Number Of Maps Research Articles

Efficient Dynamic Resource Allocation in Hadoop Multiclusters for Load- Balancing Problem

Background: ‘Map-Reduce’ is the framework and its processing of data by rationalizing the distributed servers. also its running the various tasks in parallel way. The most important problem in map reduce environment is Resource Allocation in distributed environments and data locality to its corresponding slave nodes. If the applications are not scheduled properly then it leads to load unbalancing problems in the cloud environments. Objective: This Research suggests a new dynamic way of allocating the resources in hadoop multi cluster environment in order to effectively monitor the nodes for faster computation, load balancing and data locality issues. The dynamic slot allocation is explained theoretically in order to address the problems of pre configuration, speculative execution, delay in scheduling and pre slot allocation in hadoop environments. Experiment is done with Hadoop cluster which increases the efficiency of the nodes and solves the load balancing problem. Methods: The Current design of Map Reduce Hadoop systems are affected by underutilization of slots. The reason is the number of maps and reducer is allotted is smaller than the available number of maps and reducers. In Hadoop most of the times its noticed that dynamic slot allocation policy, the mapper or reducers are idle. So we can use those unused map tasks to overloaded reducer tasks in-order to increase the efficiency of MR jobs and vice versa. Results: The real time experiment was implemented with Multinode Hadoop cluster map reduce jobs of file size 1giga bytes to 5 giga bytes and various performance test has been taken. Conclusion: This paper focused on Hadoop map reduce resource allocation management techniques for multi cluster environments. It proposes a novel dynamic slot allocation policy to improve the performance of yarn scheduler and eliminates the load balancing problem. This work proves that dynamic slot allocation is outperforms more than yarn framework. In future it considered to concentrate on CPU bandwidth and processing time.

Range of Glaciers: The Exploration and Survey of the Northern Cascade Range by Fred Beckey

Range ofGlaciers: The Exploration and Survey of the Northern Cascade Range By Fred Beckey Oregon Historical Society Press, Portland, 2003. Photographs, maps, notes, bibliography, index. 568 pages. $40.00 cloth. Reviewed byWilliam B. Beyers and Stephen J. Hyde University of Washington, Seattle TO MOST OUTDOOR ENTHUSIASTS, the name Fred Beckey is indelibly tied to his unsurpassed number offirstascents inthe North Cascades and to the trilogy of climbing guides he coauthored. The guides' introductory sections have briefdescriptions of thevegetation, geologi cal structure,and history of human use of the Cascades, but they are largelydescriptions of climbingroutes with recordsoffirst ascents.Range ofGlaciers, in contrast, presents a detailed de scriptionof theexploration and surveyofBeckey's beloved North Cascades and represents the re sult of fifteenyears of research in libraries and archivesflungfarandwide acrossNorth America and Europe. It will be of interesttoboth climbers and people interestedinthehistoryof thePacific Northwest region. Allow us topause fora disclosure: we know thatBeckey isa tenacious researcher fromfirst hand experience. In the summer of 1995, Steve and Fred retreatedfrom the coast range ofBrit ishColumbia and found refugeat theUniversity ofBritishColumbia libraries.Fredknew ofa good place to bivouac among the pines on campus. They spent thenext day scouring aerial photo graphs and alpine journals in search ofhistorical accounts of exploration. By the end of theday, theyhad deduced what had been climbed in a particular region and had taken note of all unclimbed mountains. InRange ofGlaciers, Beckey never reallyde fines theNorth Cascades, which today aremost commonly thoughtof as theCascade Mountains from Stevens Pass to theCanadian border. His treatment basically covers the Cascade Moun tains in Washington state,but he does discuss the BritishColumbia extension inchapter 6.He di vides thebook intothreebroad sections.The first addresses the early settlers,furtraders,and ini tial attempts atwagon roads and railroads. The second emphasizes thefirstinternationalbound ary surveys between 1857and 1862 (precipitated by the boundary settlementwith theBritish in 1846) and the surveys initiatedby theNorthern PacificRailroad land grant.The thirdsection ad dresses more contemporary matters, including theconstruction ofhighways, earlyclimbinghis tory, miners, the topographicmapping and geo logical description of the region, the second in ternationalboundary survey,and the imprintof the U.S. Forest Service andNational Park Service on the region. Beckey supplements the textwith historic photographs and copious references.There are also a number ofmaps, which are of varying quality and have been placedwith varying utility. For example, the map ofNative American trails on page 5 isset in the section on earlynavigators, and the map related tonavigators ison page 15, in the section onNative peoples. Some informa tion is missing onmaps, such as the map of early overland exploration that leaves out Lewis and Clark's route. Beckey provides extensivedetails and quotes from thediaries and reports of early explorers, whichmake forfascinatingreading.The accounts of the railroad pass surveys and the boundary surveysare especially absorbing. So, too, are the accounts ofearlyclimbs and thejudgmentspassed about theweather (awful) and the tasteof game such asmarmot and goat (awful). In general, the book paints a picture of the region as hostile, 6oo OHQ vol. 104, no. 4 dismal, not conducive to settlement,and difficult to conquer for human purposes. Beckey's writ ing tends to be dry,descriptive prose, but it is quite readable and for themost partwe found the content accurate. Place-names in the early accounts thathe quotes are oftendifferentfrom those used today,and only Beckey could know the landscape of the North Cascades sowell as to interpret the contemporary locations of these places. There area couple of instances wherewe think thathe has his history somewhat confused. In chapters 3 and 9, he indicates that theNorthern PacificRailroad did not reachTacoma or Seattle until the late 1880s. Itactually reachedTacoma in 1883and Seattle in 1884 (see Louis T. Renz, The History of the Northern PacificRailroad, 1980). In chapter9,he notes thatJamesJ. Hill and theGreat Northern Railroad eventually took control of the Northern Pacific,but it was nearly a centurylater (long afterJamesJ. Hill was dead) thattheGreat Northern Railroad and theNorthern Pacific merged tobecome theBurlingtonNorthern Rail road. The courts blocked theproposed merger of these two lines at the turnof thenineteenth century due to antitrust concerns. He also im plies that it was Hill who obtained theNorthern Pacific land grantwest of theCascades, but that was not thecase. Frederick Weyerhaeuser and his...

Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo jingji dituji (National economic atlas of the People's Republic of China), and: National Economic Atlas of China (review)

Reviews 291© 1995 by University ofHawai'i Press China was not even a feudal society. Likewise he assumes that Mao could and would have successfully defended the Jiangxi Soviet against Chiang Kai-shek's Fifth Extermination Campaign had it not been for Wang Ming's "disastrous leadership" (p. 16). There are other similar mistakes, but there is no point in listing them. One hopes they reflect slips on the part ofthe author and not any ideological position. Steve Tsang St. Antony's College, Oxford ISl Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguojingji dituji (National economic atlas ofthe People's Republic ofChina). Beijing: China Cartographical Publications, 1993.373 pp. 34 ? 50 cm. 620 yuan. National Economic Atlas ofChina. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.350 pp. 34 ? 50 cm. $375.00. For many years prior to the 1990s, maps and charts were considered confidential materials for internal use only in China. Except for simple tourist maps, foreign travelers and visitors were not allowed to take maps out of the country. In view of such restrictive measures in the recent past, the publication ofthe National Economic Atlas is indeed a milestone. The English version of the atlas issued by Oxford University Press should be particularly welcomed by scholars outside China. The adas is a collective product ofseveral government research agencies, in particular , the Institute ofGeography ofthe Chinese Academy ofSciences, the National Economic Information Center, and tiie Statistical Science Research Institute ofthe National Statistical Bureau. Ithad been in preparation for several years, as the preface ofthe adas was written by the Compilation and Editing Com-mittee in November 1988 and the calligraphynoting die significance ofthe adas was made by die premier Li Peng in August 1989. The adas was not published until 1993, probably due to the need for more time to include the final tabulation of the 1990 population census data, one ofthe key types ofsource material employed in this enormous volume. The atlas starts with a lengthy editorial statement describing its composition, including the number ofmaps in each sector, the major source materials employed , procedures ofquantitative analysis, the application ofcomputer mapping methods, die character ofbase maps and map projections, systems and classification ofeconomic indicators, the design and selection ofmap symbols, and the 292 China Review International: Vol. 2, No. 1, Spring 1995 construction and printing ofmaps in color. This useful statement was contributed by Liu Yue, the Chief ofthe Editorial Committee for the atlas. The atlas is composed often major sections: (1) Resources, (2) Population, (3) Economic Indicators, (4) Agriculture, (5) Industry, (6) Communication and Transportation, (7) Infrastructure and Environmental Protection, (8) Commerce, Trade Finance, and Tourism, (9) Education, Scientific Research, Sports, and Medical Care, and (10) Comprehensive Economy of Provinces. Emphasis is placed on industry, which accounts for eighty-four maps, 31.7 percent of the total maps in the atlas. There are also thirty-two maps portraying the spatial distribution of China's agricultural economy, ranging from crop composition and per capita and per acre output values to the frequency of natural disasters. These informative maps have very little overlap with the National Agricultural Atlas ofthe People's Republic ofChina, compiled by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and published by Cartographic Publications in 1989. The latter is also a collaborative work, involving forty-six national research institutes and universities and based on 1983 statistics. Readers may wish to look at both atlases to get a more complete picture of China's agricultural economy in a spatial perspective. Relatively weak is the section on environmental quality, with only three maps depicting the quantity and disposal of three types ofwaste—solid, liquid, and gaseous —produced by Chinese cities. No information is given on the pollution of rivers, lakes, or coastal waters. The environmental quality ofrural areas is not mentioned. The relative importance ofdifferent sections ofthe atlas appears to coincide widi die priority China has given to national development in recent years. A commendable feature of this atlas is that the cartographic technology is state-of-the-art. China's geographic location is effectively portrayed by an Orthographic Azimuthal projection, with the center near the middle ofdie Sichuan Basin at 300N and 1050E, showing a minimum distortion in shape and area and maintaining a nearly conformai...