Number Of Interaction Terms Research Articles

Effects of attention to negative information on the bidirectional relationship between fear of missing out (FoMO), depression and smartphone addiction among secondary school students: Evidence from a two-wave moderation network analysis

IntroductionAbundant literature has shown that depression, Fear of Missing Out (FoMO), and smartphone addiction may have bidirectional relationships, and attention to negative information (ANI) may moderate these bidirectional relationships. However, previous literature mainly analyzed them using total scores, and longitudinal evidence is limited, motivating us to address this gap using moderated network analysis. Method2469 secondary school students (female = 1212 (49.09%), age mean ± SD = 13.90 ± 1.56, age range from 11 to 18) were recruited to complete questionnaires, including the ANI scale, the Mobile Phone Addiction Index scale, the FoMO scale, and the Patient Health Questionnaire before and after four-months online learning. The moderated network approach was used to test the bidirectional relationship among depression, FoMO, and smartphone addiction and the moderating role of ANI. ResultsThe analysis found that the strongest bidirectional relationships were between suicide and withdrawal or escape and between withdrawal or escape and fear of missing situations in waves 1 and 2, respectively. The number of interaction terms among depression, FoMO, and smartphone addiction moderated by ANI was: 4 and 3 in waves 1 and 2, respectively. In addition, the strongest interaction terms were between withdrawal or escape and fear of missing situations and between feeling anxious and lost and concentration in waves 1 and 2, respectively. ConclusionsWe identified several significant bidirectional relationships between the symptoms of depression, FoMO, and smartphone addiction and interaction terms moderated by ANI. These findings provide valuable theoretical and practical insights for breaking the cycle between symptoms of depression, FoMO, and smartphone addiction through intervention with ANI.

Interaction Effects in Health State Valuation Studies: An Optimal Scaling Approach

ObjectivesThis study aimed to introduce a parsimonious modeling approach that enables the estimation of interaction effects in health state valuation studies. MethodsInstead of supplementing a main-effects model with interactions between each and every level, a more parsimonious optimal scaling approach is proposed. This approach is based on the mapping of health state levels onto domain-specific continuous scales. The attractiveness of health states is then determined by the importance-weighted optimal scales (ie, main effects) and the interactions between these domain-specific scales (ie, interaction effects). The number of interaction terms only depends on the number of health domains. Therefore, interactions between dimensions can be included with only a few additional parameters. The proposed models with and without interactions are fitted on 3 valuation data sets from 2 different countries, that is, a Dutch latent-scale discrete choice experiment (DCE) data set with 3699 respondents, an Australian time trade-off data set with 400 respondents, and a Dutch DCE with duration data set with 788 respondents. ResultsImportant interactions between health domains were found in all 3 applications. The results confirm that the accumulation of health problems within health states has a decreasing marginal effect on health state values. A similar effect is obtained when so-called N3 or N5 terms are included in the model specification, but the inclusion of 2-way interactions provides superior model fits. ConclusionsThe proposed interaction model is parsimonious, produces estimates that are straightforward to interpret, and accommodates the estimation of interaction effects in health state valuation studies with realistic sample size requirements. Not accounting for interactions is shown to result in biased value sets, particularly in stand-alone DCE with duration studies.

Resource estimations for the Hamiltonian simulation in correlated electron materials

Correlated electron materials, such as superconductors and magnetic materials, are regarded as fascinating targets in quantum computing. However, the quantitative resources, specifically the number of quantum gates and qubits, required to perform a quantum algorithm to simulate correlated electron materials remain unclear. In this study, we estimate the resources required for the Hamiltonian simulation algorithm for correlated electron materials, specifically for organic superconductors, iron-based superconductors, binary transition-metal oxides, and perovskite oxides, using the fermionic swap network. The effective Hamiltonian derived using the ab initio downfolding method is adopted for the Hamiltonian simulation, and a procedure for the resource estimation by using the fermionic swap network for the effective Hamiltonians including the exchange interactions is proposed. For example, in the system for the ${10}^{2}$ unit cells, the estimated numbers of gates per Trotter step and qubits are approximately ${10}^{7}$ and ${10}^{3}$, respectively, on average for the correlated electron materials. Furthermore, our results show that the number of interaction terms in the effective Hamiltonian, especially for the Coulomb interaction terms, is dominant in the gate resources when the number of unit cells constituting the whole system is up to ${10}^{2}$, whereas the number of fermionic swap operations is dominant when the number of unit cells is more than ${10}^{3}$.

Hyperbolic geometry and closed bosonic string field theory. Part II. The rules for evaluating the quantum BV master action

The quantum Batalian-Vilkovisky master action for closed string field theory consists of kinetic term and infinite number of interaction terms. The interaction strengths (coupling constants) are given by integrating the off-shell string measure over the distinct string diagrams describing the elementary interactions of the closed strings. In the first paper of this series, it was shown that the string diagrams describing the elementary interactions can be characterized using the Riemann surfaces endowed with the hyperbolic metric with constant curvature −1. In this paper, we construct the off-shell bosonic-string measure as a function of the Fenchel-Nielsen coordinates of the Teichmüller space of hyperbolic Riemann surfaces. We also describe an explicit procedure for integrating the off-shell string measure over the region inside the moduli space corresponding to the elementary interactions of the closed strings.

Perturbative gadgets without strong interactions

Perturbative gadgets are used to construct a quantum Hamiltonian whose low-energy subspace approximates a given quantum $k$-local Hamiltonian up to an absolute error $\epsilon$. Typically, gadget constructions involve terms with large interaction strengths of order $\text{poly}(\epsilon^{-1})$. Here we present a 2-body gadget construction and prove that it approximates a Hamiltonian of interaction strength $\gamma = O(1)$ up to absolute error $\epsilon\ll\gamma$ using interactions of strength $O(\epsilon)$ instead of the usual inverse polynomial in $\epsilon$. A key component in our proof is a new condition for the convergence of the perturbation series, allowing our gadget construction to be applied in parallel on multiple many-body terms. We also discuss how to apply this gadget construction for approximating 3- and $k$-local Hamiltonians. The price we pay for using much weaker interactions is a large overhead in the number of ancillary qubits, and the number of interaction terms per particle, both of which scale as $O(\text{poly}(\epsilon^{-1}))$. Our strong-from-weak gadgets have their primary application in complexity theory (QMA hardness of restricted Hamiltonians, a generalized area law counterexample, gap amplification), but could also motivate practical implementations with several weak interactions simulating a much stronger quantum many-body interaction.

Sparse estimation of gene-gene interactions in prediction models.

Current assessment of gene-gene interactions is typically based on separate parallel analysis, where each interaction term is tested separately, while less attention has been paid on simultaneous estimation of interaction terms in a prediction model. As the number of interaction terms grows fast, sparse estimation is desirable from statistical and interpretability reasons. There is a large literature on sparse estimation, but there is a natural hierarchy between the interaction and its corresponding main effects that requires special considerations. We describe random-effect models that impose sparse estimation of interactions under both strong and weak-hierarchy constraints. We develop an estimation procedure based on the hierarchical-likelihood argument and show that the modelling approach is equivalent to a penalty-based method, with the advantage of the models being more transparent and flexible. We compare the procedure with some standard methods in a simulation study and illustrate its application in an analysis of gene-gene interaction model to predict body-mass index.

Equations of motion for a classical color particle in external non-Abelian fermionic and bosonic fields

On the basis of principles of gauge and reparametrization invariance of a real-valued Lagrangian, construction of the action describing the dynamics of a classical color-charged particle interacting with background non-Abelian gauge and fermion fields is considered. The cases of the linear and quadratic dependence of a Lagrangian on the background fermion field are discussed. It is shown that, in both cases, there exist an infinite number of interaction terms. From an iteration scheme, examples of construction of the first few currents and sources induced by a moving particle with non-Abelian charge are given. It is shown that these quantities by a suitable choice of parameters exactly reproduce additional currents and sources obtained previously in [1] on the basis of heuristic considerations.

σ–π Energy Separation in Homodesmotic Reactions

A well-established quantity for specifying the aromaticity or antiaromaticity of cyclic conjugated molecules is the so-called aromatic stabilization energy (ASE), which can be derived-either experimentally or theoretically-from appropriate homodesmotic reactions. To gain further insight into the origin of aromaticity, several schemes have been devised to partition ASE into nuclear and electronic as well as sigma and pi contributions, some of which have resulted in contradictory statements about the driving force of aromatic stabilization. Currently, these contradictions have not been resolved and have resulted in a confusing distinction between two different types of aromaticity: extrinsic and intrinsic aromaticity. By investigating different homodesmotic reactions we show that, in contrast to ASE itself, the individual contributions that enter the ASE can strongly depend on the type of reaction. Caution is therefore advised if conclusions or physical interpretations are derived from the individual components. The contradictions result from the fact that some reactions suffer from an imbalance in the number of interaction terms at the two sides of the reaction equation. The concept of isointeractional reactions is introduced and results in the elimination of the imbalance. For these reactions, the contradictions disappear and the distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic aromaticity becomes unnecessary. As far as the sigma-pi partitioning is concerned, several schemes proposed in the literature are compared. Contradictory results are obtained depending on the partitioning scheme and reaction used. In this context, it is demonstrated that for the partitioning of the electron-electron interaction, the scheme introduced by Jug and Köster is the one that is most theoretically grounded.

Generating functions for higher-order interaction terms in the IBA Hamiltonian

The generating function for the number of independent Hermitian SO(3) scalar operators in the enveloping algebra of U(6) restricted to totally symmetric U(6) representations is constructed. This predicts the number of interaction terms that may appear in the most general Hamiltonian for the interacting boson approximation (IBA) model. A complete analysis up to cubic interaction terms is then given.

Force Field Calculation with a Top Desk Calculator

A modified “Consistent Force Field ” method is described in which the energy minimization is carried out according to the Murtagh-Sargent method rather than the Newton-Raphson method and the number of non-bonded interactions is reduced to interactions between atoms separated by three bonds at the most. The smaller number of interaction terms allowed the programming of the method for a desk top calculator (HP-9810). Calculations are reported for a number of aliphatic molecules

Age and Literary Creativity

Research on the relation between age and creative achievement could be improved by using: (a) cross-cultural and transhistorical data, and (b) multivariate rather than bivariate analyses. A sample of 420 literary creators was drawn from histories, anthologies, and biographical dictionaries of Western, Near Eastern, and Far Eastern literatures. The modal productive age was then regressed on field and civilization categorical variables, longevity, time, and eminence control variables, and a number of interaction terms. The results confirmed that (a) poetry is produced at a younger age than prose (but failed to find any age difference between informative and imaginative prose), (b) achieved eminence and life span are positive determinants of the modal productive age, and (c) these relationships are cross-culturally and transhistorically invariant.

Nonlinear coupled oscillators: Modal equation approach

A one-dimensional system of equimass particles coupled by identical nonlinear springs is studied. The equations of motion are expressed in terms of the normal coordinates of the corresponding linear system. Selection rules are developed for interactions among the modes, and the number of interaction terms in the modal equations is reduced byconsidering thecase of a singledominant mode. The equations are considerably simplified by judicious approximation, and their validity checked by direct numerical computation. In terms of the resulting coupled Mathieu equations it is possible to investigate stability questions and to explain recent results of computational experiments. The bearing on ergodicity and time-correlation is discussed.