Number Of Leptospirosis Cases Research Articles

Application of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods in distinguishing pathogenic and saprophytic Leptospira from the traditional market environment in Denpasar City

Background: Leptospirosis disease is still a health problem in Indonesia. The number of leptospirosis cases and deaths in Indonesia tends to increase. Indirect transmission of Leptospira bacteria can occur through poor environmental sanitation polluted by rat urine has the potential to cause leptospirosis. Traditional markets are good places for rats to breed. The purpose of this study was to detect the presence of contamination by pathogenic and saprophytic Leptospira bacteria in the environment around traditional markets in Denpasar City by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method using three specific primers. Methods: The sample is water from the market environment, taken at 19 location points from eight traditional markets in Denpasar City. After being homogenized, the sample water is filtered. Isolation of specific genes from samples by the PCR method was performed to differentiate pathogenic and saprophytic leptospira using three specific primers designed from the 16S rRNA gene. Starting from the DNA extraction stage, amplification by PCR, and detection of PCR product DNA by electrophoresis. Results: This study found that from 19 water sampling locations, 5/19 (26.3%) point locations found specific DNA genes for pathogenic Leptospira bacteria. 10/19 (52.6%) point locations found specific genes for saprophytic Leptospira bacteria DNA, and 4/19 (21.1%) point locations found no specific genes for pathogenic or saprophytic Leptospira bacteria. Conclusion: PCR examination using a combination of three primers could distinguish the presence of pathogenic Leptospira, saprophytic Leptospira, and the absence of pathogenic and saprophytic Leptospira simultaneously from traditional market environments in Denpasar City.

Characteristics of leptospirosis cases, prevention and control managements 1955–2020, Guangzhou, China

BackgroundLeptospirosis, which is an easily overlooked zoonotic disease, was once widespread in Guangzhou, China. However, due to the implementation of control measures, the number of cases is decreasing. Based on the characteristics of leptospirosis cases in Guangzhou, China, between 1955 and 2020, we describe the changes and achievements in prevention and control management strategies over that period. MethodsThe development of the leptospirosis control system in Guangzhou occurred over three periods: Period I: 1955–1978; Period II: 1979–2000; and Period III: 2001–2020. Data about leptospirosis cases were obtained from the Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and national health departments. The demographic characteristics of leptospirosis patients were analyzed using descriptive statistics. ResultsDuring Period I, only the Guangzhou CDC and medical institutions at every level participated in the leptospirosis control system. During Period II, additional types of organizations, including local CDCs, countryside committees, community committees, and the Patriotic Health Movement Commission, were involved in the control system. Additionally, strong links were established between different organizations. After entering Period III, an increasing number of departments joined the cooperation, and the management of human patients was expanded to include the management of host animals, and thus, the prevalence of leptospirosis was monitored and controlled in various ways. The leptospirosis control system in Guangzhou has been further improved. From 1955 to 2020, a total of 2501 leptospirosis cases were recorded in Guangzhou, and the number of cases decreased significantly over time, from 1608 (Period I) to 744 (Period II) and then to 149 (Period III). ConclusionThe improvements of the leptospirosis control system in Guangzhou that occurred over decades were associated with a marked decrease in the number of leptospirosis cases. Guangzhou's experience can provide guidance for other countries or cities around the world facing similar challenges.

Leptospirosis among Dengue-Negative Febrile Patients in Selangor, Malaysia.

In recent years, the number of leptospirosis cases, including the number of deaths, has exponentially increased in Malaysia. From June 2016 to February 2018, blood samples of 321 febrile patients with the presumptive diagnosis of dengue-like illness were examined for possible exposure to Leptospira. Two hundred fifty-five blood samples were tested as negative for dengue. Seminested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and IgM ELISA for leptospirosis were performed. From the samples, an overall prevalence for leptospirosis based on PCR of 4.7% (12/255) was obtained. Eighteen percent (46/255) were positive for anti-Leptospira IgM antibodies. The genome sequences of six of 12 Leptospira PCR-positive samples showed > 97.0% similarity to Leptospira interrogans. One patient's sample consisted of Leptospira and chikungunya virus, suggesting a coinfection. Findings from the study suggest that leptospirosis is prevalent among dengue-negative febrile patients in Malaysia.

ANALISIS SPASIAL FAKTOR LINGKUNGAN LEPTOSPIROSIS DI KECAMATAN BONANG KABUPATEN DEMAK TAHUN 2018

The number of leptospirosis cases in Demak district had a significant increase in 2018 which reached 92 cases with IR = 7.91% and the death of 24 people with CFR = 28.09%. Bonang Subdistrict is a sub-district with a case of the highest leptospirosis in Demak district. The aim of this research is to spatial analyze the environmental factors of leptospirosis in Kecamatan Bonang include flood/rob history, garbage storage, river, paddy field, fishpond, and population density. This type of research is quantitative descriptive with cross sectional design. The samples in this study numbered 24 people. This research was conducted in June 2019 in Bonang Sub-district of Demak Regency. The results showed that the pattern of the leptospirosis case in sub-district Bonang was scattered uneven. In this study can be concluded that the most influential risk factors in the distribution of leptospirosis cases in Bonang sub-district is a bad condition of individual garbage storage and the existence of paddy fields and rivers that are close to the house cases. Keywords: Spatial Analysis, GIS, Leptospirosis

Penentuan Tingkat Kerawanan Penyebaran Leptospirosis Menggunakan Inferensi Fuzzy Tsukamoto

Cases of leptospirosis in Indonesia mainly occur in areas that often experience floods and areas where the majority of its citizens work as farmers. Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY) was the province with the most leptospirosis cases in Indonesia in 2011. In 2010-2011 an extraordinary event (KLB) of leptospirosis occurred in Bantul district and in 2014 the number of leptospirosis cases in Bantul district increased by 76 cases.. Based on Kementerian Kesehatan report, data shows that there has been an outbreak of leptospirosis in Bantul , so in addition to epidemiological data necessary case information is also needed to determine the geographic case risk factors and mitigation efforts.In the processing of digital maps for GIS , often found important objects that are not appropriate in its processing can not even be excluded because of uncertainty owned. Applications are made in this study was built and designed by the architectural Tsukamoto fuzzy inference method for handling uncertainty. The results of the application is the visualization of the spread of the disease leptospirosis vulnerability maps based determinants that also involves uncertainty factors that will be resolved with the Tsukamoto fuzzy inference method for use as detection and prevention against the spread of disease leptospirosis in the future

System Dynamic Model of Leptospirosis Control in Demak, Indonesia, 2014

Cases of leptospirosis persist in Demak District of Indonesia every year. It's needed a mix method (epidemiology, ecology, and system thinking approach) to analyze and to choose the best intervention based on time series data. The study located in Demak, Jawa Tengah on May to November, 2014. Based on an existing model that formulated by time series data for six years (2007–2013), leptospirosis control was simulated using a system dynamics method. The simulation was based on seven pre-defined scenarios. The software used to assist the completion of the dynamic model was Powersim version 2.5 for Windows. Predictions extended over 5 years. The model predicted that, if the intervention was biological control and included rodent control, the leptospirosis cases could be prevented up to 20.7%. Wound care could prevent up to 1.6% of the disease. Efforts to prevent direct contact between healthy humans and urine of infected rodents had the strongest impact on reducing leptospirosis in this model, as this could decrease cases by up to 98.14%. Domestic waste management as a source of rodent food in households reduced the predicted number of leptospirosis cases by 1.8%. A combination of the prevention of contact between healthy humans with contaminated water, wound care, biological and mechanical rodent control, and domestic waste management together resulted in a predicted incidence of 0.45% leptospirosis cases per year. The model was a useful tool to predict the efficiency of leptospirosis control under various intervention scenarios.

Flood-related leptospirosis outbreaks in Brazil: perspectives for a joint monitoring by health services and disaster monitoring centers

Although leptospirosis—a bacterial disease transmitted through contact with rodents’ urine—may be a consequence of many environmental factors, its occurrence may increase in association with floods. We analyzed some Brazilian municipalities where the number of leptospirosis cases became higher after flood episodes and a city which presented a raising number of cases through last years, highlighting the necessity of synergistic monitoring activities from health services and natural disasters monitoring centers. In conclusion, we found that the increase in the number of cases is often preceded by floods. For monitoring issues, analyzing flood data is more effective than analyzing rain data. For warning purposes, several datasets usually applied to disasters’ prevention can be also explored, addressing public health. Through the analysis of rain, temperature, rivers’ levels, vulnerability to floods and flood potential—common data in disaster monitoring centers—it is possible to expand the scope of alerts and to provide support for public health management.

Temporal analysis of the relationship between leptospirosis and the occurrence of flooding due to rainfall in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2007-2012

The scope of this study is to examine the effect of the average monthly rainfall on the risk of contracting leptospirosis in the city of Rio de Janeiro between 2007 and 2012. It involves an analytical ecological study conducted in the city of Rio de Janeiro in the 2007-2012 period. The variable for the outcome was the number of leptospirosis cases per month, and the independent variable was the average monthly rainfall recorded by the 32 monitoring stations per year. It was decided to model the relationship between cases of leptospirosis and the effects of rain by building a generalized linear model using negative binomial distribution. The rainfall-lag per month was found to be a strong explanatory factor for the number of cases of leptospirosis. This study indicates that the average monthly rainfall may constitute an indicator that enables the execution of actions in order to prepare the health sector for the probable increase in cases of this disease. Therefore, it is necessary to implement the interaction between the work of epidemiological surveillance, especially by situation rooms in periods of crisis, and the risk management teams of environmental surveillance, to increase the response capacity to natural disasters in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro.

Human leptospirosis trends: northeast Thailand, 2001-2012.

The objective of this study was to determine the changing trend of leptospirosis over time in Thailand using two prospective hospital-based studies conducted amongst adult patients with acute undifferentiated fever (AUFI) admitted to Maharat Nakhon Ratchasima Hospital, Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand between July 2001 to December 2002 and between July 2011 to December 2012. During the first period, leptospirosis (98 patients, 40%) and scrub typhus (59 patients, 24.1%) were the two major causes of AUFI. In the second period, scrub typhus (137 patients, 28.3%) was found to be more common than leptospirosis (61 patients, 12.7%). Amongst patients with leptospirosis, the proportion of male patients and the median age were similar. Leptospira interrogans serogroup Autumnalis was the major infecting serogroup in both study periods. The case fatality rate of leptospirosis was significantly higher in 2011–2012 as compared with the case fatality rate in 2001–2002 (19.7% vs. 6.3%, p < 0.001). In summary, we found that number of leptospirosis cases had decreased over time. This trend is similar to reportable data for leptospirosis complied from passive surveillance by the Ministry of Public Health, Thailand. However, the case fatality rate of severe leptospirosis has increased. Severe lung hemorrhage associated with leptospirosis remained the major cause of death.

Leptospirosis-associated hospitalizations, United States, 1998-2009.

A small percentage of persons with leptospirosis, a reemerging zoonosis, experience severe complications that require hospitalization. The number of leptospirosis cases in the United States is unknown. Thus, to estimate the hospitalization rate for this disease, we analyzed US hospital discharge records for 1998-2009 for the total US population by using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample. During that time, the average annual rate of leptospirosis-associated hospitalizations was 0.6 hospitalizations/1,000,000 population. Leptospirosis-associated hospitalization rates were higher for persons >20 years of age and for male patients. For leptospirosis-associated hospitalizations, the average age of patients at admission was lower, the average length of stay for patients was longer, and hospital charges were higher than those for nonleptospirosis infectious disease-associated hospitalizations. Educating clinicians on the signs and symptoms of leptospirosis may result in earlier diagnosis and treatment and, thereby, reduced disease severity and hospitalization costs.

Leptospirosis distribution related to freshwater habitats in the Vojvodina region (Republic of Serbia)

The retrospective study (2002-2007) for human leptospirosis in Vojvodina was undertaken in order to describe the distribution of the disease in relation with some environmental factors. Regarding the presented results, the major detected number of leptospirosis cases concurs with stagnant waters, wetlands, fish pond areas and protected regions, which comprised the basis for mapping of the region in three risk zones: very high risk (incidence rate higher than 5.0), high risk (2.5-5.0) and medium risk of leptospirosis infection (1.0-2.5). During the investigated period, 97 cases were registered with an average of 13.85 cases per year: 2002, 32 cases; 2003, 7; 2004, 22; 2005, 16; 2006, 4 and 2007, 16. Out of these 97 cases only 5 were women. Serovars from 11 presumptive serogroups caused infection, with a predominance of Icterohaemorrhagiae and Bratislava, accounting for 72.72% of cases together. Icterohaemorrhagiae was the commonest infecting serogroup mostly connected with fish ponds. Case fatality ratio was 9.4%.

Trends in leptospirosis epidemiology in France. Sixty-six years of passive serological surveillance from 1920 to 2003

The incidence of leptospirosis, a worldwide zoonosis, has significantly decreased in Western Europe during the last decades. Our aim was to analyse all reliable data collected at the Institut Pasteur from 1920 to 2003 to evaluate more precisely the evolution of the incidence of leptospirosis in France. The passive surveillance system used as early as 1920 allows the evaluation of leptospirosis incidence. Serological results inferred from the microagglutination procedure were used to evaluate variation in the incidence of the disease and the evolution of the Leptospira serogroups involved in the human disease. No significant variation either in the number of leptospirosis cases or in the incidence of the disease was observed. However, the period of the 1970s was characterized by a rather low incidence. The weather plays a major role by modifying fresh water abundance, rodent populations and human behaviour. However the weather's influence is not the sole factor involved in the incidence rate. No cyclic variation was evident. Although France has the highest incidence of leptospirosis in Europe, the analysis of serological data collected over 66 years has allowed us to conclude that in France, the incidence is slowly decreasing.

PENELITIAN EPIDEMIOLOGI WABAH LEPTOSPIROSIS DI KOTA METROPOLITAN JAKARTA, INDONESIA:

Jakarta Metropolis was seferely swept by flood in 20 days from January 29 to February 17, 2002. The number of hospitalized patients were increased in many hospitals and Health Centers since the flood occurred. Until the first week of April 2002, it was reported that I 03 cases of leptospirosis were confirmed and 20 persons among these victims died or 19,4% Case Fatality Rate. The highest number ofleptospirosis cases, 35 persons, were occurred in March 10-16, 2002 period while the highest death number, five persons, were occurred in March 3-9, 2002 period. Epidemiology Cross Sectional study was conducted in Central and West Jakarta from where the leptospirosis victims were predominantly reported. All the victims were visited to their addresses. Interview and physical examination were performed to them together with their suspected family members, enviroment surrounding their houses were observed, 2.5 ml serum specimen was collected from each respondent. Rodent trapping was done inside and out side of their houses and animal serum specimens were also collected About 153 human and 142 animal blood sera were collected. Microscopic Agglutination Test was performed for Leptospirosae serovar examination. It was found that 18(11,8%) out of 153human scra were positive of L. pyrogenes serovar pyrogenes 9(5,9% ), L. canicola serovar Canicola 5(3,3% ), L. bataviae serovar Bataviae 4 (2,6%) and L. icterohaemorrhagiaeserovar Icterohaemorrhagiae 4(2,6%) where four persons were infected by two serovars. About 10(9,8%) serum specimens belong to 102 persons up to 40 years old group were positive of leptospirosis antibody serovars, Of 10(8,8%) out 113 human sera which collected from the flooded area up to two weeks period were found positive of Jeptospirosis antibody serovars, All of 153 suspected cases (]00,0%) were suffered from fever, myalgia 107(82,6%), headache 120(78,4%), abdominal pain 90(59,0%), jaundice 68(44,2%) conjunctival suffusion43(28,4%). The species of rodent trapped were Rattus norvegicus 60(42,2%), Rattus rauus.diardii64(45,0% ), Rauus exulans 2(1,4%) and Insectivora'sspecies of Suncus murinus were 16(11,3%). Of 67(47,2%) out 142 animal serum specimens were positive of various Leptospirae serovars, which consisted 39(65,0%) out of 60 R. norvegicus, 20(31,3%) out of 64 R.r. diardii, 2( 100,0%) out of two R. exulans and 6(37,5%) out of 16 S. murinus. Regarding performed serological test, L. bataviae serovar Bataviae was found among 42 animal sera, Liicterohaemorrhagiaeserovar Icterohaemorrhagiae'arnong31 animal sera, L. canicola serovar Canicola among 12 animal sera and L. pyrogenes serovar Pyrogenes among five animal sera. Some serovars were found in some individuals of animal sera