Number Of International Treaties Research Articles

Relationship between international and national law and issues of their harmonization

The article is devoted to one of the aspects of the problem of correlation between international and domestic law, namely the relationship between international and national law. This relationship is developing dynamically. The development of the interconnectedness of international and domestic law occurs in connection with the constant increase in the number of international treaties and national legal acts aimed at regulating social and domestic relations, which is the object of international cooperation. At present, trends in the further development of international law and its interaction with national legal systems have begun to emerge clearly. The process of globalization has strengthened the interconnection of states, expanded the range of intrastate social relations that are a common object of regulation of two legal systems - the international legal system and the domestic legal system. Based on the analysis of the provisions of the general theory of law and the doctrine of international law and international normative acts, the theoretical and legal problems of the relationship between domestic and international law are considered. It explores the social and legal nature of the relationship between the two legal systems and explores the importance of harmonizing domestic state law with international law. It is noted that although international law and domestic law have a single social nature, they functionally act as two relatively independent and closely interacting and interdependent systems of law. The nature of their interrelations, methods and forms of interaction, as well as their functional connection, interdependence and the role of the state in this process are revealed. It is emphasized that the relationship and interaction are not limited only to the norms of the two legal systems, but cover the two legal systems as a whole. Consequently, there must be harmonization of the norms of national law with all sources of international law, including with the individual international obligations of states. The article notes that the state is a participant in the creation of legal norms of both domestic and international law. The process of coordinating the will or position of states when concluding international treaties is regulated by the norms of international law, and the process and procedure for expressing these declarations of will or positions are determined by the norms of national law. At the same time, international law does not belong to the legal system of specific states, although in fact it is part of all legal systems. If the object of regulation coincides, the norms of international law always take precedence over domestic ones. According to the author of the article, the concept of a legal conflict should not be identified with the invalidity of international treaties. It is argued that the case of conflict occurs only with a valid contract. It is also emphasized that many norms, enshrined in international law by treaty or customary means, acquire the character of jus cogens and therefore are binding on all states, regardless of ratification or accession to certain treaties or agreements. The article points out that international law imposes an obligation on the state as a whole, but it is domestic law that determines state bodies and officials who are responsible for fulfilling the international obligations of the state.
 The purpose of the article is to theoretically clarify the essence of the relationship and interaction between international and domestic law, to identify the importance of harmonizing domestic legislation with international law and the grounds for the priority of international norms over national law.

The regulation of crimes against water in armed conflicts and other situations of violence

AbstractWater is the lifeblood of human beings and society, but threats to water, such as the pollution of rivers, cyber crimes, and attacks against water infrastructure, are increasing. In green criminology, scholars have relied on domestic criminal law to develop the concept of crimes against water. This paper argues that international law could provide several frameworks for addressing these crimes. A number of international treaties and customary rules deal directly or indirectly with crimes against water, and the United Nations Security Council has also dealt with crimes against water committed by terrorist groups and parties to armed conflict. Crimes against water may represent violations not only of domestic criminal laws but also of international humanitarian law and human rights law.

Some types of works posted on the internet, and the peculiarities of their protection by Ukrainian copyright compared to US law

The article deals with the peculiarities of protection against plagiarism of works posted on the Internet and the peculiarities of their protection by Ukrainian copyright compared with US legislation.
 The ratio of features of the computer program as an object of copyright protection is analyzed. After all, the program derived from the algorithm and is in a sense, its equivalent. This means that some basic features of algorithms are inherent in programs. The program can also be considered as a means of implementing an algorithm, and as such, characterized by certain distinct features from which for the purposes of the program research as an object of copyright protection can be distinguished: unlike the algorithm, which is a sequence of logical-mathematical Transformation operations, the program contains a sequence of commands that describe the process of implementing an algorithm and provide control of this process. The objective form of expression of the program is its recording formalized language of simultaneous computers.
 It is determined that the protection of computer programs by copyright norms, is a great theoretical and practical curiosity as the simplest and economical.
 The jurisdictional and non-legal forms of protection of patent law are characterized, the main ways of protecting intellectual property rights are clarified. The emphasis on the judicial prohibition as a way of protecting intellectual property rights is analyzed by the international index of property rights, in particular the level of protection of intellectual property rights in Ukraine and in the United States. The fact of a low indicator of protection of intellectual property rights in our country is established compared to European countries. The main issues of protection of intellectual property rights in Ukraine are highlighted. It is emphasized the need to adapt national legislation to the legal system of the European Union. There are a number of international treaties regulating intellectual property relations at the international level. The European integration course of Ukraine indicates its desire to adapt their legal system to European standards, and therefore, concluding an Association Agreement with the EU, Ukraine has undertaken to harmonize its intellectual property legislation with European legislation. The provisions of a number of European legal acts regulating the issue of protecting intellectual property rights are given. Problems of collecting evidence base for violation of intellectual property rights remains open issues as a national judicial practice on this issue. It is necessary to create a specialized judiciary that would consider cases of violation of intellectual property rights, including on the Internet. It is necessary to enhance legal responsibility for violations in the field of intellectual property, in particular regarding the distribution of pirate products.

Why is the educational attainment of people with schizophrenia lagging so far behind?

It is well known that education is important. It underpins the social mobility of individuals, increases the range of contributions that people can make to their communities and economies, and is a driving force in increasing national productivity and income levels. National datasets consistently show a link between higher levels of education and lower levels of unemployment and higher income. 1 US Bureau of Labor StatisticsEducation pays. https://www.bls.gov/emp/chart-unemployment-earnings-education.htmDate: 2021 Date accessed: April 30, 2022 Google Scholar While this is well known in the general population, it has also been known for a long time that educational attainment is important to people living with mental illness. 2 Iyer SN Mangala R Anitha J Thara R Malla AK An examination of patient-identified goals for treatment in a first-episode programme in Chennai, India. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2011; 5: 360-365 Crossref PubMed Scopus (47) Google Scholar In addition, education is recognised in a number of international treaties and covenants as a fundamental human right. 3 United Nations General AssemblyInternational Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. United Nations, New York1966https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-economic-social-and-cultural-rightsDate accessed: April 30, 2022 Google Scholar , 4 United Nations General AssemblyConvention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. United Nations, New York2006https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-rights-persons-disabilitiesDate accessed: April 30, 2022 Google Scholar Article 13 of the International Convention on Economic, Cultural and Social Rights and Article 24 of the Convention on the Rights of People with Disability speak respectively to the general right to access to education and the specific right of people with disabilities, which includes people with mental illness, to access education. Representative surveys of people living with schizophrenia consistently show that this right is not realised for them. 5 Waghorn G Saha S Harvey C et al. ‘Earning and learning’ in those with psychotic disorders: the second Australian national survey of psychosis. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2012; 46: 774-785 Crossref PubMed Scopus (87) Google Scholar The enduring gap in educational attainment in schizophrenia according to the past 50 years of published research: a systematic review and meta-analysisPatients with schizophrenia have faced persistent inequality in educational attainment in the last century, despite advances in psychosocial and pharmacological treatment. Reducing this gap should become a priority to improve their functional outcomes. Full-Text PDF

The legal regulation and organization of health protection and medical care of sailors of merchant marine ships

The current state of health care and medical support of seamen during their residence on board has a number of disadvantages. The sea vessel is not only a source of increased danger both for other ships and port infrastructure, but also an extremely traumatic area. The unification and harmonization of legal regulation of this segment of public relations becomes even more actual in current conditions. The organization of medical unit on ships of merchant fleet is regulated by a number of international treaties, whose provisions are considered and analyzed in the article. The study permitted to identify a number of disadvantages occurring when seamen seek medical care while on board. The health and medical care of seamen on board is not limited to treatment of the sick and the injured, but covers preventive measures with particular emphasis on development of health care and health education programs. In any shipping company, the important preventive aspect of ship medicine is struggle against drug and alcohol consumption among crew members. The directions of overcoming the considered problems are proposed. It is emphasized that their solution should be of systemic unified nature, since legal basis of organization of medical unit on ships is grounded on international conventions.

Temporary application of international treaties: legal aspects

Problem setting. Nowadays the problem of the provisional application of treaties can be described as actual. It is no accident that it has been the subject of the attention of the United Nations International Law Commission with the task of elaborating the most important problems of international law. Furthermore, the above-mentioned subsidiary body of the United Nations General Assembly recognized the need to analyze the provisional application of treaties, the need for the progressive development and codification of international law in respect of the topic dealt with in this article. Аnalysis of research and publications. Aspects of the problem of provisional application of treaties are reflected primarily in the works of in the works of I.I. Lukashuk, O.V. Kyivets, O.V. Pushniak, I.I. Maryniv, T. Leber. Target of research is to describe the legal institution of the provisional introduction of international treaties and to find reasons for its use. Article’s main body. The article is devoted to the question of the temporary use of an international treaty as a fundamental institution of international law. The study discusses the need for provisional application of treaties. Attention was paid to the works of legal academics, who had considered this issue, their works and summaries were reviewed regarding the question under consideration. The author analyzed the formulations of the article 25 of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. Legal aspects and shortcomings were considered. First of all, it was noted that there is no definition of the temporary application of international treaties in the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties and article 25 of the Convention had been criticized for being difficult to understand and lacking legal precision. In the article, the author noted that in general, the provisional use takes place before the entry into force of the treaty, when countries have not yet completed the necessary internal state procedures for its entry into force and have not internationally expressed consent to be bound. The author also stressed that the application of the treaty before it enters into force or will enter in the moment when it is implemented, the parties will address to their commitments and thus the object of the treaty would disappear. The author highlighted another legal aspect of the international legal institution under consideration is that, in order to implement the institution of provisional application of treaties, A special law and regulations may be enacted in domestic law (constitutional and legislative). What is more, the author mentioned that it is appropriate to devote attention to the work of the father of the national science on the law of international treaties I.I. Lukashuk. Conclusions. The author concluded that the institution of the provisional use of treaties is one of the key institutions in the law of treaties enabling the parties to urgently address cooperation issues. Another conclusion of the author of this article is that countries resort to this legal instrument under consideration for several reasons: urgent resolution of issues to which the relevant treaties apply; the desire of countries to adopt and immediately implement confidence-building measures; preventing time gaps in the operation of a number of international treaties, which have been successively adopted and replace each other on the same subject.

COOPERATION OF STATES AGAINST VIOLATION OF THE LEGAL REGIME BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE OF FREEDOM OF THE HIGH SEAS

In general, the water basin - the sea, the ocean is the most important for the world. As it is known, without the seas, the realization of interstate relations of the oceans, especially international trade, is impossible. Maritime rights are invaluable not only for shipping and maritime countries, but also for all states engaged in international trade. Because international shipping is responsible for 90% of world trade and carries more than 7 billion tons of cargo every year for about 4 million miles. The seabed and ocean floor are not included in the concept of open sea due to their special legal status. No state can subjugate any part of the high seas to its sovereignty. Customary international law has long recognized the affirmative obligation of mariners to render assistance to persons in distress at sea to the extent they can do so without serious danger to their ship, crew, or passengers. This long-standing custom is codified in a number of international treaties adopted under the auspices of the IMO, as well as the 1958 Geneva Convention on the High Seas14 and the 1982 UNCLOS. Key words: high seas, cooperation of states, violation of the legal regime, military ships, international acts, United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea,

Recognition and enforcement of judgments in commercial matters rendered by courts of non-eu countries in the Czech Republic

The article deals with the conditions under which Czech courts recognise and enforce judgments rendered in commercial matters by courts outside of the EU. The relevant rules on recognition and enforcement are contained in both the Czech Act on Private International Law and in a number of international treaties binding for the Czech Republic. The authors analyse in detail the Czech national rules with particular emphasis on grounds for non-recognition and on the enforcement procedure, including relevant national case-law. As the Czech Republic is bound by a significant number of bilateral treaties on legal assistance that contain relevant provisions, the authors also bring a brief overview of the rules therein.

BEBERAPA MASALAH DALAM PENGIMPLEMENTASIAN KEWAJIBAN NEGARA INDONESIA DI BAWAH PERJANJIAN INTERNASIONAL KE DALAM HUKUM NASIONAL INDONESIA

<p><em>Indonesia had been involved in the making of quite a number of international treaties and had also ratified a certain number of treaties. The State’s international obligations and rights stipulated by those treaties at a certain point must be implemented by and through the national legal system. Two issues identified are how to situate or place international treaties within the hierarchal order of the Indonesian legislation and, secondly, how those international rights and obligations (as found in treaties) should be harmonized (and incorporated) into the national legal system. The author shall present a general overview of those issues and offer some recommendations for change.</em></p>

BEBERAPA MASALAH DALAM PENGIMPLEMENTASIAN KEWAJIBAN NEGARA INDONESIA DI BAWAH PERJANJIAN INTERNASIONAL KE DALAM HUKUM NASIONAL INDONESIA

Indonesia had been involved in the making of quite a number of international treaties and had also ratified a certain number of treaties. The State’s international obligations and rights stipulated by those treaties at a certain point must be implemented by and through the national legal system. Two issues identified are how to situate or place international treaties within the hierarchal order of the Indonesian legislation and, secondly, how those international rights and obligations (as found in treaties) should be harmonized (and incorporated) into the national legal system. The author shall present a general overview of those issues and offer some recommendations for change.

Развитие внешней пушной торговли крупными фирмами из Северо-Восточной Сибири во второй половине XIX – начале XX в.

The organization of foreign trade firms with large capital was significantly affected by economic, geopolitical and foreign policy position of the Russian Empire. The distinguishment is made of the pre-war and post-war periods in the organization of foreign trade companies with big capital. In the pre-war period, one of the main directions of foreign trade was Western Europe. Transactions up to 1 million rubles were made by large firms through the commissioners in Moscow. The second direction was the Asian market. China formed a stable demand for Siberian furs. It resulted from the features of the use of furs by Chinese consumers as well as the favorable geographical position of Siberia and the presence of a number of international treaties which regulating commercial activity of big business with China. The pre-war period for the organization of foreign trade operations of large firms with Siberian furs was characterized by growth of 11% export figures annually. In the context of the First World War and in the postwar years, deals with the fur reached more than 1 million rubles. At the same time there was a growing connection between export and import of consumer goods to supply the territory's population. Large firms were able to establish a regular supply of large batches of furs to the North American market, the form of trade and transport infrastructure.DOI 10.14258/izvasu(2017)5-12

МЕЖДУНАРОДНОЕ ТУРИСТСКОЕ ПРАВО: ТЕНДЕНЦИИ И РАЗВИТИЕ

The article deals with the formation of the international tourist law, main sources and international and legal documents that regulate the tourism business. On the basis of international documents the author sets forth general principles of the international tourist law. The author also defines the legal status of a tourist and an international traveler on the basis of existing international conventions and agreements in tourism business. A number of international treaties, conventions, declarations, as well as resolutions of international organizations form the base of international legal regulation of tourism and international travel. Thus, Art. 24 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations Organization on December 10, 1947, reads, in particular, as follows: “Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holidays with pay”. Article 12 of the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, adopted by the UN General Assembly on December 16, 1966, confirms the right of each person to be free to leave any country, including his own. Resolutions and recommendations of the 1963 UN Diplomatic Conference on International Travel and Tourism deal with the promotion of tourism development in various countries of the world and simplification of formalities concerning tourism and international travel. In the modern context, tourism and international travel, as one of the forms of international economic relations, have gained a universal scale and have started to exercise significant influence on political, economic and cultural contacts between states and nations. The institute of the international tourist law is a body of principles and norms, regulating states’ activity in the sphere of tourism and international travel with the purpose of satisfying a wide range of people’s cultural and spiritual needs.

How Effective Are International Courts?

International Courts and the Performance of International Agreements: A General Theory with Evidence from the European Union. By Clifford J. Carrubba, Matthew J. Gabel. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015. 251 pp., $99.00 hardback (ISBN-13: 978-1-107-06572-7). Over the course of the last decade not only has the number of international treaties multiplied, but the number of courts and tribunals interpreting these agreements has increased rapidly as well. The most prominent, ambitious, and influential of these institutions is still the European Court of Justice (ECJ), which has exerted an unprecedented influence over politics, economics, law, and everyday life of the member states of the European Union. With this in mind, it should come as no surprise that so much political science research has concentrated on explaining and understanding this particular case of judicialization. As a result, today an abundance of different approaches based on manifold theoretical patterns has been applied to the European Court (for an overview, see Conant ⇓; de Burca ⇓). The present book aims to show how one of these approaches—a largely rationalist framework developed by the authors—can be transferred and applied to other judicial institutions on the international level. By doing so, Clifford Carrubba and Matthew Gabel enter a field of research that will become even more important in the coming years due to the ever-growing significance of international judiciary bodies. The main questions addressed by the authors (“How effective are international courts?” and “To which extent and under which …

Self-determination in the Twenty-First Century

Self-determination is a political–legal question; it denotes the legal right of people to decide their own destiny in the international order. Self-determination is a core principle of international law arising from customary international law, but also recognized as a general principle of law and enshrined in a number of international treaties; it is protected in the United Nations Charter and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights as a right of ‘all peoples’. Contemporary notions of self-determination usually distinguish between ‘internal’ and ‘external’ self-determination, suggesting that ‘self-determination’ exists on a spectrum. Internal self-determination may refer to various political and social rights; by contrast, external self-determination refers to full legal independence/secession for the given ‘people’ from the larger politico-legal state.

The dilemma of nuclear energy in space

Nuclear energy, used in weapons as well as for electricity generation, has the potential to destroy life on Earth. But it also has the potential to save life as we know it. Currently, nuclear explosives are the only technology with the capability to deflect, on relatively short notice, a large asteroid fragment or comet headed for a collision with Earth. However, a number of international treaties prohibit the use of nuclear explosives in space. The peaceful and critically effective use of nuclear energy to prevent a civilization-threatening collision is at odds with its potential for inducing a catastrophic thermonuclear war on Earth. The author uses the Fermi paradox—if there are extraterrestrial civilizations in our galaxy, why haven’t they communicated with us?—to examine the dichotomy of whether nuclear explosives are a barrier or a path to long-term human survival.

Dictionary of environmental and climate change law

This state-of-the-art Dictionary defines terms employed in international agreements, national legislation and scholarly legal studies related to comparative and international environmental law and the emerging law of climate change. In acknowledgement of China's growing role in this arena, each term also includes its pinyin translation in order to facilitate access to the Mandarin variants. The international community is developing increasingly complex environmental provisions and participating in a number of international treaties and agreements related to environmental law and regulation. The complicated and highly specific nature of environmental law has led to the development of localized terminology that is not easily understood outside its country of origin. Jointly prepared by scholars in China and the US, the Dictionary provides a linguistic bridge between English and Chinese speakers as well as an essential reference for those interpreting and applying international environmental law, multilateral environmental agreements, and domestic laws that implement these treaties. Students, scholars and practitioners in the area of environmental law will find this groundbreaking Dictionary an invaluable addition to their libraries.

Prohibition against Torture in International Law: United Nations Treaty Body

Article 5 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 reads “No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment”. This Article is widely regarded as expressing customary international law. Within the United Nations framework, torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment are explicitly prohibited under a number of international treaties, which are legally binding on those States which have ratified them. Many treaties establish Committees, known collectively as the treaty bodies, which are mandated to monitor States Parties’ compliance with their obligations under the treaties. They do this by issuing General Comments or Recommendations, which provide detailed interpretation of specific aspects of the treaty. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the definition and the elements required for an act to be classified as torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, applied within the United Nations system, by considering the General Comments and jurisprudence of the treaty bodies, in particular the Human Rights Committee (HRC), which monitors compliance with the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), and the Committee against Torture (CAT), which monitors compliance with the United Nations Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (UNCAT). The paper focuses on States Parties’ obligations under the main treaties, by considering the scope of application of these obligations. DOI: 10.5901/ajis.2013.v2n8p61

Child Pirates: Rehabilitation, Reintegration, and Accountability

Maritime piracy is among the original universal jurisdiction crimes. Denounced by customary international law and recognized as a breach of jus cogens, piracy also is defined and proscribed by a number of international treaties. Piracy has garnered recent international attention through its proliferation off the coast of Somalia and the resultant impact on international shipping and trade, not to mention loss of life. While incidents of Somali piracy are decreasing, piratical attacks are on the upswing elsewhere, for example off the Gulf of Guinea in Western Africa. The United Nations Security Council endorses a criminal justice model in response to acts of piracy. The Security Council thereby promotes a mechanism of judicialization and penalization. So, too, do the United Nations General Assembly, many states, international organizations (such as the International Maritime Organization), trade groups, and the shippers lobby. In the recent past, many detained pirates were perfunctorily captured and released. With the spread of the criminal justice model, however, pirates are increasingly facing prosecution in national courts, mainly in Kenya, Seychelles, and Maldives, but also in Germany, the US, India, France, Spain, Japan, and Somalia – among others.It has been estimated that approximately one-third of captured pirates are minors, that is, persons under the age of eighteen. This article explores issues of accountability, reintegration, deterrence and rehabilitation in the context of child pirates. It recommends modalities of restorative and reintegrative justice for child pirates that avoid the careless superficiality of immediate release and the retributive heavy-handedness of criminal trials. Regrettably, prevailing imagery that cloaks juveniles enmeshed in international crimes, for example child soldiers, does not favor this middle ground. Instead, this narrative imagery facilitates either perfunctory release (the faultless passive victim image) or criminal trials regardless of age (the demon and bandit image). Unlike the case with child soldiers, however, the position of UN entities when it comes to child pirates tends toward greater punitiveness – assuredly, a concerning development.Part I of this Article sets out data on piracy generally and addresses some specifics regarding juvenile involvement. Part II summarizes current efforts to criminally prosecute child pirates in instances where capture and release policies are not implemented. Part III explores why juveniles may end up in pirate gangs. Part IV critically assesses the deterrent effect of criminal prosecutions of juvenile pirates and proposes a new path, namely, one that leads toward restorative justice. Part V concludes.

Human rights and cultural heritage. Observations on the recognition of human rights in the international doctrine

Since the birth of the international Human Rights Declaration, a number of international treaties and guidelines have sought to combine Human Rights with heritage work or justify heritage work by referring to such rights. This article attempts to show how this link can be both complex and difficult, even though rewarding, and how this relationship has grown proposing to incorporate ever more human rights concerns in World Heritage related work. To discuss this development, the concept of ‘heritage’ is analysed, focusing on the way this concept surfaced as new treaties and guidelines evolved.

Okoljska etika in izobraževanje za trajnostni razvoj

Članek obravnava danes še kako aktualno vprašanje trajnostnega razvoja in meje rasti znotraj prevladujoče paradigme stalnega gospodarskega razvoja. Človeštvo se je znašlo pred težko odločitvijo, kako naprej, saj se nekatere posledice sedanjega antropocentričnega in netrajnostnega razvoja odražajo tako na naravnem okolju kot tudi na družbi. Ne glede na občasne gospodarske krize pomeni dosedanji gospodarski razvoj resno grožnjo prihodnjim rodovom, in to ne le človeškim. Zakon entropije je univerzalni zakon vesolja, ki mu tudi človek na Zemlji ne more ubežati. Dokazano je, da je večji del posledic, ki jih v okolju zaznavamo danes, antropogenega izvora, kar ne nazadnje potrjujejo tudi mnoge študije. Očitno je torej, da bo človek moral spremeniti del svojih ravnanj, predvsem pa temeljito premisliti svoj odnos do stalne gospo- darske rasti ter njenih dobrih in slabih posledic. Je morda rešitev nova ekološka etika, ki ne bo antropocentrična, ampak predvsem intrinzična – torej etika, ki ji trajnostni (uravnotežen, sonaraven) razvoj ne bo cilj, ampak sredstvo za dosego cilja? Bo morda pot do etike, ki bo odgovorno ravnala z okoljem in vsemi živimi bitji, krajša, ko bomo izkušnje starejših generacij prek ustreznega izobraževalnega koncepta prenašali na mlajše rodove? Morda. Na srečo so ti rodovi, ki so še kako dojemljivi za »novo« okoljsko/ekološko etiko, že med nami, saj vse skupaj povezuje usoda tega časa in prostora. To ni le naša osebna pravica in dolžnost, temveč, kot je razvidno iz članka, nas k odgovornemu ravnanju z okoljem obvezujejo tudi številni mednarodni dogovori.