Number Of Mental Disorders Research Articles

Identifying attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder through the electroencephalogram complexity

There are reasons to suggest that a number of mental disorders may be related to alteration in the neural complexity (NC). Thus, quantitative analysis of NC could be helpful in classifying mental and understanding conditions. Here, focusing on a methodological procedure, we have worked with young individuals, typical and with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) whose NC was assessed using q-statistics applied to the electroencephalogram (EEG). The EEG was recorded while subjects performed the visual Attention Network Test (ANT) and during a short pretask period of resting state. Time intervals of the EEG amplitudes that passed a threshold were collected from task and pretask signals from each subject. The data were satisfactorily fitted with a stretched q-exponential including a power-law prefactor(characterized by the exponent c), thus determining the best (c,q) for each subject, indicative of their individual complexity. We found larger values of q and c in ADHD subjects as compared with the typical subjects both at task and pretask periods, the task values for both groups being larger than at rest. The c parameter was highly specific in relation to DSM diagnosis for inattention, where well-defined clusters were observed. The parameter values were organized in four well-defined clusters in (c,q)-space. As expected, the tasks apparently induced greater complexity in neural functional states with likely greater amount of internal information processing. The results suggest that complexity is higher in ADHD subjects than in typical pairs. The distribution of values in the (c,q)-space derived from q-statistics seems to be a promising biomarker for ADHD diagnosis.

ГЕНДЕРНЫЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ МЕХАНИЗМОВ ПСИХИЧЕСКОЙ АДАПТАЦИИ У ПСИХИЧЕСКИ ЗДОРОВЫХ ЛЮДЕЙ

It seems important to study the gender features of the mechanisms of mental adaptation in mentally healthy people due to a high correlation between the increase in the number of mental disorders and the frequency of catastrophes, social crisis periods and traumatic situations, as well as the fact that perceived levels of stress and stress factors can vary between genders. The aim of this study to identify the psychological features of stress response, taking into account gender specifics, to determine adaptation mechanisms in life-threatening situations. Two hundred mentally healthy people aged 18–60 years with a high level of adaptation to stress took part in the research. The diagnostic complex was aimed at studying individual psychological and individual typological characteristics, regulatory processes, and assessing the value-semantic component of personality. Women are distinguished by high rates of anxiety and depression, emotional instability and sensitivity; use of defense mechanisms of regression, compensation and hypercompensation; the use of coping strategies — “escape” and “positive revaluation”. Men are characterized by high levels of modeling in the regulatory profile and the use of the protective mechanism of displacement. They are able to plan in accordance with goals and suppress unacceptable desires, thoughts and feelings in situations of stress. Analysis of intragroup relationships showed that in men and women anxiety is associated with personal characteristics, as well as with the general level of formation of the self-regulation system. For men, the profile of intragroup connections is represented primarily by personal characteristics. Whereas women have a more complex profile organization, which includes not only personal characteristics, but also variables of the value-semantic level, as well as a broader system of regulatory processes. It is advisable that the identified patterns be taken into account when developing individualized programs for the prevention of stress-related disorders in lifethreatening situations and creating medical and psychological technologies for preserving health and extending professional longevity.

Early Detection of Mental Health Problems in the Family: A Case Study of PRA Tirtonirmolo Selatan Bantul Yogyakarta

Abstract. The globalization era has entered the industrial revolution 4.0 which encourages increased connectivity, interaction, and optimal use of communication technology in human life. This development has the potential to empower individuals and communities as it can create new opportunities in economic, social, and personal development. However, this trend is also accompanied by a significant increase in the number of mental disorders. This problem is felt by PRA of Tirtonirmolo Selatan, where people in the neighborhood tend to be ignorant and unconcerned about mental health symptoms that are actually already owned by several people around them. Awareness of the importance of mental health only emerged when there was a case of murder of one of its cadres by his own family members who experienced mental disorders. To anticipate the potential threat of mental disorders in the future, it is necessary to explore how the community in the Tirtonirmolo Selatan neighborhood understands mental health and what efforts to increase community awareness about potential mental health problems. The approach used was to conduct promotion and prevention aimed at cadres and members of PRA Aisyiyah as the driving force for early detection. The result was that there were misconceptions and negative perspectives about mental health. After raising awareness about mental health, an early detection movement for symptoms of mental health problems was carried out through the formation of an information cluster on mental health problems involving PRA of Tirtonirmolo Selatan cadres.

Microbes and Mental Illness: Past, Present, and Future.

A review of the association between microbes and mental illness is performed, including the history, relevant definitions, infectious agents associated with mental illnesses, complex interactive infections, total load theory, pathophysiology, psychoimmunology, psychoneuroimmunology, clinical presentations, early-life infections, clinical assessment, and treatment. Perspectives on the etiology of mental illness have evolved from demonic possession toward multisystem biologically based models that include gene expression, environmental triggers, immune mediators, and infectious diseases. Microbes are associated with a number of mental disorders, including autism, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depressive disorders, and anxiety disorders, as well as suicidality and aggressive or violent behaviors. Specific microbes that have been associated or potentially associated with at least one of these conditions include Aspergillus, Babesia, Bartonella, Borna disease virus, Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease), Candida, Chlamydia, coronaviruses (e.g., SARS-CoV-2), Cryptococcus neoformans, cytomegalovirus, enteroviruses, Epstein-Barr virus, hepatitis C, herpes simplex virus, human endogenous retroviruses, human immunodeficiency virus, human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6), human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1, influenza viruses, measles virus, Mycoplasma, Plasmodium, rubella virus, Group A Streptococcus (PANDAS), Taenia solium, Toxoplasma gondii, Treponema pallidum (syphilis), Trypanosoma, and West Nile virus. Recognition of the microbe and mental illness association with the development of greater interdisciplinary research, education, and treatment options may prevent and reduce mental illness morbidity, disability, and mortality.

Counting the Minutes: Perceived Diabetes Mental Load and its Associations With Technology Use and Mental Disorders.

Little is known about mental load in people with diabetes and associations with demographic, clinical, and treatment characteristics, such as the use of diabetes technologies. To explore perceived mental load, 503 adults with diabetes answered the one-item survey "How much time (in minutes) would you spontaneously estimate that you spend each day thinking about your diabetes?" Mental load estimations varied widely within the sample and between subgroups. Perceived mental load was higher in type 1 diabetes than in type 2 diabetes, higher in women than in men and increased with treatment intensity (ie, insulin therapy, technology use) and the number of mental disorders. Further research may explore associations with diabetes-related distress and determine whether (perceived) mental load has relevance in technology use.

Mental disorders in former street-working boys

The continuity of mental disorders in street-working children is rarely studied. This study therefore investigated homotypic continuity, recurrence of the same disorder, and heterotypic continuity, when a new disorder follows on the previous, of mental disorders from childhood to adulthood in street-working boys from Duhok City, Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Mental disorders were assessed by structured diagnostic interviews in 40 street-working boys in 2004–2005 and again in 2021, when the participants’ mean ages were 12.1 (SD 1.8) and 29.7 (SD 2.3), respectively. Mental disorders were common; 24 participants (60%) satisfied the criteria for at least one diagnosis at baseline and 28 (70%) at follow-up. Comorbidity increased from 1.2 (SD 1.4) disorders initially to 2.5 (SD 1.8) at follow-up. Only anxiety disorders showed homotypic continuity. Depressive disorders exhibited the greatest increase over time whereas externalizing disorders exhibited a decreasing tendency. The number of mental disorders in adulthood was related to the number of mental disorders in childhood but not to the number of childhood traumas experienced, having previously worked for more than two hours per day, having worked for over two years on the streets, or having at least one dead parent as a child. Parental ratings on the Child Behaviour Check List (CBCL) from childhood were also unrelated to the number of adult disorders. More longitudinal studies with bigger samples of both genders are needed to fully evaluate the continuity of mental disorders in street-working children and to determine whether the number of mental disorders in childhood is a stronger predictor of being mentally disordered in adult life than psychosocial risk factors or experiences of internalizing or externalizing symptoms in childhood.

Potential Role of Glutathione Antioxidant Pathways in the Pathophysiology and Adjunct Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders.

Oxidative stress is defined as the imbalance between the production of free radicals and their removal by antioxidants, leading to accumulation and subsequent organ and tissue damage. Antioxidant status and its role in the accumulation of free radicals has been observed in a number of psychological disorders. Glutathione is commonly referred to as the principal antioxidant of the brain and, therefore, plays a critical role in maintaining redox homeostasis. Reduced levels of glutathione in the brain increase its vulnerability to oxidative stress, and may be associated with the development and progression of several psychiatric disorders. Within this review, we focus on analyzing potential associations between the glutathione antioxidant pathway and psychiatric disorders: major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. Our research suggests that studies regarding these four disorders have shown decreased levels of GSH in association with diseased states; however, conflicting results note no significant variance in glutathione pathway enzymes and/or metabolites based on diseased state. In studying the potential of NAC administration as an adjunct therapy, various studies have shown NAC to augment therapy and/or aid in symptomatic management for psychiatric disorders, while contrasting results exist within the literature. Based on the conflicting findings throughout this review, there is room for study regarding the potential role of glutathione in the development and progression of psychiatric disorders. Our findings further suggest a need to study such pathways with consideration of the interactions with first-line pharmacotherapy, and the potential use of antioxidants as supplemental therapy.

The Concept Of Self Healing For Children In Islamic Education (Perspective Of The Qur'an And Hadits)

<em>Recently, mental health has been frequently discussed because the number of mental disorders in Indonesia has increased significantly in each period. Considering that alternative medicine is rarely used due to the rapid development of the times, this research has the aim of opening up people's thinking about alternative medicine, one of which is the Al-Qur'an. This research is a library research by analyzing several sources such as books, scientific articles and others. The independent variable in this study is self-healing, while the dependent variable is self-healing from the perspective of the Qur'an and Hadith.</em><em>In the span of 14 centuries, healing with the Qur'an has become something that is well known to Muslims. They treat all diseases with the Qur'an because they believe in the word of Allah SWT related to healing. In fact, onIn a history it is explained that the Prophet Muhammad once did ruqyah himself when he was sick by reading the letter al-Mu'awwidhatain, namely the letter al-Falaq and the letter an-Nas. Further research can be carried out by studying several surahs, certain verses which are believed by Muslims to be very effective medicines for various diseases, especially mental illnesses</em>

Associations between plasma inflammatory markers and psychotic disorder, depressive disorder and generalised anxiety disorder in early adulthood: A nested case-control study

BackgroundLow-grade inflammation may occur in association with several mental disorders of early adulthood, though associations with markers of chronic inflammation such as soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) are less well-established. We aimed to examine associations between acute and chronic inflammatory markers and mental disorders, as well as psychiatric co-morbidity, in young adults aged 24 years in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. MethodsIncluded were 781 participants (of 4019 who attended at age 24 years) who completed psychiatric assessments and provided plasma samples. Of these, 377 met criteria for psychotic disorder, depressive disorder or generalised anxiety disorder and 404 did not. Plasma concentrations of IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, CRP, sVCAM1, sICAM1, suPAR and alpha-2-macroglobulin were measured using immunoassays. Logistic regression compared standardised inflammatory marker levels in cases and controls. Negative binomial regression evaluated associations between inflammatory markers and co-morbidity (number of mental disorders). Models were adjusted for sex, body mass index, cigarette smoking, cannabis use and employment status, then additionally for childhood trauma. ResultsFor psychotic disorder, there was evidence for associations with IL-6 (odds ratio[OR] 1.68, 95 %CI 1.20–2.34) and suPAR (OR 1.74, 95 %CI 1.17–2.58). There was weaker evidence for an association between suPAR and depressive disorder (OR 1.31, 95 %CI 1.05–1.62). There was little evidence for associations between inflammatory markers and generalised anxiety disorder. There was weak evidence for an association between suPAR and co-morbidity (β 0.10, 95 %CI 0.01–0.19). There was little evidence for additional confounding by childhood trauma. ConclusionsThere was evidence that 24-year-olds with psychotic disorder had raised plasma IL-6 and suPAR concentrations compared to controls. These findings have implications regarding the role of inflammation in mental disorders in early adulthood.

Oxytocin effects on amygdala reactivity to angry faces in males and females with antisocial personality disorder

The amygdala is a key region in current neurocircuitry models of reactive aggression as it is crucially involved in detecting social threat and provocation. An increased amygdala reactivity to angry faces has been reported in aggression-prone individuals and the neuropeptide oxytocin (OT) could dampen anger-related amygdala reactivity in a number of mental disorders. One example is the antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) which has so far only been studied in limited numbers. To address the question whether OT can normalize amygdala hyperreactivity to emotional faces, we conducted a functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment with 20 men and 18 women with ASPD and 20 male and 20 female healthy control (HC) participants in a double-blind, randomized, placebo (PLC)-controlled within-subject design. Participants were exposed to an emotion classification task (fearful, angry, and happy faces) after receiving an intranasal dose (24 IU) of synthetic OT or PLC. We found OT to attenuate right amygdala hyperactivity to angry faces in participants with ASPD to such an extent that the intensity of amygdala activity in the ASPD group in the OT condition decreased to the level of amygdala activity in the PLC condition in the HC group. There was also a trend that OT effects were generally larger in women than in men. These findings suggest that OT differentially modulates the amygdala following social threatening or provoking cues in dependence of psychopathology (ASPD vs. HC) and sex (male vs. female). Particularly female ASPD patients could benefit from OT in the treatment of reactive aggression.

Prevalence and determinants of mental well-being and satisfaction with life among university students amidst the COVID-19 pandemic

Background: Due to a lack of treatments and vaccinations, the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a number of mental disorders, which have led to psychiatric symptoms and a lack of pleasure with one's life in students. Researchers found that perceived SWL and MWB dropped, which may be because students are more likely to experience mental health problems. The present study investigated the prevalence and determinants of mental well-being and satisfaction with life among university students in Bangladesh. Methods: An e-survey-based cross-sectional study was carried out from February to April 2021 among 660 students. A purposive sampling technique was employed in the study. Self-reported mental well-being and satisfaction with life psychological tools were also used. The e-questionnaire survey was conducted with informed consent, and questions were related to sociodemographics, satisfaction with life, and mental well-being scales. Descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis were performed. The data were rechecked and analyzed with the R programming language. Results: The prevalence estimates of mental well-being and satisfaction with life were 27% and 13%, respectively. Of a total of 660 participants, 58.2% were male, and the rest were female (41.8%). Among the participants, 22.5% suffered the worst conditions regarding their financial conditions, and 16.5% badly sought a job for livelihood. Conclusion: The present findings revealed that the COVID-19 pandemic and long-term educational institution closure significantly affect students' mental health. Students' mental well-being was in vulnerable conditions, and their satisfaction with life was extremely poor. A comprehensive student psychological support service should be expanded to help students' mental health.

Soins psychiatriques en détention : quelles spécificités ?

Although epidemiological studies of the mental health of prisoners are limited, the literature is unanimous about the higher-than-average number of psychological disorders in the prison population, estimated in France to be 71,678 persons on June 1, 2022. While the psychiatric practice in prisons is perceived to be distinctive, are there objectively identifiable differences in terms of semiology and/or practice? What are its specificities? The literature underlines the epidemiological singularities regarding the distribution of psychological disorders in detention, but also the existence of particular clinical forms. Four approaches lend themselves to discussion, taking into account the problematic nature of each one: treating classical pathologies in an unusual setting, creating the dynamics of treating patients who have little or no access to treatment outside the prison, confronting penitentiary injunctions and reactionary situations, and finally taking into consideration the function of the psychiatrist, which cannot be limited to the question of pathology.

ВЛИЯНИЕ РУССКО-УКРАИНСКИХ ВОЕННЫХ (БОЕЫХ) ДЕЙСТВИЙ НА ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ ГРАЖДАН

Currently, there are more than two dozen protracted armed conflicts in the world in an active state. Military operations are an integral part of almost all wars and military conflicts. They can be carried out by various subjects of confrontation both in the course of wars and military conflicts, and as an independent type of military operations. One example of a prolonged armed conflict is the conflict in Ukraine. Participation in hostilities, including in local conflicts, often associated with the activities of radical organizations, remains an acute problem for mankind. Shelling, bombing, hostage-taking, forcible detention associated with a direct threat to the life and well-being of people are among the most significant psycho-traumatic factors of modern life. It is clear that in an extreme situation, each person can experience fear, anxiety, lack of a sense of security, nervousness, which will lead to an increase in the number of mental disorders and the emergence of protective, compensatory mechanisms. The military theorist and empirical psychologist K. Clausewitz repeatedly emphasized that the main element of war is danger (Clausewitz, 2002). Indeed, fear in combat is one of the most powerful emotions. “A person becomes dumb and in this stupefaction already ceases to control himself, cannot strain his attention to what is needed - he surrenders to the power of fear (Krasnov, 1998). In extreme situations that expose a person to stressful conditions, a public self-consciousness is formed, which begins to determine the individual feelings and behavior of people. The complex of experienced events creates the so-called single psychological space. The escalating social situation, namely terrorist attacks, as well as a number of military events, contributes to maintaining the relevance of the further development and improvement of psychology in the field of military activity in accordance with the characteristics and needs of the present time. People, seeing the processes taking place in other countries, do not understand why the past referendum, to which any representatives of the world community have the right, led to such horrific results. As a rule, such wars are preceded by a serious preparation of the mass consciousness. People who find themselves in a situation of military conflict are subjected to massive external influence, which leads to a change in the psycho-emotional state of each person in this situation.

Do they make these sounds to hurt me? The mediating role of emotion regulation, anxiety and hostile attributions in the relationship between misophonia and paranoia-like thoughts

Misophonia is a complex syndrome in which selective auditory stimuli, such as sounds of breathing, sniffing or eating, trigger an intense, negative emotional response. Previous studies have shown that the symptoms of misophonia coexist with a number of mental disorders, such as OCD, depression and anxiety. However, still little is known about other mental states that may be present in this context. A total of 312 people from the non-clinical sample participated in an online correlational study, which aimed at investigating whether there is a significant association between misophonia symptoms and paranoia-like thoughts, as well as to examine what factors might underlie this potential relationship. The results revealed that misophonia positively correlates with paranoia-like thoughts. A serial mediation analysis showed that difficulties in regulating emotions, anxiety and hostile attributions are significant mediators in the relationship between misophonia and paranoia-like thoughts. Importantly, these mediators, above all, form a potential coherent explanatory mechanism underlying this association. Hence, our results highlight the important role of socio-cognitive factors in the conceptualization of misophonia and its relation to paranoia-like thoughts.

Investigating associations of internalizing, externalizing, and ADHD symptoms with dimensions of self-reported driving

IntroductionCrash-causing, unsafe driving behaviors have been associated with a number of psychological disorders and symptoms. Few studies have aimed to tease apart the relationships between different symptom dimensions with driving. To address generalizability issues with consistency and comprehensive measurement of symptoms, the current study aimed to (1) explore unique associations between two broad dimensions of psychopathology symptoms and risky driving, and to (2) evaluate the incremental validity of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in predicting risky driving. MethodA sample of 372 young adults (mean age = 19.7; 92% female) and a more nationally representative sample of 350 adults (mean age = 45.9, 50.3% female) remotely took part in a Qualtrics study. The survey included self-reported measures of internalizing symptoms, externalizing symptoms, ADHD symptoms, and risky driving behavior.. ResultsWhile internalizing and externalizing symptoms in young adults were uniquely related to negative emotions and reckless decisions while driving, respectively, both dimensions of symptoms were related to negative emotions and reckless decisions in the more nationally representative sample. Across both samples, internalizing and externalizing symptoms were related to dimensions of aggressive driving behaviors. ADHD-specific symptom dimensions accounted for significant variance beyond broad internalizing and externalizing symptoms for negative emotions and reckless decisions while driving across both samples. ConclusionsOur findings extend prior work investigating diagnostic category and symptom-specific contributions to driving by examining associations between robust symptom measures and self-reported driving. Moreover, the findings suggest ADHD-specific symptoms, beyond broad psychopathology symptom dimensions, are still important for understanding the impact of psychopathology on unsafe driving. Practical applicationsWith broad psychopathology symptoms increasingly used to explore functional impacts of psychopathology, it is important to note that disorder-specific symptoms should not be overlooked; especially in future work examining objective functioning.

Low resilience in severe obesity: marker of adverse childhood experiences and current psychological disorders.

Psychological disorders, early-age psychological traumas and eating disorders may contribute to the development of severe obesity in vulnerable individuals. Resilience may serve a protective role against binge eating disorder or depression. The current study aimed to investigate the relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACE), resilience, and current psychological disorders. It also examined whether resilience plays a protective role in this pathway in a cohort of patients seeking bariatric surgery. Two hundred patients (153 women, 47 men) with severe obesity scheduled for bariatric surgery at the CHRU Nancy were included between September 2016 and April 2017. Participants completed the Resilience Scale for Adults (RSA) questionnaire and underwent a structured interview on ACE and current psychological disorders. Mean total RSA score was 5.16 ± 0.87. The most frequent ACE were emotional neglect (90.5%) and emotional abuse (61%); 96% reported at least one ACE; 67% presented at least one current psychological disorder, the most frequent being anxiety (36%) and BED (35%). The number of psychological disorders, cumulative ACE and age explained 19.5% of the variance in total RSA score (p < 0.0001; adjusted R2 = 0.19). The association of cumulative ACE and number of psychological disorders was mediated by resilience. Our findings suggest that resilience is a relevant component of the psychosocial phenotype of severe obesity in bariatric surgery candidates. Resilience seems to play a partly mediation role in the relationship between ACE and psychological disorders. Low resilience becomes a marker that underscores the necessity to examine in greater depth ACE and psychological disorders. Level III, cohort analytic study.

Challenges and Implications of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health: A Systematic Review

The measures put in place to contain the rapid spread of COVID-19 infection, such as quarantine, self-isolation, and lockdown, were supportive but have significantly affected the mental wellbeing of individuals. The primary goal of this study was to review the impact of COVID-19 on mental health. An intensive literature search was conducted using PsycINFO, PsyciatryOnline, PubMed, and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases. Articles published between January 2020 and June 2022 were retrieved and appraised. Reviews and retrospective studies were excluded. One hundred and twenty-two (122) relevant articles that fulfilled the inclusion criteria were finally selected. A high prevalence of anxiety, depression, insomnia, and post-traumatic stress disorders was reported. Alcohol and substance abuse, domestic violence, stigmatization, and suicidal tendencies have all been identified as direct consequences of lockdown. The eminent risk factors for mental health disorders identified during COVID-19 include fear of infection, history of mental illness, poor financial status, female gender, and alcohol drinking. The protective factors for mental health include higher income levels, public awareness, psychological counseling, social and government support. Overall, the COVID-19 pandemic has caused a number of mental disorders in addition to economic hardship. This strongly suggests the need to monitor the long-term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health.

BDNF val66met genotype is not associated with psychological distress: A cross-sectional study in Indonesian Pharmacy young adults.

The number of mental disorders has been increasing but has yet to receive sufficient attention. In particular, healthcare students and professionals tend to have high stress burden. Finding the root cause of psychological distress is important to formulate a method for early detection and prevention. The association of brain-derived neurotrophic factor val66met polymorphism to neuropsychiatric disorders has been widely studied. To study the interplay between brain-derived neurotrophic factor val66met polymorphism and sociodemographic factors in the pathogenesis of psychological distress among Indonesian Pharmacy students. Level of psychological distress and sociodemographic profiling was collected by using the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale and sociodemographic questionnaires, respectively. Genotyping was performed using polymerase chain reaction-amplified refractory mutation system. Pearson’s chi square and binomial logistic tests were used to evaluate the correlation. This study recruited 148 participants. The psychological distress levels of the participants were well (27.03%), mild (37.16%), moderate (25.00%), and severe (10.81%). Genotypic distributions were AA (25.67%), GA (50.68%), and GG (23.65%). No statistical significance between genotype and psychological distress was found in the study (P = .076). The sociodemographic factors also showed non significance, except for the source of tuition fee among women students (P = .049). Psychological distress is not affected by genotypic and sociodemographic factors. Further confirmatory research with larger and broader populations is required.

The Concept Of Self Healing Perspective Of The Qur'an and Hadith

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Lately, mental health is often discussed because the number of mental disorders in Indonesia has increased quite large in each period. Considering that alternative medicine is rarely used because of the rapid development of the times, this research has the aim of opening up people's minds to alternative medicine, including the Qur'an. This research is library research by analyzing several sources such as books, scientific articles and others. The independent variable in this study is self-healing, while the dependent variable is self-healing from the perspective of the Qur'an and Hadith.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;In the span of 14 centuries, healing with the Qur'an has become something that is already known to the Muslims. They treat all diseases with the Qur'an because they believe in the word of Allah SWT related to healing. In fact, on&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;a narration explains that, the Prophet Muhammad SAW had meruqyah himself when he was sick by reading the letter al-Mu'awwidhatain, namely the letter al-Falaq and the letter an-Nas. Further research can be carried out by examining several suras, certain verses that are believed by Muslims to be very effective drugs against various diseases, especially mental illnesses.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

The antidepressants effects on microbiota: unobvious possibilities Research article

Despite the emergence of new antidepressants with different mechanisms of action, a large number of problems in antidepressant therapy remain. Considering the known antimicrobial activity of antidepressants, the role of the microbiota in the thymoanaleptic activity of these drugs is of high interest. In recent years, important data have been obtained on the role of the gut microbiota in the regulation of behavior and the pathophysiology of a number of mental disorders, including depression. Of particular interest is the assessment of the normal intestinal microbiota role in the course of the therapeutic process. The emerging bi-directional interactions between drugs and microorganisms may be critical for personalized drug selection and future drug development. However, at the present time, this problem remains poorly understood. The proposed manuscript articulates the main directions that are of clinical importance and can become an object for further study in this area.The research results indicate that the effect of antidepressants on the microbiota is a promising area, the study of which could provide many important findings for clinical practice. This type of therapeutic manipulation can provide an opportunity for intervention in order to potentiate the activity of antidepressants or to minimize side effects. The problem with this method of intervention is enormous complexity, when manipulations can have both positive and negative effects simultaneously, depending on different strains of microorganisms influencing different therapeutic effects. More research is needed to understand what changes occur in the microbiome with acute and chronic administration of specific antidepressants. Perhaps this will contribute to the development of microbiomodulatory tactics for individualized interventions.