Number Of Menu Items Research Articles

ArmMenu: command input on distant displays with proprioception based lateral arm movements

ABSTRACT In this paper, we present ArmMenu, a command input approach for distant displays. ArmMenu has a circular interface like pie menus and menu selection is performed by proprioception-based lateral arm movements. We implemented ArmMenu with an off-the-shelf body tracking device (Kinect) and conducted two experiments to validate its efficacy. In the first experiment, we explored the design space of ArmMenu by varying the number of menu items, with exposed or hidden menu modes. Users can operate up to 8-item menus with high selection accuracy (>98%). ArmMenu was fast and accurate even with the hidden menu mode. The second experiment compared the performance of ArmMenu and touchless marking menus. While having similar selection accuracy, ArmMenu was faster and more preferable by users. Our studies consequently demonstrate ArmMenu's effectiveness for command input on distant displays.

Effects of Chinese character size, number of characters per line, and number of menu items on visual search task on tablet computer displays for different age groups

The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of Chinese character size, number of characters per line, and number of menu items on visual search task performance on a tablet computer for different age group users. Forty-two participants participated the visual search experiment. Gender, age group (younger, middle-aged, and older), Chinese character size (15, 17, 19, 21, 23, and 25 point), number of characters per line (2–5 characters, 9–14 characters, and 15–18 characters), and number of menu items (5, 7, 9, 11, and 13 items) were the independent variables. The dependent variables included search time and error rate. Gender had a large effect size on search time. Female participants had a faster search time than male participants. Significant differences and large effect sizes were found in search performance for different character sizes, number of characters per line, and number of menu items. Nine to fourteen characters per line achieved the fastest search time and lowest error rate. The fastest search time was for a 19-point character size in the younger group; 21-point character size in the middle-aged group; and 23-point character size in the older group. Besides, the fastest search time was found when showing 9 items in the younger group; 7 items in the middle-aged group; and 5 items in the older group. The optimum visual search performance was achieved with 19-point character size showing 9 items and 9–14 characters per line for the younger group; 21-point character size showing 7 items and 9–14 characters per line for the middle-aged group; and 23-point character size showing 5 items and 9–14 characters per line for the older group. The results provide useful information for tablet computer interface-presentations for different age group users.

Evaluation of Menu Pattern and Nutritional Contents of Snack Menus Provided by Child Care Information Centers in Seoul

This study was conducted to evaluate menu pattern and nutritional contents of snack menus provided by child care information centers in Seoul. Snack menus during March 2013 (morning snack : 125 cases, afternoon snack : 100 cases), including information on portion size, were collected from five child care information centers, after which the number of menu items, menu patterns, and nutritional contents were analyzed. About two-thirds of total snack menus included two menu items. There were significant differences in service time (morning & afternoon snacks). ‘Beverage+Food’ pattern (66.7%) was the most commonly used; ‘Beverage’ pattern was significantly higher in morning snacks (10.4%) than in afternoon snacks (1.0%). Morning and afternoon snacks provided 124.5 and 170.6 kcal of energy and 116.4 and 90.9 mg of calcium, respectively, which are 8.9% and 12.2% as well as 19.4%, and 15.2% of children’s daily energy and calcium requirements. To improve the quality of food and nutrition offered to children through snacks at child carre centers, a more detailed snack menu plan as well as nutritional guidelines for institutions should be developed.

Markov Chain Models for Menu Item Prediction

With the increase in the number of menu items and the menu structure complexity, users have to spend more time in locating menu items when using menu-based interfaces, which tends to result in the decrease of task performance and the increase of mental load. How to reduce the navigation time has been a great challenge in the HCI (human-computer interaction) field. Recently, adaptive menu techniques have been explored in response to the challenge, and menu item prediction plays a crucial role in the techniques. Unfortunately, there still lacks effective prediction models for menu items. This paper explores the potential of three prediction models (i.e., Absolute Distribution Markov Chain, Probability Summation Markov Chain and Weighted Markov Chain based on Genetic Algorithm) in predicting the most possible N (Top-N) menu items based on the users’ historical menu item clicks. And the results show that Weighted Markov Chain based on Genetic Algorithm can obtain the highest prediction accuracy and significantly decrease navigation time by 22.6% when N equals 4 as compared to the static counterpart.

Energy Content of U.S. Fast-Food Restaurant Offerings: 14-Year Trends

Within the past decade, there has been increasing attention to the role of fast food in the American diet, including a rise in legislative and media-based efforts that address the healthfulness of fast food. However, no studies have been undertaken to evaluate changes in the energy content of fast-food chain restaurant menu items during this period. To examine changes in the energy content of lunch/dinner menu offerings at eight of the leading fast-food chain restaurants in the U.S. between 1997-1998 and 2009-2010. Menu offerings and nutrient composition information were obtained from archival versions of the University of Minnesota Nutrition Coordinating Center Food and Nutrient Database. Nutrient composition information for items was updated biannually. Changes in median energy content of all lunch/dinner menu offerings and specific categories of menu items among all restaurants and for individual restaurants were examined. Data were collected between 1997 and 2010 and analysis was conducted in 2011. Spanning 1997-1998 and 2009-2010, the number of lunch/dinner menu items offered by the restaurants in the study increased by 53%. Across all menu items, the median energy content remained relatively stable over the study period. Examining specific food categories, the median energy content of desserts and condiments increased, the energy content of side items decreased, and energy content of entrées and drinks remained level. Although large increases in the number of menu items were observed, there have been few changes in the energy content of menu offerings at the leading fast-food chain restaurants examined in this study.

The Grid Menu: Efficient and Robust Selection of Menu-Items

With the increasing use of e-business web sites, users are often asked to select a menu-item from a large numbers of options. In this research, the pull-down menu, fisheye menu and grid menu were tested to compare the performance time, error rate, user satisfaction, simplicity, user friendliness, usefulness, and overall user preference of each menu type. The grid menu was more efficient in selection speed than the pull-down and fisheye menus when the number of menu-items was 50 and 100. The time needed to choose a menu-item with a grid menu was less affected by the size of menu and the physical location of an item within a menu. The pull-down and the grid menus were considered to be more satisfactory, simple, user friendly, and useful than the fisheye menu. 42.3 percent of subjects indicated that the grid menu was their preferred selection tool among the menus. The grid menu is an efficient and robust alternative menu choice for small and middle size menu lists.