Number Of Fiber Cells Research Articles

Transcriptome analysis of fiber development under high-temperature stress in flax (Linum usitatissimum L.)

In recent years, frequent extreme climates (including high temperatures) have increasingly threatened the production of crops. Flax is a crop suitable for growing in a cool environment, and its fiber formation is greatly affected by temperature. However, the understanding of the regulatory effect of high-temperature (HT) stress on fiber development at the RNA level is limited. In this study, we selected three developmental stages of flax fiber (fiber elongation stage, fiber cell thickening stage, and fiber maturity stage), combined with second-generation and 3rd-generation transcriptome sequencing, to explore how HT (30 ℃) stress affects the development of flax fiber at the molecular level. The number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of the bast in the fiber elongation stage, fiber cell thickening stage, and fiber maturity stage were 2889, 3131, and 5244, respectively. In these three stages, HT had different effects on the development of fiber cells. Through Weight gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and gene co-expression network analysis, hub gene Lus10007349 (XTH) involved in the process of fiber cell expansion and cell wall thickening, and it was sensitive to HT stress and serves as a candidate gene for subsequent research. In addition, we found that under HT stress, the number of fiber cells, cell wall thickness, phloem thickness, and fiber cell area decreased. Determined the chemical composition of the final harvested fiber under HT stress, in which the content of cellulose and acid-soluble lignin was reduced, and the content of pectin was increased. The results of a large number of DEGs sequencing will broaden our understanding of the complex molecular and cellular events in the development of flax phloem fibers affected by HT stress, and lay the foundation for the improvement of flax fibers in the future.

Studi Pertumbuhan Mikroskopis: Pengaruh Suhu dan Curah Hujan terhadap Aktivitas Kambium pada Kayu Jelutung

The cambium activity in wood formation is highly affected by temperature and rainfall. The aim of the present study was to investigate the cambium activities, i.e., cell number, cell proportion, and cell size during the growth period of jelutong wood. The pinning method was employed as the marking for initiating the observations on the formation and sizes of wood cells. The results revealed three patterns of the effect of the change in temperature and rainfall. First, when both temperature and rainfall increase, the number of fiber cells number increases, while the vessel cells, parenchyma cells, and rays decrease. The size of new fiber cells alters in which cell diameter, lumen diameter, and cell wall thickness increase, but fiber length decreases. This pattern forms short cells with thick cell walls. In the observation when temperature increases and rainfall decreases, the number of fiber cells and vessel cells increases while the number of parenchyma cells and rays decreases. New fiber cells have an increase in cell diameter, lumen diameter, and fiber length, but a decrease in cell wall thickness. The cells formed in the second pattern are long cells with thin cell walls. The third observation is when the temperature increases and rainfall decreases. In this pattern, the number of fiber cells, vessel cells, and cell size decrease, but the number of parenchyma cells and rays increases. This pattern forms short cells and thick cell walls. It causes variations in the properties of wood and affects the wood quality.
 Kata kunci (Keywords): cambium activity, temperature, rainfall, wood formation.

Fiber cell development and fiber yield of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) affected by the seasonal temperature pattern

Du, G.-H., Liu, F.-H. and Rowland, G. 2015. Fiber cell development and fiber yield of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) affected by the seasonal temperature pattern. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 1215–1220. Three fiber flax cultivars ‘Ariane’, ‘Argos’ and ‘Viking’ were cultured in growth chambers under three seasonal temperature patterns (STPs) [parabolic (P), anti-parabolic (AP) and quasi-horizontal (QH) configurations]. The effect of STP was studied on fiber cell development and on fiber yield. The results indicated that, compared with the quasi-horizontal seasonal temperature pattern (QH-STP), the size of fiber cell cavity (SFCC) and fiber content (FC) decreased under parabolic seasonal temperature pattern (P-STP). However, the size of fiber cell (SFC) and SFCC decreased, but the number of fiber cells per bundle (NFCB) increased under anti-parabolic seasonal temperature pattern (AP-STP). Moreover, there was a significant positive correlation between fiber weight (FW) and width of fiber bundle (WFB), also between FC and NFCB. Considering the response of fiber flax cultivars to the different STPs, ‘Ariane’ had smaller SFC and SFCC, thinner thickness of fiber cell wall (TFCW) under AP-STP, and smaller SFCC and thicker TFCW under P-STP than under QH-STP, while ‘Argos’ had smaller SFC and SFCC, and higher NFCB under AP-STP, and smaller SFC under P-STP than under QH-STP. However, STPs had little effect on the fiber cell development of ‘Viking’. All three cultivars had high FC under AP-STP than under P-STP. These observations indicate that the fiber cell development and fiber yield of flax were related to the STP and suggest that AP-STP are the most favorable temperature conditions for fiber flax growth.

Functional verification of a porcine myostatin propeptide mutant.

Myostatin is a member of TGF-β superfamily that acts as a key negative regulator in development and growth of embryonic and postnatal muscles. In this study, the inhibitory activities of recombinant porcine myostatin propeptide and its mutated form (at the cleavage site of metalloproteinases of BMP-1/TLD family) against murine myostatin was evaluated in vivo by intraperitoneal injection into mice. Results showed that both wild type and mutated form of porcine propeptide significantly inhibited myostatin activity in vivo. The average body weight of mice receiving wild type propeptide or its mutated form increased by 12.5 % and 24.14%, respectively, compared to mice injected with PBS, implying that the in vivo efficacy of porcine propeptide mutant is greater than its wild type propeptide. Transgenic mice expressing porcine myostatin propeptide mutant were generated to further verify the results obtained from mice injected with recombinant porcine propeptide mutant. Compared with wild type (non-transgenic) mice, relative weight of gastrocnemius, rectusfemoris, and tibialis anterior increased by 22.14 %, 34.13 %, 25.37%, respectively, in transgenic male mice, and by 19.90 %, 42.47 %, 45.61%, respectively, in transgenic female mice. Our data also demonstrated that the mechanism by which muscle growth enhancement is achieved by these propeptides is due to an increase in fiber sizes, not by an increase in number of fiber cells.

Fiber cell development and fiber yield of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) affected by the seasonal temperature pattern

Du, G.-H., Liu, F.-H. and Rowland, G. 2015. Fiber cell development and fiber yield of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) affected by the seasonal temperature pattern. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 1215-1220. Three fiber flax cultivars ‘Ariane’, ‘Argos’ and ‘Viking’ were cultured in growth chambers under three seasonal temperature patterns (STPs) [parabolic (P), anti-parabolic (AP) and quasi-horizontal (QH) configurations]. The effect of STP was studied on fiber cell development and on fiber yield. The results indicated that, compared with the quasi-horizontal seasonal temperature pattern (QH-STP), the size of fiber cell cavity (SFCC) and fiber content (FC) decreased under parabolic seasonal temperature pattern (P-STP). However, the size of fiber cell (SFC) and SFCC decreased, but the number of fiber cells per bundle (NFCB) increased under anti-parabolic seasonal temperature pattern (AP-STP). Moreover, there was a significant positive correlation between fiber weight (FW) and width of fiber bundle (WFB), also between ...

Cotton fibers can undergo cell division

Ovular culture was used to determine the cell cycle aspects of cotton fiber cells. Each ovule (Gossypium hirsutum, cultivar, MD51 ne) grown under the conditions used has ~10 000 fiber cells at 4 d postanthesis. About 25% of these cells divide when ovules are cultured at 34C. Mitosis occurs after fiber cells differentiate, producing multicelled fibers. The basal and tip cells of multicelled fibers have the same characteristics as the polar ends of single-celled fibers. Most cell division occurs in ovules cultured at 2-3 d postanthesis. Multicelled fibers are rare in ovules cultured at 1 d postanthesis and absent if cultured at 7 d postanthesis. No multicelled fibers are detectable on ovules sampled from the plant regardless of age. Fiber cell division occurs in the absence of exogenous hormones. The addition of IAA and GA3 to the medium lowers the frequency of multicelled fibers. IAA alone further reduces their frequency, while GA3 by itself has no effect. The number of fiber cells per cultured ovule ranges between 9462 and 11 087 and is not significantly different from the 9892 seen in the plant at 4 d postanthesis. These findings show that a subpopulation of fiber cells, fully differentiated in appearance, retain cell cycle functions up to 4 d postanthesis.

Host plant traits associated with resistance of ponderosa pine to the sawfly, Neodiprionfulviceps

Phenotypic variation in defoliation of ponderosa pine, Pinusponderosa Laws., by the pine sawfly, Neodiprionfulviceps, is reported. Two field and one laboratory bioassays of paired phenotypically resistant and susceptible trees consistently indicated that sawfly egg, larval, and total survival were 5–14% lower on resistant trees. A suite of host-plant traits were assayed on resistant and susceptible trees including anatomical characteristics of the needles and concentration of terpene and nitrogen. Resistant trees had thicker outer cell layers, more fiber cells, higher toughness, and lower soluble nitrogen than susceptible trees. Resistant and susceptible trees were not distinguished by differences in terpenes. Generational survival of N. fulviceps was inversely related to foliage toughness and number of fiber cells.

The influence of soil reaction upon the growth of the ramie plant

The author carried out an experiment for the purpose of drawing some knowledge on the relation of soil reaction to the growth behavior of the ramie plant, with a variety Saikeisaishin as the material. 8 plots of every five pots were arranged, one of them being a control and the other being applied with either flower of sulphur or slaked lime to regulate the soil reactions. The results were as follows ; On acidic soils. the plant stems were short and slender, being small in number, and the average days for shooting as well as those for full development of fiber cells were prolonged, but the number of fiber cells were greater, the individual cell being round in section, fine and long. The stem yields were, however, very small. On alkaline soils, with pH beyond 8.0, the growth was worse than on the control soil, the yields decreased, and the fiber cells were thick, eliptical in section, and shoft. The plant growth was gernerally most vigorous at pH 6.0 or 7.0.

Some Physiological Factors Influencing the Production of Flax Fiber Cells1

Photo-micrographs from seedling flax stems prove that the flax fiber cells arise from the pericycle. Flax plants eventually attain the greatest height in short periods (10 hours) of light per day but elongate and mature the quickest in long periods (18 hours) of light per day. The short-day plants yielded 8 times as much fiber as the long-day plants. The height of a flax plant more than anything else determines how much fiber it contains. A complete nutrient solution was necessary in water cultures to produce the tallest seedlings. Nitrogen, particularly in combination with other elements, produced the longest stems in field-grown seedling plants, but results from these same fertility plats showed that plants fertilized with phosphorus and potassium equalled or surpassed the nitrogen plats at maturity. Combinations of potassium and nitrogen seem to be desirable for best results. Seedling field-grown plants gave the highest percentages of fiber with the following treatments: 4-0-0, 4-16-0, and 4-16-8. The percentage of fiber in the mature field-grown plants was twice as great as it was in the seedling plants. Some of the results substantiate the conclusions of other workers that phosphorus increases the fiber percentage and that nitrogen decreases it, but there were exceptions to this rule. The number of fiber cells increases after seedling plants are 6 weeks old. The number of fiber cells in field-grown seedling plants increased with additions of fertilizers, but no significant increase or decrease was obtained in mature stems for any fertilizer treatment when compared with the check. The area of fiber cells as seen in cross-section is closely correlated with the area of stem, and fertilizers tending to increase the area of stem and probably the number of fiber cells will increase the area of fiber cells. Water cultures which produced the best yields of fiber were high in phosphorus and medium high in potassium. The 0-16-8, 4-16-8, 8-16-8, and 4-16-16 treatments gave the largest yields of fiber in cu. mm. per stem for seedling field-grown flax plants. Mature field-grown plants gave the largest yields of fiber in cu. mm. per stem with the following treatments: 4-0-8, CaCO3 6000 pounds, 0-0-0, and 0-0-8. Medium high yields of fiber in cu. mm. per stem were obtained with the treatments 4-16-16 and 4-16-8. A study of the various cultures leads to the conclusion that a fertilizer analysis closely approximating a 4-16-8 is the most desirable for fiber flax where little is known regarding the soil requirements.