Number Of Inferences Research Articles

Structural and Geochemistry of Air Piau Gold Mineralisation in Kelantan, North-East Peninsular Malaysia

The formation of the Air Piau Gold Deposit in North-East Peninsular Malaysia due to Permo–Triassic subduction and collision between Sibumasu and East Malaya blocks and resulted in several phases of deformation, contraction, and metamorphism. Kinematic and petrography study of quartz veins in Air Piau area observed whether following the foliation of metamorphic rock or crosscut the foliation. Early generation of veining system in Air Piau follow the host rock foliation (V1). Meanwhile the later formation of the hydrothermal vein has a cross-cutting relationship with foliation (V2). Some veins observed were sheared and brecciated (V3). Positive correlation between Au and As concentration that can be characterized these deposit formed at mesozonal zone. V3 vein type showed the brecciated texture of vein indicates the brittle structure deformation. The conceptual model of orogenic gold, this type of V3 vein can be classified as epizonal zone. Regionally, the Air Piau gold deposit shares geologically similarities (in term of tectonic setting, geological structures controlled, host rock, ore gechemistry) with many other sediment/metasediment- hosted, orogenic gold deposits in Peninsular Malaysia such as Tersang, Selinsing and Penjom. Furthermore, Air Piau gold deposit characteristics as discussed before supported the theory related with orogenic/mesothermal gold from various researchers However, a number of inferences on classified Air Piau gold deposit model as orogenic gold deposit remains speculative in the absence importance data like ore geochemistry data (Hg, Sb and Te element concentrations) and fluid inclusion data.

Reaching for the Sky: Maximizing Deep Learning Inference Throughput on Edge Devices with AI Multi-Tenancy

The wide adoption of smart devices and Internet-of-Things (IoT) sensors has led to massive growth in data generation at the edge of the Internet over the past decade. Intelligent real-time analysis of such a high volume of data, particularly leveraging highly accurate deep learning (DL) models, often requires the data to be processed as close to the data sources (or at the edge of the Internet) to minimize the network and processing latency. The advent of specialized, low-cost, and power-efficient edge devices has greatly facilitated DL inference tasks at the edge. However, limited research has been done to improve the inference throughput (e.g., number of inferences per second) by exploiting various system techniques. This study investigates system techniques, such as batched inferencing, AI multi-tenancy, and cluster of AI accelerators, which can significantly enhance the overall inference throughput on edge devices with DL models for image classification tasks. In particular, AI multi-tenancy enables collective utilization of edge devices’ system resources (CPU, GPU) and AI accelerators (e.g., Edge Tensor Processing Units; EdgeTPUs). The evaluation results show that batched inferencing results in more than 2.4× throughput improvement on devices equipped with high-performance GPUs like Jetson Xavier NX. Moreover, with multi-tenancy approaches, e.g., concurrent model executions (CME) and dynamic model placements (DMP), the DL inference throughput on edge devices (with GPUs) and EdgeTPU can be further improved by up to 3× and 10×, respectively. Furthermore, we present a detailed analysis of hardware and software factors that change the DL inference throughput on edge devices and EdgeTPUs, thereby shedding light on areas that could be further improved to achieve high-performance DL inference at the edge.

DNN Partitioning for Inference Throughput Acceleration at the Edge

Deep neural network (DNN) inference on streaming data requires computing resources to satisfy inference throughput requirements. However, latency and privacy sensitive deep learning applications cannot afford to offload computation to remote clouds because of the implied transmission cost and lack of trust in third-party cloud providers. Among solutions to increase performance while keeping computation on a constrained environment, hardware acceleration can be onerous, and model optimization requires extensive design efforts while hindering accuracy. DNN partitioning is a third complementary approach, and consists of distributing the inference workload over several available edge devices, taking into account the edge network properties and the DNN structure, with the objective of maximizing the inference throughput (number of inferences per second). This paper introduces a method to predict inference and transmission latencies for multi-threaded distributed DNN deployments, and defines an optimization process to maximize the inference throughput. A branch and bound solver is then presented and analyzed to quantify the achieved performance and complexity. This analysis has led to the definition of the acceleration region, which describes deterministic conditions on the DNN and network properties under which DNN partitioning is beneficial. Finally, experimental results confirm the simulations and show inference throughput improvements in sample edge deployments.

Bilateral-pectoral major muscle advancement flap combined with vacuum-assisted closure therapy for the treatment of deep sternal wound infections after cardiac surgery

ObjectivesThe median sternotomy is the most common surgical approach for cardiac surgery. Deep sternal wound infection is a fatal complication after median sternotomy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic effect of Bilateral-pectoral major muscle advancement flap combined with Vacuum-assisted closure therapy on rehabilitation for the treatment of deep sternal wound infection after cardiac surgery.MethodsBetween January 2016 to January 2018, 21 patients (10 males, 11 females) with deep sternal wound infection after cardiac surgery underwent Bilateral-pectoral major muscle advancement flap combined with Vacuum-assisted closure therapy. These patients were followed-up 12 months postoperative. The patient characteristics, duration of vacuum-assisted closure therapy, the mean hospital stay, postoperative complications, long-term survival of patients were retrospectively analyzed.ResultsMost patients undergone 1–3 times vacuum-assisted closure treatment sessions before closure. All patients were cured to discharge, the mean hospital stay was 21.1 days. Most patients’ healing wounds were first-stage healing, only one patient’s wound was second-stage healing, none was third-stage healing. One patient developed pulmonary infection and respiratory failure during the 12-month follow-up. None of the patients died during follow-up.ConclusionsBilateral-pectoral major muscle advancement flap combined with Vacuum-assisted closure therapy for the treatment of deep sternal wound infections after cardiac surgery can shorten the hospital stays and few complications. However, this is a retrospective case series presentation with no comparison group, the number of inferences is limited, so further large-scale controlled studies are needed.

Dualized Simple Type Theory

We propose a new bi-intuitionistic type theory called Dualized Type Theory (DTT). It is a simple type theory with perfect intuitionistic duality, and corresponds to a single-sided polarized sequent calculus. We prove DTT strongly normalizing, and prove type preservation. DTT is based on a new propositional bi-intuitionistic logic called Dualized Intuitionistic Logic (DIL) that builds on Pinto and Uustalu's logic L. DIL is a simplification of L by removing several admissible inference rules while maintaining consistency and completeness. Furthermore, DIL is defined using a dualized syntax by labeling formulas and logical connectives with polarities thus reducing the number of inference rules needed to define the logic. We give a direct proof of consistency, but prove completeness by reduction to L.

Tactical Diagrammatic Reasoning

Although automated reasoning with diagrams has been possible for some years, tools for diagrammatic reasoning are generally much less sophisticated than their sentential cousins. The tasks of exploring levels of automation and abstraction in the construction of proofs and of providing explanations of solutions expressed in the proofs remain to be addressed. In this paper we take an interactive proof assistant for Euler diagrams, Speedith, and add tactics to its reasoning engine, providing a level of automation in the construction of proofs. By adding tactics to Speedith's repertoire of inferences, we ease the interaction between the user and the system and capture a higher level explanation of the essence of the proof. We analysed the design options for tactics by using metrics which relate to human readability, such as the number of inferences and the amount of clutter present in diagrams. Thus, in contrast to the normal case with sentential tactics, our tactics are designed to not only prove the theorem, but also to support explanation.

The Guitar in Tudor England: A Social and Musical History by Christopher Page

MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS The Guitar in Tudor England: A Social and Musical History. By Christopher Page. (Musical Performance and Reception.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015. [xix, 248 p. ISBN 9781107108363 (hardcover), $99.99; ISBN 9781316257975 (e-book, Cambridge Books Online).] Music examples, figures, tables, appendices, bibliography, index.Although the four-course Renaissance guitar flourished above all in France, where several publications for the instrument appeared in the 1550s, it was played by men and women of varied social and musical backgrounds throughout Europe. The English were no exception. But unlike the cittern, a related four- or six-course wirestrung instrument popular in England and elsewhere, the Renaissance guitar (or in the English of the time) has received little attention from scholars interested in Tudor musical life. The surviving sources, moreover, offer limited and often obscure evidence of repertoire, development, or social meaning. The purpose of Christopher Page's book is to frame a social and musical history of the guitar in Tudor England by gathering the relevant literary, archival and pictorial documents in a more comprehensive manner than has yet been attempted (p. 7). Indeed, by complementing the known print and manuscript sources with a number of new archival documents, Page is able to offer credible accounts, for the first time, of many of this instrument's basic social and musical characteristics.The book is divided into two parts. The first examines extramusical evidence of the guitar's role in sixteenth- and earlyseventeenth-century England. Chapter 1 reproduces and reviews the six known images of the guitar produced in Tudor England, with special attention paid to the Eglantine Table, a decorative panel inlaid with designs of several musical instruments. The six images are often vague in what they represent, but Page draws from them a number of inferences: that by 1568 the guitar was considered a fitting appurtenance for English nobility, since in that year one appears in the decorative border of Robert Dudley's engraved portrait; that fourcourse guitars may have come in various sizes or even sets; and that the instrument may have held antique associations in England as it did elsewhere in Europe. A drawing included in a 1604 publication also seems to depict a guitarist playing in consort, but Page stresses that this last implication is uncertain and corroborated nowhere else in the historical record. The next two chapters showcase the author's gift for archival sleuthing. In chapter 2, Page examines books of accounts, royal and estate inventories, and various university documents to establish who specifically owned guitars in Tudor England. He finds evidence of possible ownership by more than two dozen individuals spanning the social gamut from royalty to yeoman. How these and other English guitarists came into possession of their instruments, few of which appear to have been manufactured in England, is the subject of chapter 3, a fascinating introduction to the gittern trade. The few surviving sixteenth-century London Port Books, i.e., records of imported commodities compiled by customs officials, attest to an international trade in instruments and strings. Grocers, haberdashers, goldsmiths, and other small businessmen dominated the trade in the 1560s, while one John White, a draper, appears alone to have specialized in the importation of guitars. By tracing the affairs of these individuals in other documents, Page throws into relief a small but active community of London merchants with capital to invest in their city's musical activities.Page turns to the guitar's music and performance in the final four chapters of the study. First up is James Rowbothum's An instruction to the Gitterne, ca. 1569, the only tutor for the four-course guitar published in England and the sole instruction for the instrument to survive, albeit partially. Eight test-pulls, or prepublication review pages, remain of the work, which appears to be a translation of a lost French original by Adrian Le Roy. …

Closed Testing in Pharmaceutical Research: Historical and Recent Developments

In pharmaceutical research, making multiple statistical inferences is standard practice. Unless adjustments are made for multiple testing, the probability of making erroneous determinations of significance increases with the number of inferences. Closed testing is a flexible and easily explained approach to controlling the overall error rate that has seen wide use in pharmaceutical research, particularly in clinical trials settings. In this article, we first give a general review of the uses of multiple testing in pharmaceutical research, with particular emphasis on the benefits and pitfalls of closed testing procedures. We then provide a more technical examination of a class of closed tests that use additive-combination-based and minimum-based p-value statistics, both of which are commonly used in pharmaceutical research. We show that, while the additive combination tests are generally far superior to minimum p-value tests for composite hypotheses, the reverse is true for multiple comparisons using closure-based testing. The loss of power of additive combination tests is explained in terms worst-case “hurdles” that must be cleared before significance can be determined via closed testing. We prove mathematically that this problem can result in the power of a closure-based minimum p-value test approaching 1, while the power of a closure-based additive combination test approaches 0. Finally, implications of these results to pharmaceutical researchers are given.

O USO DO SPSS (STATISTICAL PACKAGE FOR THE SOCIAL SCIENCES) NA CIÊNCIA POLÍTICA: UMA BREVE INTRODUÇÃO

This paper deals with some basic concepts of statistics a few analysis methods and their usefulness for researchers from various fields. In particular we focus our argument on how SPSS can be used with a view to carrying out a large number of inferences from certain set of quantitative data. Above all, we seek through these basic concepts and handling of said software routines equip, minimally, those who wish to venture quantitative analysis. In particular, we are concerned the use of the Pearson Correlation Test, Chi-Square Test and Analysis of Simple and Multiple Regression.

Advanced learners’ L1 (Swedish) versus L2 (English) inferencing

Research shows that the most important skill to possess when learning a previously unknown word is to be able to interpret its meaning based on the context in which it is found (Nation, 2001). This is especially true for L1 learners, but regrettably, research shows, not as true for students learning a second language (Nation, 2001). The aim of the present study is therefore to investigate what differences, if any, there are between advanced learners’ inferencing skills in their first versus their second language. This is done by subjecting 15 first-term university students to two parallel inferencing tests in their L1 (Swedish) and L2 (English) respectively. Although the number of inferences and the success rate vary from student to student, the results of the present study show that the learners made extensive use of contextual clues, in their L1 as well as in their L2. Also, the success rate was comparatively high, indicating the great potential learners possess for inferencing. However, in order to improve the students’ results, it may be that the teaching syllabus needs to make room for instruction on how to make use of contextual clues so that the potential learners clearly possess is nurtured further.

To discriminate or not to discriminate – Is data aggregation the question?

Previous professional sports discrimination studies rely heavily on aggregated data to the game level and therefore do not control for unobservable within game heterogeneity. This article uses an established testing methodology for assessing discrimination among professional sports adjudicators and compares inferences when data are and are not aggregated above an influential factor that affects within game foul/penalty rates. Substantial differences in conclusions are found suggesting that a number of inferences in the literature relating to discrimination in various contexts may be fragile. The issue and findings have potential relevance to a wide range of related studies.

Application of isotopic labeling, and gas chromatography mass spectrometry, to understanding degradation products and pathways in the thermal-oxidative aging of Nylon 6.6

Abstract Nylon 6.6 containing 13C isotopic labels at specific positions along the macromolecular backbone has been subjected to extensive thermal-oxidative aging at 138 °C for time periods up to 243 days. In complementary experiments, unlabeled Nylon 6.6 was subjected to the same aging conditions under an atmosphere of 18O2. Volatile organic degradation products were analyzed by cryofocusing gas chromatography mass spectrometry (cryo-GC/MS) to identify the isotopic labeling. The labeling results, combined with basic considerations of free radical reaction chemistry, provided insights to the origin of degradation species, with respect to the macromolecular structure. A number of inferences on chemical mechanisms were drawn, based on 1) the presence (or absence) of the isotopic labels in the various products, 2) the location of the isotope within the product molecule, and 3) the relative abundance of products as indicated by large differences in peak intensities in the gas chromatogram. The overall degradation results can be understood in terms of free radical pathways originating from initial attacks on three different positions along the nylon chain which include hydrogen abstraction from: the (CH2) group adjacent to the nitrogen atom, at the (CH2) adjacent the carbonyl group, and direct radical attack on the carbonyl. Understanding the pathways which lead to Nylon 6.6 degradation ultimately provides new insight into changes that can be leveraged to detect and reduce early aging and minimize problems associated with material degradation.

Two instructional aids to optimise processing and learning from instructional explanations

Although instructional explanations are commonly used to introduce learners to new learning content, previous studies have often shown that their effects on learning outcomes are minimal. This failure might partly be due to mental passivity of the learners while processing introductory explanations and to a lack of opportunity to revise potential misunderstandings after working on introductory explanations. Against this background, we provided learners with two instructional support measures to optimise the introduction of new principles and concepts by providing instructional explanations in the domain of management theory: (a) prompts designed to induce inferences that are focused on the central content of the explanations, and (b) remedial explanations that are adapted to the learners’ knowledge gaps. We tested their effects in a 2 × 2 factorial experimental design with the following factors: (a) prompts designed to induce focused processing (with vs. without), and (b) remedial explanations (adapted vs. random). The participants consisted of 80 psychology students. We found that the prompts fostered both the share of deep-oriented processing and the acquisition of conceptual knowledge. The beneficial effect of prompts on conceptual knowledge was mediated by the number of inferences that learners generated in response to the prompts. In addition, we found that prompts also fostered the instructional efficiency of providing instructional explanations. The provision of adapted remedial explanations, however, fostered neither deep-oriented processing nor the acquisition of conceptual knowledge. We conclude that prompts designed to induce focused processing can foster deep-oriented processing as well as both the effectiveness and efficiency of learning from instructional explanations.

REWARD VERSUS RISK IN UNCERTAIN INFERENCE: THEOREMS AND SIMULATIONS

AbstractSystems oflogico-probabilistic(LP) reasoning characterize inference from conditional assertions that express high conditional probabilities. In this paper we investigate four prominent LP systems, the systemsO, P,Z, andQC. These systems differ in the number of inferences they licence (O⊂ P ⊂Z⊂QC). LP systems that license more inferences enjoy the possiblerewardof deriving more true and informative conclusions, but with this possible reward comes theriskof drawing more false or uninformative conclusions. In the first part of the paper, we present the four systems and extend each of them by theorems that allow one to compute almost-tight lower-probability-bounds for the conclusion of an inference, given lower-probability-bounds for its premises. In the second part of the paper, we investigate by means of computer simulations which of the four systems provides the best balance ofrewardversusrisk. Our results suggest that systemZoffers the best balance.

Leitura e cognição: propósitos de leitura diferentes influem na geração de inferências?

The objective of this study was to investigate whether different reading purposes – for study or entertainment – have influence on inference generation. Data was obtained through the use of Pause Protocols (Cavalcanti, 1989) adapted by (Tomitch, 2003) with six female participants during the reading of two texts: one, aiming at reading for study, taken from Veja magazine, talks about the gun control referendum of 2005 and is titled I will be against; the other text, aiming at reading for entertainment, extracted from the Jornal de Poesia website, is a biography of Cecilia Meirelles. Results showed that a larger number of inferences were generated for the text that was read for study purposes. The most frequent inferences for the study document were explanations, evaluations and repetitions; whereas for the entertainment text, explanations, repetitions and evaluations prevailed.

Have they pinched it from another newspaper?

This article presents an intervention study where two conditions of reading instruction are compared. In a base condition four teachers—two in the experimental groups and two in the control groups—and their students in grade 5 discuss newspaper texts during a regular lesson. The majority of the students were poor comprehenders. In the intervention condition, the teachers in the experimental groups used a model of structured text talk, Questioning the Author (QtA), after repeatedly having participated in seminars led by the investigators where the model was practised. During the regular lessons the four teachers mostly asked questions to check if the students know the meaning of difficult words. The students made few inferences and reflections. During the QtA lessons the teachers’ question types had undergone a change. There was a dramatical increase in the number of inference- and half-open questions and the students made numerous inferences, reflections and initiated own questions. This was not the case in the control groups.

Making Students Talk about Expository Texts

This study presents a comparison between how six teachers and their 17‐year‐old students talked about texts in civics and nursing science during regular lessons and during two lessons where structured text talk in smaller groups was used. The majority of students were poor readers and attended vocational programmes. The text talks were videotaped. During the regular lessons, most of the teachers asked purely factual questions where the students just had to retrieve information from the text to be able to answer them. The students made few inferences and reflections. After the regular lessons, the teachers were invited to participate in seminars led by the investigator. In these seminars, a special model of structured text talk was practiced before videotaping a second and a third time. The results demonstrate that during the structured text talks the teachers' question types had undergone a change. The number of purely factual questions had decreased. Instead there was an increase in the number of inferences and half‐open questions. The students read more actively during the structured text talks. They clearly made an effort to explore ideas in the text and made numerous inferences and reflections.

Early Psychosis in Rural Areas

Early psychosis (EP), in which the terms first-episode psychosis or first-break psychosis are also considered, is an area of developing research intensity. Although it is apparent that considerable progress has been made in establishing best practice criteria and protocols for EP in general, the particular issues pertaining to rural areas have not received the same attention. The purpose of the present study was to conduct a systematic review of the literature of early psychosis programmes, initiatives and research in rural areas in order to help establish the best available evidence. The authors conducted a systematic search of major electronic databases, based on the NHMRC hierarchy of evidence, an established scale, for identified early psychosis cross-referenced with multiple rural terms, between the years 1995 and 2005. A total of 637 articles met the initial search criteria; 206 were identified as having primary significance; three dealt specifically with rural areas. There is a paucity of research findings or published literature concerning the specific needs or characteristics of early psychosis practice or service delivery in rural areas. A number of inferences and suggestions for further research, investigations and policy directions are put forward for consideration.

The impact of print exposure quality and inference construction on syllogistic reasoning.

This study extended the work of S. Siddiqui, R. F. West, and K. E. Stanovich (1998), who studied the link between general print exposure and syllogistic reasoning. It was hypothesized that exposure to certain text structures that contain well-delineated logical forms, such as popularized scientific texts, would be a better predictor of deductive reasoning skill than general print exposure, which is not sensitive to the quality of an individual's reading activity. Furthermore, it was predicted that the ability to generate explanatory bridging inferences while reading would also be predictive of syllogistic reasoning. Undergraduate students (N = 112) were tested for vocabulary, nonverbal cognitive ability, exposure to general print, exposure to popularized scientific literature, and the ability to comprehend texts distinguished by the number of inferences that must be generated to support comprehension. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses showed that a combined measure of exposure to general and scientific literature was a significant predictor of syllogistic reasoning ability. Additionally, the ability to comprehend high-inference-load texts was related to solving syllogisms that were inconsistent with world knowledge, indicating an overlap in deductive reasoning skill and text comprehension processes.

Interpretive Representation: A Relevance-Theoretic Analysis of the Opening Paragraph of Carlyle's Chartism

Abstract This paper demonstrates the capacity of relevance theory to illuminate the stylistic features of a complex piece of literary prose and in particular to shed light on the level of coherence inherent in the text examined. Taking some independent critical observations of the writer's style as a point of departure, it provides a close analysis of the opening paragraph of Thomas Carlyle's essay Chartism (1840), and places these observations on a firmer theoretical footing using the relevance-theoretic concept of interpretive representation. In particular, it accounts for a number of inferences that are called for in relation to the interpretation of referential expressions that link the propositions expressed in the text with further propositions likely to be evoked in the reader. The analysis provided offers insight into Carlyle's style and supplies a criterion for constraining interpretations of the text as a whole.