Number Of Linguistic Variables Research Articles

A statistical approach to large-scale group decision making with incomplete hesitant fuzzy linguistic information by incorporating risk attitude

In response to the lack of information and the arguments among the decision-makers (DMs) in large-scale group decision making (LSGDM), this study proposes a method that integrates decision risk and risk attitude into LSGDM with hesitant fuzzy linguistic preference relations (HFLPRs) based on statistical estimation. Firstly, the DMs are arranged into several subgroups via their risk attitudes. Next, the whole or part of the five-number summary for subgroups from incomplete information provided by DMs are collected. After that, the optimization model and Monte Carlo simulation are utilized to obtain mean and standard deviation estimators of the decision information, and the mean estimator is regarded as the evaluation information of subgroup. Then, the hesitant fuzzy linguistic term sets (HFLTSs) with different number of linguistic variables are normalized according to their risk attitudes and confidence interval. Meanwhile, the number of members in subgroups and the decision risk level of subgroups are combined to determine the weights of subgroups. Moreover, a minimum deviation model is derived to rank alternatives. Finally, a case study, sensitivity analysis and comparison are used to guarantee the rationality and availability of the proposed method.

The word order of negation in the history of Basque

AbstractThis article investigates word order changes in negated periphrastic constructions in the history of Basque. A number of linguistic variables are argued to correlate with these changes: the negative particleezis increasingly focalized in main clauses, the innovative patternnegative particle – auxiliary verb –main verballows for more syntactic flexibility than the conservative one, and the word order changes do not progress at equal rates in all clause subtypes. Genre issues are also considered, including the hypothesis that the loss of the conservative ordermain verb – negative particle – auxiliary verbof main clauses occurs first in texts close to oral language. Moreover, it is argued that eastern dialects are more innovative than western dialects and that efforts towards standardization of the language have slowed down this case of word order change.

Acoustic investigation of anticipatory vowel nasalization in a Caribbean and a non-Caribbean dialect of Spanish

AbstractSpanish dialectology observes that dialects with a preference for velarized variants of /n/ (e.g. Caribbean dialects) include nasalized vocalic allophones in their inventory. Instrumental cross-dialectal comparisons of Spanish anticipatory nasalization, however, remain surprisingly rare. To this end, I compare the time-course of nasality in pre-nasal vowels in Argentine and Dominican Spanish, as well as across a number of linguistic variables described in the phonetic, sociolinguistic and historical literature. Twenty-eight speakers from Santo Domingo and twenty-six from Buenos Aires were recorded with a nasometer, an ideal instrument for data collection in the field. Measurements of nasal energy were extracted to acoustically characterize the time-course of nasality. Results indicate that Dominican speakers present more extensive anticipatory vowel nasalization than Argentine speakers. These findings are consistent with observations of allophonic nasalization (i.e. phonologized) in the Caribbean dialect under study, Dominican Spanish. Regarding the linguistic variables, stressed pre-nasal vowels showed earlier onset of nasalization, particularly among the Caribbean speakers, which further provides support for the phonological differences in vowel nasality.

Factors predicting the quality of assistance in military conditions

The provision of primary care and primary health care provides completeness of the previous stages - medical care, and also materializes a medical solution in the form of saving the patient's life. It is a consequence of the accumulation of the results of various factors that determine its quality: on the one hand, these are qualitative indicators (or shortcomings) of medical care, don’t have earlier, on the other side, the level and quality of the stage of rendering assistance to different algorithms and in different ways. The solution of this task assumes the identification of many factors that determine the results of the process of provision in medical care, the construction of a graph of relationships between them, the implementation of iterative procedures on the achievement matrix, and the synthesis of a hierarchical model of the priority influence of factors on the expected quality of care, the construction of a matrix of pairwise comparisons taking into account the prevailing influences factors and optimization on its basis of the weighted values of factors and the corresponding model, the choice of the algorithm of assistance, taking into account the most of non-dominated factors and selection of an alternate criterion for the maximum value of the utility function. The article presents many factors that determine the quality of assistance under fire. A hierarchical scheme of factors has been developed and a number of linguistic variables corresponding to these factors have been formed. When determining a multitude of factors, all the features affecting the salvation of servicemen in modern combat are taken into account. Based on the dominant factors that arise at the time of assisting in combat, alternate algorithms are developed for the provision of the first home health care and the choice of the best of these options will be made. In the future, it is planned to investigate and develop a new technique for helping the wounded in combat.

Selection of Membership Functions Based on Fuzzy Rules to Design an Efficient Power System Stabilizer

This paper presents an evaluation of membership functions on a single-machine infinite-bus and two-area four-machine ten-bus power system with power system stabilizers (PSSs). The PSS is added to an excitation system to enhance the damping during low-frequency oscillations. In this paper, the system is analysed for fuzzy logic power system stabilizer (FPSS) with different membership functions (MFs). The speed deviation ( $$\Delta \omega$$ ) and acceleration ( $$\Delta \dot{\omega }$$ ) of the rotor of a synchronous generator are taken as the input to the fuzzy logic controller to improve small signal stability by enhancing damping. The effect of these variables on damping at the generator shaft mechanical oscillation is very significant. The stabilizing signals were computed using the different fuzzy membership functions in the Mamdani inference system. The general membership functions under consideration are triangular, trapezoidal, Gaussian, bell, sigmoid and polynomial types. The performance of the fuzzy logic PSS with different membership functions is compared to get best-suited MF to design an FPSS. The best-performing MF is found based on simulation study with both power systems and with varying no. of linguistic variables as well. It is found that, If the number of linguistic variables is 3 or 5, the preferred best-suited membership function appears as the Gaussian type, while with increased linguistic variables as 7 or above, then the triangular MF is preferable as the performance is better in comparison with Gaussian MF.

Power System Stabilizer Design Using Compressed Rule Base of Fuzzy Logic Controller

In this paper, the fuzzy logic controller (FLC) based power system stabilizer (PSS) with compressed / reduced rule is presented. The FLC rule base is generally based on empirical control rules. In this method, the fuzzy system with a large number of fuzzy rules is compressed to a fuzzy system with a reduced number of rules by removing the redundant and inconsistent rules from the rule base which doesn’t affect the performance of the fuzzy logic controller. The FLC based PSS has two input signals as speed deviation and derivative of speed deviation with an appropriate number of linguistic variables. The number of compressed rules in the rule base through the proposed dominant rule algorithm is reduced to a number as low in the number of selected linguistic variables to represent input and output signals. The application of the FLC with compressed rules as a power system stabilizer (CR-FPSS) is investigated by simulation studies on a single-machine infinite-bus system (SMIB). The superior performance of this compressed rule based fuzzy PSS (CR-FPSS) as compared to conventional PSS and proves the better efficiency of this new CR-FPSS. The reduced CPU computational time and storage space as compared to the fuzzy power system stabilizer (FPSS), proves its applicability in control.

The role of extralinguistic factors in linguistic variation and contact-induced language change among Suriname's Coppename Kwinti and Ndyuka Maroons

One of the difficulties in studying contact-induced language change is that from a strictly linguistic point of view contact leads to unpredictable outcomes. One possible explanation for this is that factors external to the linguistic systems in question play a role in the outcome of their interaction. Using Ethnolinguistic Identity Theory as a point of departure, I examine socio-cultural factors relevant to the ethnolinguistic vitality of Kwinti and Ndyuka, two closely related languages which are mainly in contact with the same languages, Surinamese Dutch and Sranan. A number of linguistic variables are then examined in corpora of language data gathered in 2010 and 2011. I argue not only that Kwinti is more susceptible to contact-induced influence, but that differing social and cultural factors are correlated with, and are probable contributing factors in the unique outcomes.

Musical, language, and reading abilities in early Portuguese readers

Early language and reading abilities have been shown to correlate with a variety of musical skills and elements of music perception in children. It has also been shown that reading impaired children can show difficulties with music perception. However, it is still unclear to what extent different aspects of music perception are associated with language and reading abilities. Here we investigated the relationship between cognitive-linguistic abilities and a music discrimination task that preserves an ecologically valid musical experience. 43 Portuguese-speaking students from an elementary school in Brazil participated in this study. Children completed a comprehensive cognitive-linguistic battery of assessments. The music task was presented live in the music classroom, and children were asked to code sequences of four sounds on the guitar. Results show a strong relationship between performance on the music task and a number of linguistic variables. A principle component analysis of the cognitive-linguistic battery revealed that the strongest component (Prin1) accounted for 33% of the variance and Prin1 was significantly related to the music task. Highest loadings on Prin1 were found for reading measures such as Reading Speed and Reading Accuracy. Interestingly, 22 children recorded responses for more than four sounds within a trial on the music task, which was classified as Superfluous Responses (SR). SR was negatively correlated with a variety of linguistic variables and showed a negative correlation with Prin1. When analyzing children with and without SR separately, only children with SR showed a significant correlation between Prin1 and the music task. Our results provide implications for the use of an ecologically valid music-based screening tool for the early identification of reading disabilities in a classroom setting.

The effect of gender on the choice of speech style

Abstract The analysis of a number of linguistic variables reflecting formality in the advanced oral French interlanguage of 27 Dutch-speaking students showed significant differences between male and female speakers. Female speakers were found to opt for a much more implicit and deictical speech style, especially in an informal situation. As the situation became more formal, the differences between male and female speakers weakened. The same variation was found in a corpus of native Dutch.

Radio language ‐ spoken or written?*

This paper deals with a small‐scale empirical study which addresses the questions of what characterizes radio language, and how and why it varies. One way of finding the answers to these questions is to look at them in relation to the traditional modes of discourse, i.e. speaking and writing. The hypothesis is that variation in radio language can be described as variation along a continuum from spoken to written language. The data for this study comprises two hours of broadcasting from morning magazine programmes. The data is divided into text types, with the macrosyntagma (sentence) as the unit of analysis. Based on American theories of spoken vs. written discourse, a number of linguistic variables (e.g. pragmatic particles, interjections, and grammatical irregularities/‘mistakes’) have been established. The methodology consists of ranking the text types on the basis of the relative frequency of these linguistic variables. The results show that there is a connection between language use and social context (realised as text type) in radio language. However, the results are inconclusive about the hypothesis that there is unambiguous variation along a continuum from spoken to written language. Radio language is a mixture of spoken and written language, but it appears that the relationship between the amount of discourse planning and the type of social interaction is not the same in radio situations as it is in spoken and written situations.