Number Of Measles Research Articles

Health Problems and Nutritional Status among Children Under-Five Years in Diocese of Agats: A Cross-Sectional Study

From September to February 2018, the number of measles and under-nutrition cases among children under five years in Agats reached a peak of 651 cases and 223 cases, respectively. It was reported that measles and undernutrition were responsible for 91% of child mortality in Agats. This study aimed to identify the correlation between health problems with nutritional status among children under five in the Diocese of Agats, Asmat. A descriptive quantitative with a cross-sectional approach was conducted from May to September 2018 among 39 mothers and 53 children. Data were collected by using an attendance list that consisted of mother and child characteristics, nutritional status was measured by using steelyard balance and microtoise, and the results would subsequently be converted to the standardized anthropometry: Weight for Age Z-score (WAZ) and Weight for Height Z-Score (WHZ). Results revealed that child health problems were cough and influenza (28%), febrile (1,9%), and itches (3,8%) while the nutritional status categorized normal (43.3%), underweight (33.1%), and waste (23.3%). ChiSquare test found that there was a significant correlation between health problems and nutritional status of children under-five (p-value: 0,035; CI 95% = 0,68 – 0,79). It is concluded that health problems are associated with nutritional status among children under five. It is recommended that regular health promotion to improve mothers’ knowledge should be conducted by healthcare workers, volunteers, teachers, stakeholders, and the local government of Asmat Regency.

Uncontrolled measles in the age of controlled infections

Background. In the last decade, the incidence of meas­les has a number of features. The infection migrates from country to country, from continent to continent within a year — a year and a half, despite the state of collective immunity in the territory of its spread. The age priority has disappeared, this infection has lost the status of pediatric, all age categories are affected, with a shift to 14–25 year olds. The purpose was to analyze the causes of insufficient control of the epidemiological process of measles in the Ternopil region in the context of situation in Ukraine. Materials and methods. The materials of the reporting documentation of the Main Epidemiological Service and the children’s infectious diseases hospitals of the Ternopil region were used. Results. In the region, some differences in the incidence of measles were observed. In general, they are a reflection of the nationwide problem of managing this infection. The amount of measles, which was recorded in the Ternopil region in 2001, exceeded the general Ukrainian indexes by almost 6 times, which was overcome by active vaccination already in the next peak 2005–2019, and bring the incidence to the republican levels. The regional peak incidence rates were at least 1 year ahead of the national ones, which indicates that this infection was imported into our region across the western border, since there is a coincidence with European data. Epidemic situation of measles in 2000–2019 has a clear dependence on the timeliness and completeness of vaccination coverage by age, state of population immunity. During 2011–2019, 10–18 year olds (65.27 %) with a positive vaccine history dominated in the statistics of measles cases in Ternopil. Among measles patients, the number of people vaccinated is increasing, especially among the age group of 10–18 years. The number of measles among infants is increasing due to the lack of immunity (post-vaccination or post-infectious) in Ukrainian mothers. The incidence rate is determined by the completeness of the coverage of the children’s population with calendar vaccinations. Incidence peak shifted to the period of 14–25 years makes it necessary to conduct regular revaccination against measles in this age.

What Is the Prevalence of Measles Immunity among Pregnant Women?

This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of measles immunity in a cohort of pregnant women in New York City and determine if there is a positive correlation of measles immunity with patient demographics, rubella immunity, number of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine (MMR) doses received, and age at last vaccination. This is a cross-sectional study of pregnant patients seen at a single institution from January 2019 to May 2019. Patients were classified as measles and rubella immune or nonimmune using commercial immunoglobulin G (IgG) tests. Patient characteristics were compared using t-tests, Chi-square tests, or Fisher's exact tests as appropriate. The association of age at last vaccination with immunity status was assessed using multivariable logistic regression adjusted for age at presentation. The utility of rubella IgG for distinguishing measles immunity was assessed using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Serologic immunity for measles and rubella was obtained for 1,366 patients. Of these, 1,047 (77%) were measles immune and 1,291 (95%) were rubella immune. Patients born after 1989 were less likely to be immune to measles, while multiparity and private insurance were associated with increased measles immunity. Documentation of MMR vaccination was available for 140 (10%) patients. Of these, 44 (31%) were serologically nonimmune to measles and 9 (6.4%) were nonimmune to rubella. In patients known to have received one dose of MMR, 62% (24/39) were immune to measles with an improvement to 72% (69/96) among those who received two or more doses. Age at last vaccination was not associated with measles immunity. Rubella IgG level was a poor predictor of positive measles titer (area under the curve = 0.59). Approximately one of every four pregnant patients is serologically measles nonimmune, even among women with documented MMR vaccination or documented rubella immunity. These findings raise concerns that relying on vaccination history or rubella immune status may not be sufficient to assure protection from infection with measles. If further suggests that measles serology should be added to routine prenatal laboratory testing to identify nonimmune patients that may benefit from postpartum vaccination. · Approximately one of every four pregnant patients were serologically measles nonimmune.. · Rubella immunoglobulin G was a poor predictor of measles immunity status.. · Measles serology should be added to routine prenatal laboratory testing..

The state of measles and rubella in the WHO European Region, 2013

Measles and rubella persist in the World Health Organization European Region despite long-standing and widespread use of vaccines against them. Our aim was to review the epidemiology of measles and rubella in relation to the goal of eliminating these diseases from the Region by 2015. We report on the number of measles and rubella cases by country in 2012 and present an analysis of preliminary measles and rubella surveillance data for 2013. We analysed data of these diseases for 2013 by age group, diagnosis confirmation (clinical, laboratory-confirmed and epidemiologically linked), and vaccination, hospitalization and importation status. We also report on measles-related deaths. For 2012, there were 27 134 measles cases and 29 601 rubella cases reported in the Region. For 2013, these figures were 31 520 and 39 367 respectively. Most measles cases in 2013 (96%; n = 30 178) were reported by nine countries: Georgia (7830), Germany (1773), Italy (2216), the Netherlands (2499), Romania (1074), the Russian Federation (2174), Turkey (7404), Ukraine (3308) and the United Kingdom (1900). In 2013, most measles cases were among unvaccinated persons and over one in three patients were aged 20 years and older. For 2013, almost all rubella cases were reported by Poland (n = 38 585; 98%). High population immunity and high-quality surveillance are the cornerstones to eliminate measles and rubella. Without sustained political commitment and accelerated action by Member States and partners, the elimination of measles and rubella in the WHO European Region may not be achieved.

Measles virus Present epidemiological situation on measles, and measures for elimination in Japane

In 2007, measles outbreak occurred mainly among teen/twenties in Japan, and many high-school, universities and colleges were closed to reduce spread of measles. Some high school students became measles when they were in foreign countries where measles has been eliminated, visited as school excursion. Since introducing measles vaccine as routine immunization, number of measles has been reduced remarkably in Japan. However, we had measles outbreak in 2001, and total annual patients number were estimated 200-300 thausands mainly among young infants. The main reason was low immunization coverage of measles at 1 year old, and operation to give measles vaccine as "the gift for 1 year old birthday" has been introduced widely. Then immunization coverage at this age was increased up from 50-60% (2001) to 80-90% (2006) and total measles number was estimated less than 10,000 at 2005 and 2006, however, measles outbreak occurred this time among teen/twenties in 2007. The total number of adult measles (more than 15 y.o.) were higher than the number of them at 2001 outbreak. To discontinue outbreak and to eliminate measles, enhancement of measles control activities has been introduced in Japan. Two doses policy with measles and rubella (MR) vaccine at 1 y.o. and before elementary school has been introduced since 2006 and further, supplementary immunization with MR at 1st grade in junior high school and 3rd grade in high school for 5 years from 2008 will start to eliminate measles by 2012. Reporting system will be also changed from sentinels system to notify to all measles cases system. In this paper, present epidemiological situation on measles in Japan, measles elimination strategy in WPRO, and plan for measles elimination in Japan are described.

Encuesta serológica nacional del sarampión en niños: evidencias para su eliminación

OBJETIVO: Analizar la distribución y frecuencia de anticuerpos protectores contra sarampión en una muestra representativa estatal en niños de 1-9 años, así como contribuir a la evaluación de los programas de vacunación contra este agente. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se estudió la presencia de anticuerpos contra el virus del sarampión en una muestra de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2000. Los sueros se recolectaron de noviembre de 1999 a junio de 2000. La muestra consta de 6 270 niños y se utilizó la técnica de reducción de placas por neutralización. RESULTADOS: La seropositividad (>120 UI/L) de los niños de 1-4 años fue menor que la de los niños de 5-9 años, 98.3% (IC95% 97.7-98.8) contra 99.4% (IC95% 99.2-99.6, p<0.001). Los niveles de seropositividad se incrementaron con el número de dosis de vacuna de sarampión o sarampión-rubeola-parotiditis y no dependen de género, residencia o nivel socioeconómico. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados muestran que existe una cobertura adecuada en la vacunación; sin embargo, al expandir los datos se observó que existen 417 000 niños que presentaron títulos negativos de anticuerpos, por lo que son susceptibles de adquirir, transmitir el virus y contribuir a la generación de brotes de la enfermedad.

Inhibitory effect of selected antiviral compounds on measles (SSPE) virus replication in vitro

A variety of antiviral compounds were examined for their inhibitory effect on measles (SSPE) virus plaque formation in VERO cells. The following compounds inhibited SSPE virus (strain Niigata-1) replication at concentrations that were significantly lower than their minimum cytotoxic concentrations: neplanocin A, neplanocin C, carbocyclic 3-deazaadenosine, 9-(trans-2′, trans-3′-dihydroxycyclopent-4′-enyl)adenine, 9-(trans-2′,trans-3′-dihydroxycyclopent-4′-enyl)-3-deazaadenine, (RS)-3-adenin-9-yl-2-hydroxypropanoic acid isobutyl ester, carbodine, cyclopentenyl cytosine, 3-deazaguanine, pyrazofurin, ribavirin and 6-azauridine. As the most selective inhibitors of SSPE virus replication emerged pyrazofurin, 3-deazaguanine, 6-azauridine and ribavirin. These compounds were further examined for their relative potency against a number of measles (SSPE) virus strains. Their order of (decreasing) potency was pyrazofurin > 6-azauridine ∼ 3-deazaguanine > ribavirin. Amantadine, inosiplex and glycyrrhizin, that were also included in these assays, did not show appreciable activity against any of the measles (SSPE) virus strains.