality rates for the year 2012 from recent trends, wherever possible. The estimated rates in 2012 were applied to the corresponding population estimates to obtain the estimated numbers of new cancer cases and deaths in Europe in 2012. ResultsThere were an estimated 3.45 million new cases of cancer (excluding non-melanoma skin cancer) and 1.75 million deaths from cancer in Europe in 2012. The most common cancer sites were cancers of the female breast (464,000 cases), followed by colorectal (447,000), prostate (417,000) and lung (410,000). These four cancers represent half of the overall burden of cancer in Europe. The most common causes of death from cancer were cancers of the lung (353,000 deaths), colorectal (215,000), breast (131,000) and stomach (107,000). In the European Union, the estimated numbers of new cases of cancer were approximately 1.4 million in males and 1.2 million in females, and around 707,000 men and 555,000 women died from cancer in the same year. ConclusionThese up-to-date estimates of the cancer burden in Europe alongside the description of the varying distribution of common cancers at both the regional and country level provide a basis for establishing priorities to cancer control actions in Europe. The important role of cancer registries in disease surveillance and in planning and evaluating national cancer plans is becoming increasingly recognised, but needs to be further advocated. The estimates and software tools for further analysis (EUCAN 2012) are available online as part of the European Cancer Observatory (ECO) (http://eco.iarc.fr).

Cancer statistics for African Americans, 2013

In this article, the American Cancer Society estimates the number of new cancer cases and deaths for African Americans and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence, mortality, survival, and screening prevalence based upon incidence data from the National Cancer Institute, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries and mortality data from the National Center for Health Statistics. It is estimated that 176,620 new cases of cancer and 64,880 deaths will occur among African Americans in 2013. From 2000 to 2009, the overall cancer death rate among males declined faster among African Americans than whites (2.4% vs 1.7% per year), but among females, the rate of decline was similar (1.5% vs 1.4% per year, respectively). The decrease in cancer death rates among African American males was the largest of any racial or ethnic group. The reduction in overall cancer death rates since 1990 in men and 1991 in women translates to the avoidance of nearly 200,000 deaths from cancer among African Americans. Five-year relative survival is lower for African Americans than whites for most cancers at each stage of diagnosis. The extent to which these disparities reflect unequal access to health care versus other factors remains an active area of research. Overall, progress in reducing cancer death rates has been made, although more can and should be done to accelerate this progress through ensuring equitable access to cancer prevention, early detection, and state-of-the-art treatments.

Predictions of cancer incidence in Poland in 2019

Abstract

Cancer statistics, 2013

Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths expected in the United States in the current year and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival based on incidence data from the National Cancer Institute, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries and mortality data from the National Center for Health Statistics. A total of 1,660,290 new cancer cases and 580,350 cancer deaths are projected to occur in the United States in 2013. During the most recent 5 years for which there are data (2005-2009), delay-adjusted cancer incidence rates declined slightly in men (by 0.6% per year) and were stable in women, while cancer death rates decreased by 1.8% per year in men and by 1.5% per year in women. Overall, cancer death rates have declined 20% from their peak in 1991 (215.1 per 100,000 population) to 2009 (173.1 per 100,000 population). Death rates continue to decline for all 4 major cancer sites (lung, colorectum, breast, and prostate). Over the past 10 years of data (2000-2009), the largest annual declines in death rates were for chronic myeloid leukemia (8.4%), cancers of the stomach (3.1%) and colorectum (3.0%), and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (3.0%). The reduction in overall cancer death rates since 1990 in men and 1991 in women translates to the avoidance of approximately 1.18 million deaths from cancer, with 152,900 of these deaths averted in 2009 alone. Further progress can be accelerated by applying existing cancer control knowledge across all segments of the population, with an emphasis on those groups in the lowest socioeconomic bracket and other underserved populations.

The role of hospital-based cancer registries in low and middle income countries—The Nigerian Case Study

Background: The incidence of cancer continues to rise all over the world and current projections show that there will be 1.27 million new cases and almost 1 million deaths by 2030. In view of the rising incidence of cancer in sub-Saharan Africa, urgent steps are needed to guide appropriate policy, health sector investment and resource allocation. We posit that hospital based cancer registries (HBCR) are fundamental sources of information on the frequent cancer sites in limited resource regions where population level data is often unavailable. In regions where population based cancer registries are not in existence, HBCR are beneficial for policy and planning. Materials and methods: Nineteen of twenty-one cancer registries in Nigeria met the definition of HBCR, and from these registries, we requested data on cancer cases recorded from January 2009 to December 2010. 16 of the 19 registries (84%) responded. Data on year hospital was established; year cancer registry was established, no. of pathologists and types of oncology services available in each tertiary health facility were shown. Analysis of relative frequency of cancers in each HBCR, the basis of diagnosis recorded in the HBCR and the total number of cases recorded by gender was carried out. Results: The total number of cancers registered in these 11 hospital based cancer registries in 2009 and 2010 was 6484. The number of new cancer cases recorded annually in these hospital based cancer registries on average was 117 cases in males and I77 cases in females. Breast and cervical cancer were the most common cancers seen in women while prostate cancer was the commonest among men seen in these tertiary hospitals. Conclusion: Information provided by HBCR is beneficial and can be utilized for the improvement of cancer care delivery systems in low and middle income countries where there are no population based cancer registries.

Comparison of Cancer Incidence between China and the USA.

ObjectiveThe incidence of cancer varies around the globe, especially between less-developed and developed regions. The aim of this study is to explore differences in cancer incidence between China and the USA.MethodsData were obtained from the GLOBOCAN 2008 database. Estimated numbers of new cancer cases in the USA were obtained from the American Cancer Society, while the numbers of cases in China, including those in urban and rural areas, were obtained from 36 cancer registries (2003-2005). Cancer incidence for major sites between China and the USA were analyzed.ResultsIn China, lung cancer was the predominant type of cancer detected in males; in females, breast cancer was the main type of cancer. Gastrointestinal cancers, such as those of the liver, stomach, and esophagus, were more commonly seen in China than in the USA. A significant difference in the incidence of melanoma of the skin was observed between China and the USA. During comparison of differences in the age-standardized rates by world population (ASRWs) of major cancer sites between the two countries, 4 sites in males (i.e., nasopharynx, esophagus, stomach, and liver) and 6 sites in females (i.e., nasopharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, and cervix uteri) showed higher cancer incidence rates in China than in the USA.ConclusionsSignificant differences in cancer incidence sites were found between the two countries. Cancer may be prevented through public education and awareness. Programs to promote cancer prevention in China, especially those of the lung, breast, and gastrointestinal region, must also be implemented.

Predicting US‐ and state‐level cancer counts for the current calendar year

The current study was undertaken to evaluate the spatiotemporal projection models applied by the American Cancer Society to predict the number of new cancer cases. Adaptations of a model that has been used since 2007 were evaluated. Modeling is conducted in 3 steps. In step I, ecologic predictors of spatiotemporal variation are used to estimate age-specific incidence counts for every county in the country, providing an estimate even in those areas that are missing data for specific years. Step II adjusts the step I estimates for reporting delays. In step III, the delay-adjusted predictions are projected 4 years ahead to the current calendar year. Adaptations of the original model include updating covariates and evaluating alternative projection methods. Residual analysis and evaluation of 5 temporal projection methods were conducted. The differences between the spatiotemporal model-estimated case counts and the observed case counts for 2007 were < 1%. After delays in reporting of cases were considered, the difference was 2.5% for women and 3.3% for men. Residual analysis indicated no significant pattern that suggested the need for additional covariates. The vector autoregressive model was identified as the best temporal projection method. The current spatiotemporal prediction model is adequate to provide reasonable estimates of case counts. To project the estimated case counts ahead 4 years, the vector autoregressive model is recommended to be the best temporal projection method for producing estimates closest to the observed case counts.

Predictions of cancer incidence in Wielkopolska in 2018

Aim of the studyThe cancer incidence in Wielkopolska in 2008 was one of the highest in the country and was higher than in Poland by 21% in men and by 14% in women. We can quantify the future burden of cancer from two different perspectives: the number of new cancer cases due to population change and new cases due to risk change. Making predictions of number of new cancer cases in Wielkopolska in 2018.Material and methodsThese projections of number of cancer cases, age specific rates and age-standardized rates for 2018 (all cancers and the most frequent cancers for men and women) has been based on the historical trends of cancer incidence in Wielkopolska in 1999-2008 and demographical prognosis of Central Statistical Office using the method of Hakulinen and Dyba.ResultsThere will be over 8000 new cancer cases in men in Wielkopolska in 2018 and over 7000 in women. Compare to the period 2004-2008 the number of cancer cases will increase by 45% for men and by nearly 30% for women. About 2/3 of the increase in Wielkopolska is predicted to be connected with demography change, 1/3 with risk change.ConclusionsThe predicted increase of number of cancer cases in Wielkopolska in 2018 will be the result of: changes in the population (bigger impact of the older age groups), an influence of the risk factors (mainly smoking) and a participation in the screening programs.

The Practice of Pathology in Canada: Decreasing Pathologist Supply and Uncertain Outcomes

Pathology organizations in the United States are preparing for a new era of health care reform. Trends in the supply of pathologists in Canada's managed care system may provide some useful insights in any analysis and projection of future pathologist needs in the United States. In this study, population-based Canadian databases were used to devise a parameter for physician supply, cancer cases per physician. The trend in this supply parameter for pathologists was compared to that for radiation oncologists. The number of Canadian pathologists and radiation oncologists and the annual number of new cancer cases in each of 2 years, 1999 and 2009, were extracted from reliable databases. Cancer cases per pathologist and oncologist were calculated, and relative trends in supply of physicians in both specialties were identified. The annual number of new cancer cases increased from 129,300 to 171,000 from 1999 to 2009. The absolute numbers of both pathologists and oncologists also increased in this time period. However, while the increase in the number of radiation oncologists led to an 8.2% decrease in cancer cases per radiation oncologist, the modest increase in the number of pathologists led to an increase of 17.1% in cancer cases per pathologist. There is a trend toward a decreasing supply of Canadian pathologists relative to that of cancer demands. This finding confirms an earlier population-based study showing a decreased supply relative to population and number of clinical physicians. It is uncertain whether this decreased supply is a result of appropriate application of new, efficient methods or whether health care has been rationed or adversely impacted. Outcome measures to monitor Canadian pathology practice quality are clearly needed.

Cancer statistics, 2012

Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths expected in the United States in the current year and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival based on incidence data from the National Cancer Institute, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries and mortality data from the National Center for Health Statistics. A total of 1,638,910 new cancer cases and 577,190 deaths from cancer are projected to occur in the United States in 2012. During the most recent 5 years for which there are data (2004-2008), overall cancer incidence rates declined slightly in men (by 0.6% per year) and were stable in women, while cancer death rates decreased by 1.8% per year in men and by 1.6% per year in women. Over the past 10 years of available data (1999-2008), cancer death rates have declined by more than 1% per year in men and women of every racial/ethnic group with the exception of American Indians/Alaska Natives, among whom rates have remained stable. The most rapid declines in death rates occurred among African American and Hispanic men (2.4% and 2.3% per year, respectively). Death rates continue to decline for all 4 major cancer sites (lung, colorectum, breast, and prostate), with lung cancer accounting for almost 40% of the total decline in men and breast cancer accounting for 34% of the total decline in women. The reduction in overall cancer death rates since 1990 in men and 1991 in women translates to the avoidance of about 1,024,400 deaths from cancer. Further progress can be accelerated by applying existing cancer control knowledge across all segments of the population, with an emphasis on those groups in the lowest socioeconomic bracket.

Cancer in Australia: A Model for other Asia‐Pacific Countries

Cancer in Australia: A Model for other Asia‐Pacific Countries

American Cancer Society reports progress in reducing cancer deaths

American Cancer Society reports progress in reducing cancer deaths

Abstract A7: Use of the Janus Biobank in cancer prevention

Abstract Background: In recent years there has been an increased interest in utilizing biorepositories in cancer research. More specifically to detect novel cancer biomarkers for early detection, treatment and prognosis, and to investigate etiological factors. This demands large series of cases including high quality biospecimens and their associated data. The present study communicate the potentials in combining information from a high quality cancer registry with analytical information from the population-based Janus biobank of Norway. It was established in 1973 with the intention to collect premorbid serum for future use in cancer research. The philosophy is to make valuable biological samples and data available to researchers worldwide. Studies of cancer etiology and early cancer detection typically measure biochemical and immunological changes several years before cancer diagnosis. Most human cancer studies involve data from patients after the tumor has been diagnosed. The opportunity to detect important factors in the pathogenesis or etiology of cancer may then be lost. Use of the Janus biobank facilitates evaluation of the preclinical stage, the latent period before the cancer has been diagnosed. For a small sub-group of the Janus donors both pre-diagnostic and diagnostic samples from the same individuals are available. Cancer incidence and scientific results: Today the Janus biobank is one of the world's largest and oldest population-based biobanks. The repository consist of prediagnostic serum samples from 317 000 individuals of whom 52 464 have developed cancer at a later point in life. In male donors prostate cancer is the most common cancer (n=7468), followed by cancer of the lung (n=3222), colon (n=2205), bladder (n=2040) and malignant melanoma (n=1663). Breast cancer is the most common cancer in female donors (n=6774) followed by genital organs (cervix uteri, corpus uteri and ovaries combined n=4176), colon (n=1707), lung (n=1650) and malignant melanoma (n=1423). A considerable number of rare cancer cases have developed among Janus donors, for instance 179 cases of liver cancer and 660 multiple myeloma cases, giving opportunity to set up valid studies of cancers with poor prognosis, and where the knowledge of etiology is limited. Predictions of the future cancer burden indicates that the aging Janus cohort will generate a considerable number of new cancer cases in the years to come. The biobank has been used in a large number of studies investigating biomarkers of susceptibility, exposure and effect. Important contributing results for cancer prevention were early observations of the association between PSA, CA125, HPV, Helicobacter pylori and risk of prostate, ovarian, cervical and stomach cancer respectively. Furthermore, important quality and stability studies have shown that the sample quality in the Janus repository is good for a number of components after long-term storage at −25°. Future potentials: The Janus biobank comprises samples stored over a long period of time and present the opportunity to investigate accumulated, prospectively occurred cancer cases. The samples accessibility to a large number of healthy controls make it very timely to set up large studies with adequate statistical power to demonstrate contrasts in exposure between cancer cases and healthy controls, and to address the long-term effect of past exposure profiles, individual susceptibility and time-lag effects. An important future perspective is to utilize modern technology to enable the use of the Janus biobank in gene-environment-interaction studies, microRNA profiling, and omics-based studies. Statement of conclusion: The unique arrangement of the integration between the Janus biobank and the Cancer Registry of Norway, and the comprehension of this type of resources in the scientific milieus, makes the use of the biobank in cancer prevention and care very timely. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2011;4(10 Suppl):A7.

UN Meeting to Address Growing Burden of Noncommunicable Diseases

The annual worldwide number of new cancer cases will exceed 20 million by 2030. Currently, 7.6 million people die of cancer each year, more than deaths from HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis combined. And cancer is just one of the four major noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) identified by the World Health Organization that account for nearly all global morbidity and mortality; the others are diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and chronic lung disease. Collectively, NCDs caused 36 million, or 63%, of the 57 million deaths that occurred in 2008. Nine million of those people were younger than 60 years, and more than 90% were in developing countries. Now the United Nations is turning its attention to the growing problem of NCDs in a high-level meeting on September 19 – 20, as part of the opening of the 66th session of the General Assembly. “A high-level meeting is one in which all heads of state are invited and expected to participate; they can’t send a substitute unless that person is empowered to make a decision,” said John Seffrin, M.D., CEO of the American Cancer Society. Of all the high-level meetings held in the General Assembly’s 65-year history, the only other one to address a health-related issue was for HIV/AIDS in 2001, Seffrin noted. “This is our chance to make sure that the world and policymakers and leaders understand the gravity of the NCD burden in the 21stcentury, especially cancer.” NCDs are increasing in part because populations are aging, said Alan Alwan, M.D., assistant director general of noncommunicable diseases and mental health at the WHO. But their four common risk factors — tobacco use, sedentary living, poor diet, and unhealthy use of alcohol — also refl ect the growing trends of globalization and urbanization. “More and more people are now living in urban areas, and unfortunately, in many countries of the world, this urbanization is not planned, so there are huge numbers of people living in urban slums, with no facilities for physical activity or healthy diets. Smoking rates are high, and so you are at more risk of developing diabetes, heart disease, and cancer,” Alwan said. Poverty and NCDs are linked in a vicious cycle, he continued. “Poverty exposes people to the behavioral risk factors for NCDs, and the resulting NCDs become an important driver of the downward spiral that leads to poverty. We now have clear evidence that the disability, illness, and

Cancer statistics, 2011

Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths expected in the United States in the current year and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival based on incidence data from the National Cancer Institute, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries and mortality data from the National Center for Health Statistics. A total of 1,596,670 new cancer cases and 571,950 deaths from cancer are projected to occur in the United States in 2011. Overall cancer incidence rates were stable in men in the most recent time period after decreasing by 1.9% per year from 2001 to 2005; in women, incidence rates have been declining by 0.6% annually since 1998. Overall cancer death rates decreased in all racial/ethnic groups in both men and women from 1998 through 2007, with the exception of American Indian/Alaska Native women, in whom rates were stable. African American and Hispanic men showed the largest annual decreases in cancer death rates during this time period (2.6% and 2.5%, respectively). Lung cancer death rates showed a significant decline in women after continuously increasing since the 1930s. The reduction in the overall cancer death rates since 1990 in men and 1991 in women translates to the avoidance of about 898,000 deaths from cancer. However, this progress has not benefitted all segments of the population equally; cancer death rates for individuals with the least education are more than twice those of the most educated. The elimination of educational and racial disparities could potentially have avoided about 37% (60,370) of the premature cancer deaths among individuals aged 25 to 64 years in 2007 alone. Further progress can be accelerated by applying existing cancer control knowledge across all segments of the population with an emphasis on those groups in the lowest socioeconomic bracket. CA Cancer J Clin 2011. © 2011 American Cancer Society.

Projection of future cancer incidence and new cancer cases in Manitoba, 2006–2025

Projecting the burden of cancer is important for evaluating prevention strategies and for administrative planning at cancer facilities. We projected cancer incidence and counts for the population of Manitoba using population projections from the Manitoba Bureau of Statistics for the years 2006 to 2025 and cancer incidence data from the Manitoba Cancer Registry for the years 1976 to 2005. Data were analyzed using a version of the age-period-cohort model with recommended modifications that was developed and tested in the Nordic countries. The overall incidence of cancer in Manitoba is not projected to change substantially from 2006 to 2025. However, the age-standardized incidence for lung cancer is expected to decrease, particularly for males, highlighting the importance of tobacco prevention. The total number of new cancer cases per year is expected to increase 36% over the projection period, attributable primarily to demographic changes. As the population of Manitoba increases, resource and infrastructure planning will need to account for the expected increase in cancer cases.