Number Of Healthy Cells Research Articles

Cacao Ameliorates Amyloid Beta-Induced Cognitive and Non-Cognitive Disturbances.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurological disorder characterized by a wide range of cognitive and non-cognitive impairments. The present study was designed to investigate the potential effects of cacao on cognitive and non-cognitive performance and to identify the role of oxidative stress in an AD animal model induced by unilateral intracerebroventricular (U-ICV) injection of amyloid beta1-42 (Aβ1-42). Oral administration of cacao (0.5 g/kg/day) was performed for 60 consecutive days. Following 60 days, the open-field (OF) test, elevated plus-maze (EPM) test, novel object recognition (NOR) test, Barnes maze (BM) test, and Morris water maze (MWM) test were used to evaluate locomotor activity, anxiety-like behavior, recognition memory, and spatial memory, respectively. Total oxidant status (TOS) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in plasma were also examined. Furthermore, the number of healthy cells in the hippocampus's dentate gyrus (DG), CA1, and CA3 regions were identified using hematoxylin and eosin staining. The results indicated that the injection of Aβ1-42 in rats led to recognition memory and spatial memory impairments, as well as increased anxiety. This was accompanied by decreased total antioxidant capacity (TAC), increased total oxidative stress (TOS), and increased neuronal death. Conversely, cacao treatment in AD rats improved memory function, reduced anxiety, modulated oxidative stress balance, and decreased neuronal death. The findings suggest that cacao's ability to improve the balance between oxidants and antioxidants and prevent neuronal loss may be the mechanism underlying its beneficial effect against AD-related cognitive and non-cognitive impairments.

ZnO and Cu/ZnO-modified Magnesium orthopedic implant with improved osteoblast cellular activity: An in-vitro study

Mg-based biomaterials, due to their desirable mechanical integrity, natural bioabsorbability, and osteopromotive characteristics, are promising candidates for both orthopedic applications, such as the surgical fixation of injured musculoskeletal tissues, and cardiovascular applications like coronary artery stents. In the present study, nano- and micro-sized ZnO and Cu/ZnO bioactive particles were used to fabricate Mg-based biocomposites using friction stir processing (FSP). FSP resulted in significant microstructural modification in terms of grain refinement, uniform redistribution of secondary phase particles and homogenous dispersion of bioactive particles. Long-term biodegradation results through H2 evolution method illustrated that biodegradation rate of the bioabsorbable WE43 alloy was significantly reduced by addition of bioactive particles. In addition, fabricated biocomposites with addition of nano-sized particles resulted in lower biodegradation rate in comparison to those with micro-sized particles. Furthermore, uniform dispersion of bioactive particles resulted in superior in-vitro biocompatibility in contact with MC3T3-E1 mouse osteoblast cells. Mg–ZnO–N and Mg–Cu/ZnO–N biocomposites showed improved cell adhesion with elongated and spread morphology of MC3T3-E1 osteoblast cells. Live/dead staining and MTT assay indicated that number of healthy cells and cell viability after 24 h of incubation increased by uniform distribution of bioactive particles. Moreover, fabricated biocomposites with homogenous distribution of Zn2+ and Cu2+ ions showed higher ALP activity. Our findings propose that Mg–ZnO and Mg–Cu/ZnO biocomposites with homogenous dispersion of bioactive particles can be promising candidates for bone tissue regeneration applications.

Adaptive boundary layer double integral sliding mode controller design for leukemia therapy

SummaryPresence of leukocytes in huge amount in the bone marrow and blood causes blood cancer or leukemia. In leukemia, number of white blood corpuscles in blood increases rapidly. Chemotherapy treatment is the most useful treatment of leukemia. Although chemotherapy treatment can reduce the cancer cells effectively, it destroys the healthy cells of the body as well. Therefore, it is essential to develop a proper control structure to use the chemotherapy agent effectively to reduce the cancer cells and to keep the normal cells within specified limit. An adaptive boundary layer double integral sliding mode controller is designed in this article for treatment of acute leukemia using chemotherapy. The objective of the designed controller is to control the chemotherapy agent in such a way that the amount of leukemic cell become zero and at the same time, the number of healthy cells should be retained at a desired level. The stability of the designed controller is verified using a Lyapunov function. The consequences of chemotherapy treatment on both natural cells and cancer cell using the designed controller is observed in both monotonic and non‐monotonic therapy function. A comparative analysis is also carried out between the designed controller and some existing controller to verify the effectiveness of the proposed controller.

RF22 | PMON09 BPA and BPF, but not BPS, alter pro- and anti-apoptotic transcript levels in granulosa cells, affecting cell viability.

Abstract Endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) elicit adverse responses in the body, including the disruption of female reproductive functions. A common EDC is Bisphenol A (BPA), which is a frequently used plasticizer. Due to the negative effects of BPA on human health, production of BPA-free products using analogs, such as BPS and BPF, has increased; yet their effects are still largely unknown. Adequate oocyte maturation requires proper functioning of the surrounding environment, consisting of granulosa cells that impact oocyte competency. Granulosa cells are also susceptible to BPA disruption, affecting oocyte maturation and, ultimately, fertility. In our lab, we showed that BPA and BPS significantly increased apoptosis in bovine embryos through increased DNA fragmentation (Saleh et al., 2021). However, the apoptotic pathway used is not fully characterized. Thus, the aim of this study is to investigate how bisphenols affect granulosa cell viability and through which apoptotic pathway. In vitro cultured granulosa cells were exposed for 12 or 48 hrs to six treatment groups: control, vehicle, estradiol, BPA, BPS and BPF at a low dose (0.005 mg/mL) and at the BPA Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL-0.05 mg/mL). Live cells were counted using trypan exclusion. A significant decrease in the number of live cells after BPA treatment at the LOAEL dose for 12 hrs was observed (P=0.02, n=9). mRNA expression of three proapoptotic (BAX, BAD, Casp9) and two antiapoptotic (HSP70 and BCl-2) genes was quantified by qPCR. A significant increase in BAX transcript levels after 12 hrs of exposure to BPA and BPF at the LOAEL dose (P=0.046, P= 0.033, n=6) as well as in BAD (P= 0.049, n=3) and Casp9 (P=0.049, n=4) levels after BPA exposure at the LOAEL dose was detected. Interestingly, at the 48 hr timepoint, a significant increase in BAD (P= 0.018, n= 9), BAX (P=0.002, n=10), and Casp9 (P=0.015, n=5) transcript levels was observed only following BPF treatment at the LOAEL dose. Despite expecting a decrease, both anti-apoptotic transcripts, at 12 and 48 hrs, showed increased levels following exposure to BPA and/or BPF at the LOAEL dose. This suggests an early first line of defense or shock response. Future protein analysis will help in further understanding these unexpected findings. To quantify apoptosis levels, flow cytometry together with Annexin V/PI staining was used. Results indicate that after 48 hrs of treatment, BPA at the LOAEL dose significantly increases late apoptosis (P=0.004, n=5) and necrosis (P=0.0014, n=5), while showing a significant decrease in the number of healthy cells (P=0.0007, n=5). Preliminary data also show a similar pattern after BPA treatment for 12 hrs. This research aims to further our knowledge of the mechanisms by which bisphenols affect oocyte competency and suggests that BPF might have equivalent potency and effects to BPA. Presentation: Monday, June 13, 2022 12:30 p.m. - 2:30 p.m.

A fuzzy generalized predictive controller to optimal drug dosage therapy of mathematical modeling of HIV

This paper proposes a fuzzy-GPC based on a mathematical model of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to determine the drug dosage and control the progression of the illness. For this purpose, a Takagi-Sugeno (TS) fuzzy model is generated to identify the nonlinear behavior of HIV. The parameters of HIV are estimated by the least square error (LSE) estimation method. Moreover, three scenarios are proposed to control HIV. In scenario 1, according to TS fuzzy model, generalized Predictive Control (GPC) is designed for a daily base drug therapy. Scenario 2 and 3 are more practical. In scenario 2, since the biological behavior of patients are different, the variation in the patients biology is taken into account by generating data according to a group of patients with varying parameters in their mathematical model. In senario3, since daily diagnosis of patient’s health is costly, it is assumed that a patient information is available every month, and drug dosage is determined each month. As a result of which, the sample time of the measurement increases to 30 make it a multi-rate system. The result shows that the TS fuzzy models the mathematical model of HIV very well, and in all scenarios, the proposed controller has a good performance and the number of healthy cells are controlled in acceptable amount.

Multi-objective NSBGA-II control of HIV therapy with monthly output measurement

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a worldwide dangerous and feared disease. However, when it is controlled in the body by drugs called antiretroviral therapy, the patient can have almost a normal life. This paper develops a new method based on a multi-objective controller to design an optimal treatment for a mathematical model of HIV. The suggested controller determines the control action or the drug dosage by using a non-dominating sorting binary genetic algorithm (NSBGA-II). The multi-objective approach is performed by considering the Pareto solution of two cost functions. The first cost function is based on the error between the healthy cells and the reference one, which should be minimized to improve the person’s health. Another cost function is defined to minimize the amount of drug dosage, cost, and side effects. Since the number of healthy cells and viruses is determined by a blood test, to be closer to reality, it is assumed that the number of healthy cells is only measured every month and the drug dosage is designed for a month. This is the main advantage of the proposed therapy over state-of-the-art methods. The drug dosage is computed in two ways of changing daily and weekly. Three realistic scenarios are simulated and the obtained results are compared to other metaheuristic approaches. The results show that the drug dosage planning based on the proposed NSBGA-II outperforms the state-of-the-art methods and decreases the quantity and rate of change of drug and maintains the number of healthy cells near the desired values faster. Moreover, the developed approach is robust against HIV patient model parameter uncertainties.

Puberty Induced Gingival Enlargement

Gingival hyperplasia is an atypical increase in the number of healthy cells in normal arrangement in a tissue...

Cell Proliferation and Cytotoxicity Assays.

Cell viability is defined as the number of healthy cells in a sample and proliferation of cells is a vital indicator for understanding the mechanisms in action of certain genes, proteins and pathways involved cell survival or death after exposing to toxic agents. Generally, methods used to determine viability are also common for the detection of cell proliferation. Cell cytotoxicity and proliferation assays are generally used for drug screening to detect whether the test molecules have effects on cell proliferation or display direct cytotoxic effects. Regardless of the type of cell-based assay being used, it is important to know how many viable cells are remaining at the end of the experiment. There are a variety of assay methods based on various cell functions such as enzyme activity, cell membrane permeability, cell adherence, ATP production, co-enzyme production, and nucleotide uptake activity. These methods could be basically classified into different categories: (I) dye exclusion methods such as trypan blue dye exclusion assay, (II) methods based on metabolic activity, (III) ATP assay, (IV) sulforhodamine B assay, (V) protease viability marker assay, (VI) clonogenic cell survival assay, (VII) DNA synthesis cell proliferation assays and (V) raman micro-spectroscopy. In order to choose the optimal viability assay, the cell type, applied culture conditions, and the specific questions being asked should be considered in detail. This particular review aims to provide an overview of common cell proliferation and cytotoxicity assays together with their own advantages and disadvantages, their methodologies, comparisons and intended purposes.

Neuroprotective Role of Trolox in Hippocampus after Ischemia Reperfusion Injury in Mouse.

Cerebral ischemia is worldwide the third largest cause of mortality and disability in old people, and oxidative stress plays a considerable role in this process. In this study, for the fi rst time, we evaluated the effects of Trolox as an antioxidative agent in ischemia induced by reperfusion. Twenty-four Syrian male mice were randomly divided into the 3 groups. Both common carotid arteries of Syrian mice were ligated bilaterally for 20 min, blood fl ow was restored and Trolox (50 mg/kg) was immediately injected after induced ischemia. Shuttle box results showed an improvement in memory in the Trolox group compared to the ischemia group, however, these improvements were not signifi cant. Histopathological results showed a signifi cant increase in the number of healthy cells in the hippocampal CA1 region in the Trolox group compared to the ischemia group (p < 0.001). Also, caspase-3, as an apoptosis marker, was signifi cantly decreased in the Trolox group compared to the ischemia group (p < 0.01). Ultimately, as an anti-apoptotic factor, c-JUN was increased statistically in the Trolox group compared to the ischemia group (p < 0.01). Our study showed that after cerebral ischemia reperfusion, Trolox prescription increased anti-apoptotic proteins and decreased proapoptotic proteins thus protects neurons of the hippocampus and caused improvement of memory. Ultimately, these results would suggest some important treatment strategies after cerebral ischemia reperfusion.

Histological , Histochemical and Immunohistological Comparative Study between Ranitidine and Rebamipide in Gastric Mucosal Protection after Dexamethasone Induced Injury in Adult Male Albino Rats

Background: Gastritis can be caused by many factors, one of them is drugs, and among these drugs is dexamethasone that has many uses in medicine. Dexamethasone prevent synthesis of gastric mucous barrier by surface epithelial cells, so the stomach wall will be injured by digestive enzymes and stomach HCl. Treatment of gastritis can be done by antisecretory drugs like H2 receptors blocker as ranitidine or by drugs that stimulate prostaglandins synthesize by surface epithelial cells of gastric mucosa to form the mucous barrier like rebamipide. Aim of the work: Comparison between ranitidine and rebamipide to detect which mechanism is better in gastric mucosal protection after dexamethasone administration. Material and methods: Twenty male albino rats were included in this study, they were divided into four groups, control group, dexamethasone administrated group, dexamethasone and ranitidine administrated group, dexamethasone and rebamipide administrated group, each group contained five rats. The examined samples were stained with hematoxylin & eosin stain, PAS & Alcian blue stains and TdT reaction, all of the results were statistically analyzed. Results: The result showed improvement of the gastric mucosa by using both of ranitidine and rebamipide as protective agents against injury induced by dexamethasone but the improvement was better in the group that was administrated rebamipide as indicated by better number of healthy cells, low numbers of damaged cells and better formed mucous barrier.Conclusion: The drug that stimulates mucous barrier formation is better than antisecretory drug in gastric mucosa protection.

Optimal Antiviral Treatment Strategies of HBV Infection Model with Logistic Hepatocyte Growth

This study considers an optimal therapy strategy for HBV infection by incorporating two controls laws into a previous hepatitis B viral infection model with logistic hepatocyte growth. Our goal is to maximize the number of healthy cells and to minimize the cost of the therapy. In this context, the existence of an optimal control is proved. The optimal control is obtained by solving the optimality system which was composed of three nonlinear ODEs with initial conditions and three nonlinear adjoint ODEs with transversality conditions. The results were analysed and interpreted numerically using MATLAB.

On optimal and suboptimal treatment strategies for a mathematical model of leukemia

In this work an optimization problem for a leukemia treatment model based on the Gompertzian law of cell growth is considered. The quantities of the leukemic and of the healthy cells at the end of the therapy are chosen as the criterion of the treatment quality. In the case where the number of healthy cells at the end of the therapy is higher than a chosen desired number, an analytical solution of the optimization problem for a wide class of therapy processes is given. If this is not the case, a control strategy called alternative is suggested.

Proliferation, Apoptosis and Expression of Non-Collagenous Proteins: Differences between the Upper and the Lower Jaw Bone in vitro

One of the effects observed during several screening studies for osteocompatibility in vitro was that cells derived from the upper and lower jaw exhibited distinct differences regarding proliferation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine systematically whether a single osteoblast possesses abilities which are specific to the upper or lower jaw. Both human maxillary and mandibular bone samples without any clinical or radiographic evidence of pathology were obtained from 4 male donors aged between 40 and 45 years. Cells were cultured for up to 25 days to investigate in vitro development. Total and apoptotic cell numbers were estimated by image analysis. Cells were identified as bone-like cells using immunocytochemical determination of bone sialoprotein (BSP) and osteocalcin expression. The number of healthy cells was significantly higher for cells of the lower jaw compared to those of the upper jaw. The number of apoptotic cells showed an inverse pattern. The expression pattern of osseo-inductive BSP correlated with the proliferation rate of the cells. The pattern of osteocalcin expression was related to the number of apoptotic cells. Our findings are new but were anticipated regarding the well-known differences in the healing process around implants in the lower jaw versus the upper jaw. Additionally, a relationship between our results and some diseases of the lower/upper jaw seems obvious. Future work on cell responses to biomaterials should define the origin of the cells more precisely.

An Efficient Therapy Strategy under a Novel HIV Model

By incorporating the chemotherapy into a previous model describing the interaction of the immune system with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), this paper proposes a novel HIV virus spread model with control variables. Our goal is to maximize the number of healthy cells and, meanwhile, to minimize the cost of chemotherapy. In this context, the existence of an optimal control is proved. Experimental results show that, under this model, the spread of HIV virus can be controlled effectively.