Number Of Mobile Phone Subscribers Research Articles

Effects of 4G mobile phone radiation exposure on reproductive, hepatic, renal, and hematological parameters of male Wistar rat.

Mobile phones have become a vital part of human life. Due to drastic increase in the number of mobile phone subscribers, exposure to radiofrequency radiation (RFR) emitted from these phones has increased dramatically. Hence, the effect of RFR on humans is an area of concern. This study was performed to determine the impact of 4G mobile phone radiation on the male reproductive system, liver, kidney, and hematological parameters. Seventy-day-old Wistar rats were exposed to 4G radiation (2350MHz for 2h/day for 56days). Sperm parameters such as sperm count, viability, sperm head morphology, mitochondrial activity, total antioxidant activity, and lipid peroxidation of sperm were evaluated. Histopathology of the testis, prostate, epididymis, seminal vesicle, liver, and kidney was carried out. Complete blood count, liver and kidney function tests, and testosterone hormone analysis were done. At the end of the experiment, results showed a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in sperm viability with alterations in the histology of the liver, kidney, testis, and other reproductive organs in the exposed group of rats. A reduced level of testosterone, total antioxidant capacity, and decreased sperm mitochondrial function were also observed in the exposed rats. Moreover, the exposed rats showed an increase in sperm lipid peroxidation and sperm abnormality. Hematological parameters like hemoglobin, red blood cells (RBC), and packed cell volume (PCV) showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the exposed rats. The results indicate that chronic exposure to 4G radiation may affect the male reproductive system, hematological system, liver, and kidney of rats.

Finding a home in or through mobile phones: Access and usage patterns among homeless women in shelter-homes of India

With the number of mobile phone subscribers increasing across all sections of society, this paper aims to understand if homeless women in shelter-homes of India have access to mobile phones and, if so, what are their usage patterns. Facilitated by issues ranging from domestic violence to lack of employment to forced migration and even to human trafficking and rape, women residing in the shelter-homes of India have a myriad of stories to tell. Not all of them have been on streets forever and many have the basic literacy to understand how to use a mobile phone. For the purposes of the study, the researchers engaged with women above 18 years of age up to the age of 45 in a series of open-ended interviews to understand their access to mobile phones and contextualize their homelessness within an affordances-based framework for mobile phone access. This paper takes into account the dual barriers of gender and the lack of a home to study the digital divide experienced by homeless women in India, expanding on how both these factors shape their access and usage, eventually bridging the digital divide, and whether mobile phones are required/desired by the women themselves. The study found that the women staying in shelter-homes see a window of hope in their use of mobile phones in the form of an independent financial future or an independent marital life, but the biased perception of using a mobile phone among women hinders women’s access to and use of these devices, which ultimately results in the loss of any kind of opportunity before it has even been explored, perhaps leading to the loss of a chance at a bright future.

Prevention of COVID-19 pandemic through technological innovation: ensuring global innovative capability, absorptive capacity, and adaptive healthcare competency.

The study examines the role of technology transfer in preventing communicable diseases, including COVID-19, in a heterogeneous panel of selected 65 countries. The study employed robust least square regression and innovation accounting matrixes to get robust inferences. The results found that overall technological innovation, including innovative capability, absorptive capacity, and healthcare competency, helps reduce infectious diseases, including the COVID-19 pandemic. Patent applications, scientific and technical journal articles, trade openness, hospital beds, and physicians are the main factors supporting the reduction of infectious diseases, including the COVID-19 pandemic. Due to inadequate research and development, healthcare infrastructure expenditures have caused many communicable diseases. The increasing number of mobile phone subscribers and healthcare expenditures cannot minimize the coronavirus pandemic globally. The impulse response function shows an increasing number of patent applications, mobile penetration, and hospital beds that will likely decrease infectious diseases, including COVID-19. In contrast, insufficient resource spending would likely increase death rates from contagious diseases over a time horizon. It is high time to digitalize healthcare policies to control coronavirus worldwide.

SOME APPLICATIONS OF EXPONENTIAL AND LOGISTIC GROWTH MODELS IN BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS

The use of mathematics for predicting and analyzing the future has long been a subject of study due to the fact that it is a measurable source. Correct estimation is vital for the business world and its economic society. In this study, by employing the exponential growth model and the logistic and generalized logistic models, we estimate the size of the population of Turkey, the international investment position and the level of the national income per person in 2025. Furthermore, we examine the changes in sales of houses and the number of mobile phone subscribers in Turkey. We use GeoGebra program to determine the constants and use the computer algebraic system Maple 15 for other computations and graphs

The Effect of Digital Transformation on Egyptian Competitiveness Using the ARDL Model

This study aimed at assessing the “digital transformation” of Egypt and measured its effect on the country’s competitiveness during the period 1996–2019 using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model. Results showed positive relationship between the competitive performance variable (MVA) and the lag value of the same variable, as an increase in competitive performance during last year by one point led to an increase of 0.72 point in competitive performance during current year. The research and development expenditure positively affected competitive performance as one-point increase led to an increase of 0.41 point in competitive performance. The number of patents registered by individuals positively affected MVA as one-point increase led to an increase of 0.01 point in MVA. Moreover, the net foreign direct investment positively affected MVA as one-point increase led to an increase of 0.05 point in MVA, and one-point increase in the high technology exports led to an increase of 0.25 point in competitive performance. Also, the number of mobile and fixed phone lines subscribers positively affected MVA as one-point increase in the number of mobile phone subscribers per 100 people (MOB), and the number of fixed-line subscribers per 100 people (FTS) led to an increase of 0.03, 0.94 point in competitive performance, respectively. In conclusion, to achieve competitive performance in Egypt by increasing efficiency in both resources’ usage and technical productivity, the technological level in Egyptian production must be improved.

Study of microbial contamination of mobile phones of healthcare workers (HCWs)

Study of microbial contamination of mobile phones of healthcare workers (HCWs) - IJMMTD- Print ISSN No: - 2581-4753 Online ISSN No:- 2581-4761 Article DOI No:- 10.18231/j.ijmmtd.2021.003, IP International Journal of Medical Microbiology and Tropical Diseases-IP Int J Med Microbiol Trop Dis

The determining factors of financial inclusion in Turkey

Purpose- The purpose of this study is to investigate the impacts of GDP per capita, unemployment rate, cost of living index, gini coefficient, median age, urbanization rate, total length of railways and roads, number of road motor vehicles, number of mobile phone subscribers, number of broadband internet subscribers, literacy rate and mean years of schooling on financial inclusion in Turkey.. Methodology- The models were estimated using the Johansen Cointegration method, and the causality relationships between the variables were tested with the Granger and Toda-Yamamoto approaches. Findings- The Johansen approach findings reveal a significantly positive long–run co–movement between financial inclusion and GDP per capita, urbanization and a significantly negative long–run co–movement between unemployment, cost of living and financial inclusion. However, according to the results of the Granger method, there has been no causality relationship between the variables. The results of the Toda–Yamamoto causality test are consistent with the results of the Granger causality test, except fort the urbanization variable which has been found to have a short term casual effect on financial inclusion in the Toda–Yamamoto test. Conclusion- The significant relationship between the level of financial inclusion and the rate of urbanization in the short and long run reveals that the increase in the level of urbanization causes individuals to access financial institutions more easly and be able to use more financial products in Turkey.

ACCOUNTANTS AND ICT: BEYOND THE FIGURES FOR SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHANGE

This paper fosters the importance and need of international cooperation for use &amp; promotion of Information and Communication Technologies for economic change in Nigeria among professional accountants. The concept of “Information Society” has made it imperative that no country can develop without involving and focusing on regional and global development perspectives. Collaboration has become the key word. When we talk of integrated socio-economic change, it takes into account many areas which can benefit from faster access and enhanced productivities by using ICT. Some case studies on use of ICT for different initiatives within Nigeria are reviewed and conclusions drawn on how it does support the socio-economic change and development, which may be similar and bear lessons for other developing countries. The supply side of ICTs has increased substantially in Kenya. For example, the number of mobile phone subscribers has more than tripled over the past five years, while FM radio stations have proliferated all over the country. There has been a lot of enthusiasm on internet usage with the landing of three undersea fibre optic cables in Lagos and their subsequent operationalization. Marxs of mobile phone service providers and communication equipment now dot both the rural and urban landscapes, and advertisements for some form of ICTs are common on billboards along major highways and roads.

Analysis of Electronic Payment Systems in Ghana - A Case Study of Mobile Payment System

Mobile payment is an electronic payment made through a mobile device. As the number of mobile phone subscribers in Ghana increases, so does the market for mobile money services. The majority of Ghanaians lack any formal bank account. An estimated 80 percent of Ghanaians are “unbanked” – meaning they conduct their transactions outside the banking sector with no access to financial services. Products like “mobile money,” that enable safe and secure money transfers without the use of a bank account, could have a major impact on this unserved segment of the population. Mobile money gives anyone with a mobile phone the ability to transfer money, make cash payments and conduct other financial transactions over the phone. Currently, there are four mobile money payment systems in Ghana, namely, MTN mobile money, Vodafone (VF) cash, Tigo cash and Airtel money. For an effective operation of these systems, Privacy, Traceability, Cost of Transaction, and Simplicity of the Processes involved are of much interest. The study examined the loopholes in the current mobile payment systems and proposed a framework to address the loopholes such as: Entering of information on next of kin into the system during registration, acceptance of year of birth as PIN, transactional PIN decrypted, no entering of a Valid ID number into the system, no provision for security word during token cash out, no provision for guarantor information, no provision for BoG permit number, no provision for police clearance number, and data in transit not encrypted. &#x0D; Keywords: Transactions, mobile money, traceability

E-waste Generation from Mobile Phone and its Recovery Potential in Bangladesh

Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) or Electronic Waste (E-waste) comes under a special category of waste which is the result of industrialization and ever increasing demand of electronic products in our daily life. With increasing usage of these products waste production is also increasing and leads to continuous depletion of finite natural resources and leading us to an uncertain future. Total number of mobile phone subscribers was 116.55 million at June 2014, about 35 % of the active mobile phone subscribers were account for the dual Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) mobile phone set (MPS) and total volume of this is 990 m³, cumulatively the total weight is 1125 ton. Most of the amounts of these mobile phone sets are added per year in the total waste stream of Bangladesh. Only 2-3 % of these amounts of MPS’s were recycled through the informal sector and recovered some precious metals also. If we can recycled the entire amount of MPS’s about 348.75 kg gold, 105.75 kg of platinum and palladium, more than 163.29 ton of aluminum and 214.32 ton of copper can be recovered. However, these can be the basis of a sustainable material recycle industry to recover materials from the end-of-life mobile phones.J. Environ. Sci. &amp; Natural Resources, 9(1): 91-94 2016

P13 An international comparison of mobile phone subscribership and motor vehicle crash injuries

BackgroundMobile phone use while driving has been associated with a substantially higher likelihood of motor vehicle crash risk and is the focus of numerous traffic safety policies and initiatives worldwide in recent years. Although prior studies have examined the relationship of distracted driving and crash risk using national data, few if any studies have explored cross-national differences in mobile phone use on motor vehicle crash rates. We use longitudinal data for 23 countries to examine the association between rates of mobile phone subscribership and injuries and fatalities on public roadways. MethodsRoad safety data are reported by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). We examine 23 OECD countries for the 11-year period, 2001–2011. Generalized least squares (GLS) regression is used to examine logged nonfatal injuries and fatalities per 100,000 population with the log number of mobile phone subscribers per 100 people, adjusting for number of motor vehicles (cars, buses, other), percent urban population, unemployment rate, GDP per capita, year and country fixed effects. ResultsFrom 2001 to 2011, countries experienced a 23.3% decline in rates of motor vehicle injuries—decreasing from 394.2 to 302.5 per 100,000 population. However, trends in motor vehicle crash injuries varied across countries. For example, Denmark and France experienced a more than 50% decrease in injury rates since 2001, but rates in Australia increased 4.4%, from 151.6 to 158.3 per 100,000 population. Mobile phone subscribership increased substantially in this period, but rates and growth also varied significantly across countries. For example, in Switzerland, an average of 10 persons per 100 have a mobile phone; this compares to 77.2 in Great Britain. Growth rates in subscribership ranged from 22.3% in Iceland to nearly 200% in Estonia and Turkey in the study period. GLS regression analysis suggests a significant and positive association between rates of mobile phone subscribership and motor vehicle crash injuries. A 10% increase in subscribers per 100 people is predicted to result in an increase of 12.0% (p<.001) and 7.5% (p<.001) in crash injuries and fatalities per 100,000 people, respectively. ConclusionsWe present evidence that increasing rates of mobile phone subscribership may be associated with motor vehicle crash injuries. Distracted driving is a problem worldwide and, thus, more cross-national efforts are needed to identify best practices in policy implementation to help address this problem.

LI-FI (LIGHT FIDELITY) – THE CHANGING SCENARIO OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

As per the growing demands of wireless communication there is enormous new technologies participating to make sophisticated environment for an end user. In a recent survey of International Telecommunication Union (ITU) it was found that the number of mobile phone subscribers has exceeds seven billion subscriptions at the end of 2014 using more than 10 to 15 internet utility apps which is more than the entire population of planet. To serve this increasing number and size of wireless communication system the German physicist – Harald Haas proposed a “Li–Fi technology” which he calls “Data through illumination” or “D-Light”. LiFi is a new approach of VLC which has much more similar working of a OFC communication system providing data rates of ten’s of Gbps. In this technology data is interpreted by the LED’s ON/OFF concepts. This paper gives a brief focus on Li-Fi technology, it’s working principal, some misconceptions about Li-Fi and related researches like Nobel Prize winning Blue Light emitting diode, Optoelectronic integrated circuit (OEIC) receiver, etc.

Low-Cost Bus Tracking System Using Area-Trace Algorithm

This paper proposes a low-cost Bus Tracking System that uses GPS and allows the user to know the bus location on their mobile phone. It has an advantage that it does not use any internet data for the users to be notified. Instead, it uses only a simple sms in a specified format to be sent to the server. It also sends the user, the bus's expected arrival time. The system maintains a track of people travelling in the bus as well as the ticket fare from each required source to required destination. All this information is sent to the user on the receipt of a single sms to the server. This technology aims at providing a low cost solution to the problems faced by common man using the public transport thereby addressing the issues and solving them successfully. The aim is to present the work to the Indian Government which can help the struggling life become more smooth and functional. Technology always aims at reducing the human efforts at a cost which turns out to be expensive. The time resource of a common man is a vital parameter for him to be successful in his work. This paper aims in developing a technology which will be available and beneficial to common man at a very low cost. It deals with developing a Bus tracking System which can locate the desired bus number, its source and destination, the maximum count of seating and standee capacity of a bus and the current count of passengers in the bus. This technology will help the common to predict the location of the bus, its expected arrival time, its travel fare and the vacancy of seats in the bus. All the above services will be made available at a single outgoing message from the mobile phone. As per the Telecommunications statistics in India, the total number of mobile phone subscribers have reached 875.48 million as on October 2013 which is 73.32% of the entire population. When we think of a city like Mumbai, mobile phone is the basic necessity of a person. However, Mumbai being a metropolitan city, has a blend of rich class, middle class and poor class population. According to the data released by the 'Indian And Mobile Association Of India (IAMAI)' 2013 report, Mumbai ranks no 2 with 12 million internet users. However, still, not every mobile user in Mumbai has an internet connection which indirectly means that they are not having an access to the GPS. Reports speak that almost 88% of the commuters in Mumbai use public transport of which almost 50.23% travel by Brihanmumbai Electric Supply And Transport (BEST) buses. This makes the transport of crucial importance. It is very important for the transport to function smoothly throughtout. However, there are many factors like traffic jams, heavy population, etc which make the functioning a bit lethargic. This has led as a source of motivation for us to think of some system that can be of fruitful use for the common man. The paper aims at making a Bus Tracking System which is capable of producing a bus's location with the help of GPS and provide the same to the mobile phone users without using the mobile internet data. This aims at sending the bus location to the requesting user in a particular text format. It also sends the user the expected arrival time for the bus to arrive at the specified bus stop. Also, it maintains a count of the maximum seating and standee capacity of the bus and with the help of sensor, it also sends the number of vacant seats in the bus. This helps the user in taking decisions like whether the bus is late or on time, should the wait time for the bus be considered or some other means of transport can be considered, is there a seat vacancy in the expected arriving bus, etc. Thus the services are offered to the all the users which facilitates to save their time and effort. Also, user can get the information about the ticket fare from the source to destination.

Diversified Use of Mobile Phones by the Farmers in Bangladesh for Receiving Agricultural Information

Bangladesh has a population of about 165 million in an area of 147,570 sq km. The total number of mobile phone subscribers has reached 93.788 million at the end of June 2012. People use their mobile phones for many purposes, such as talking with friends and relatives, getting medical-and health-related advice through SMSs, paying electricity, gas and water bills in the bank, transferring money, forecasting on disasters, students’ submission of admission documents to universities by sending SMSs. However, it has not been clearly demonstrated so that far how mobile phones are being used by farmers for receiving agricultural information. Hence, the present this study was undertaken to determine the extent of use of mobile phones by the farmers in receiving agricultural information and to explore the relationships between the selected characteristics of the farmers and their use of mobile phones. Data were collected from 76 mobile phone user farmers in eight selected villages of Boira and Bhabakhali unions under Sadar Upazila of Mymensingh district during 12 September–15 October 2011. In order to ascertain the extent of use of mobile phones by the farmers in receiving agricultural information on four major aspects, such as availability of inputs, quality of the inputs, market price of the inputs, appropriate doses of the inputs, covering 16 dimensions were cconsidered. Farmers were asked whether their contacts with different information sources were regular, occasional or not at all. Weights of 2, 1 and 0 were assigned to determine their overall use of mobile phones in receiving agricultural information. Extent of mobile phone use scores for each of the 16 dimensions was computed by using the mobile phone use index (MPUI). The MPUI for each of the aspects was calculated by multiplying with 2, 1 and 0 for regular, occasional and not at all contact respectively. Hence, the MPUI for each aspect could vary from 0 to 152, 0 indicating no use and 152 very high use of mobile phones. More than half (54%) of the farmers had medium use of mobile phones in receiving agricultural information while 14% and 32% of them had low and high use of mobile phones, respectively. Literacy level, annual income, cosmopoliteness, agricultural knowledge, aspiration, self-confidence and attitude towards the technology of the farmers had significant positive relationships with their use of mobile phones. However, age of the mobile phone users had significant negative relationship while the farm size and organisational participation of the farmers had no relationships with their use of mobile phones.

Offering Digital Financial Services to Promote Financial Inclusion: Lessons We've Learned

the unbanked and underbanked. Much of this interest is thanks to the dramatic rise in the number of mobile phone subscribers in emerging economies, which now exceed the number of bank accounts in most countries. Increased numbers of subscribers, combined with the early success of mobile money in countries like Kenya, are driving interest in mobile money and mobile financial services (MFS) to expand the outreach of financial services. Though the excitement and interest in this sector continues, the past year has seen a shift to a broader use of technology to reach the unbanked. This new area of interest, now referred more broadly as digital financial services (DFS), takes a more comprehensive view of supporting financial inclusion by involving a much broader range of institutions. Among the institutions that have provided and helped shape the new emphasis on DFS to support financial inclusion are the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and a wide range of publicand private-sector members in the Better Than Cash Alliance, which focuses on using electronic funds transfers as well as mobile money to speed the shift to DFS. In this paper, I focus on this broader approach to improving financial inclusion via DFS and share lessons learned from a practitioner in the field point of view.

Socio-economic impact of mobile phones

In this paper the authors will try to identify, and measure where possible, social and economic impacts attributable to increase in the number of mobile phone subscribers. While different aspects of growth e.g. GDP and mobile penetration for a country can be correlated; measuring exact contribution of it, is not the scope of this work. Apart from economic aspects the sociological changes being brought about by increased use of mobile is also going to be discussed. A more qualitative analysis is done in this regard due to difficulty in obtaining primary or secondary data. The paper concludes with the observation that invent of mobile telephony has had significant impact on social and economic aspects of society. Keywords: Mobile phones, socio-economic effects of mobile phones

Cash-In and Cash-Out Agents for Mobile Money in Indonesia

inspired Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) in Indonesia to provide similar services. T-Cash, the first mobile money scheme in Indonesia, was launched in 2007 by Telkomsel, the country’s biggest MNO. As of July 2011, three MNOs in Indonesia have been granted licenses from Bank Indonesia as e-money issuers and mobile money providers: Telkomsel, Indosat, and Exelcom. However, the last two companies are still in the early stages of development. With regard to financial inclusion, mobile money has played a significant role in other developing countries as a means of making payments and sending (transferring) money, which can serve low-income and unbanked people. It can also reach people in remote areas who have limited access to formal financial services. Though providing access to mobile money does not unilaterally achieve financial inclusion, it can be considered a crucial step leading up to the next level of financial services: savings, credit, and other services. Four years after Bank Indonesia granted the first mobile money license to an MNO, the level of mobile money usage in Indonesia remains quite low. This policy memo seeks to understand why the number of mobile money users and transactions in Indonesia, as compared to the number of mobile phone subscribers, remains so low. This is probably caused by several factors; this memo will focus on whether the number of mobile money agents is a major constraint to mobile money adoption in Indonesia and how Bank Indonesia’s own policies can encourage the growth of the agent network and the greater adoption of mobile money services.

Spectrum Saving through Fixed Mobile Convergence: Mobile Bandwidth Saving Estimate Model

The Indian domestic telecom sector has seen phenomenal growth over the past few years. The number of mobile phone subscribers in India has already crossed 500 million by December 2009 and increasing at about 15 million subscribers per month. This phenomenal growth also has lead to poor quality of service with frequent call drop outs, and so on, due to heavy traffic congestion, especially in urban areas. The problem is compounded further by the limited amount of spectrum available for mobile cellular networks. This leads to a situation where the mobile service provider has to significantly increase the number of cell sites for capacity enhancement with attendant costs on infrastructure development. The adoption of emerging Next Generation Network techniques coupled with Fixed Mobile Convergence (FMC) could alleviate the problems to a large extent. The FMC concept for spectrum saving is based on the concept of utilization of an existing resource in the form of fixed telephone lines for diverting the traffic on mobile networks in scenarios where such diversion will not affect the user service requirements. The enabling technologies that can lead to FMC have also been identified from user’s perspective. A mathematical model has been developed to estimate the amount of spectrum that can be saved through FMC. Parametric analysis has been carried out with respect to the parameters, which influence the spectrum saving. The model has been applied on real life networks to demonstrate the percentage of spectrum that can be saved. The spectrum thus saved can be used for increasing the number of mobile users without any addition to the existing mobile network infrastructure.

An empirical study of the relationships among employee’s perceptions of HR practice, human capital, and department performance: A case of AT & T Subordinate telecoms company in Taiwan

The telecom industry in Taiwan began to enter a vigorous development stage after Taiwan’s Legislative Yuan enacted the three major telecommunications laws in 1996. After 2003, the number of mobile phone subscribers began to shrink after reaching a climax penetration rate of 111%. The problems which were ignored during the high growth period began to appear. This research discusses which human practices are effective in developing human capital and whether they will influence the performance of the telecom industry. Human capital is used as a mediate variable between human resources and department performance. Through a questionnaire survey, an analysis by mean, standard deviation, and Pearson correlation is performed. A causal multivariable analysis by structural equation modeling (SEM) is used to test the causal relationship among these factors.

Spamming and mobile marketing: get it right

In recent years, the mobile phone has become a ubiquitous communication channel. The adoption of the device and its technology by the users globally has increased exponentially. The rise in the number of mobile phone subscribers globally is well documented and this can be attributed to the mobile phone's unique features such as its portability, mobility and convenience. Marketers have recognised the emerging value of the mobile as a new channel of marketing and have an increasing interest in employing mobile marketing as one of their marketing strategies. Whilst marketers should be lauded for embracing the new technology, there are concerns as to the manner and the form in which mobile marketing takes. To the consumer, unknown commercial text messages are seen as nothing more than the unsolicited commercial messages (spam). Spam is the subject of regulation in a number of jurisdictions. This aim of this article is to firstly examine what is spam and what are its implications. Secondly, the article briefly considers some of the legislations promulgated. Finally, the article evaluates the factors that should be considered to enhance a consumer's experience in mobile marketing.