Number Of Female Sexual Partners Research Articles

Prevalence and persistence of HPV-16 molecular variants in the anal canal of men: The HIM study

BackgroundHPV-16 causes approximately 90% of anal canal (AC) cancers worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and persistence of HPV-16 genetic variants in the AC of men from three different countries (Brazil, Mexico and United States) and to further identify sociodemographic and behavioral factors associated with these infections. MethodsParticipants from the multinational prospective HPV Infection in Men (HIM) Study who had at least one HPV-16 positive AC swab were included. Characterization into HPV-16 genetic variants was successfully performed by PCR-sequencing in 95.6% (217/227) samples and these were classified into HPV-16 lineages and sublineages. ResultsWe observed higher prevalence of lineage A variants, mainly from A1 sublineage, in all countries. Non-A lineage variants were mostly detected in men from Brazil, where higher diversity of sublineage variants was detected during follow-up. Compare to men detected with Non-A HPV-16 lineage variants, men infected with lineage A reported a higher lifetime number of female sexual partners. Finally, a significantly higher prevalence of Non-A lineage variants was observed among men who have sex with men (MSM) with a transient HPV-16 AC infection (p = 0.033), but no significant differences regarding variants lineages and persistence status were observed when stratified by country, self-reported ethnicity or age. ConclusionsOur data extend previous reports which indicate that globally HPV-16 variants are unevenly distributed, and contribute further to studies of the natural history of AC HPV infections in men.

The role of circumcision, tobacco, and alcohol use in genital human papillomavirus infection among men from Denmark.

It is crucial to understand the natural history of genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in men to prevent the increasing male HPV-related disease burden. We evaluated the associations between HPV infection and circumcision, smoking, and alcohol use after accounting for sexual behavior. The study included 2331 male personnel from Danish barracks. Penile swabs were tested for HPV DNA with a polymerase chain reaction assay, INNO-LiPA. All men completed a self-administered questionnaire providing data on potential risk factors for HPV such as lifestyle and sexual habits. Using multivariable logistic regression, associations between potential risk factors and HPV infection were estimated and expressed as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Current cigarette smoking was associated with increased odds of HPV detection (OR = 1.2; 95% CI: 1.0-1.4), but we found no association with alcohol use in the analysis adjusted for sexual behavior. Circumcision reduced the odds of a prevalent HPV infection (OR = 0.7; 95% CI: 0.5-1.0) although not statistically significantly. Strong associations with lifetime and recent number of female sex partners were observed, but in contrast to uncircumcised men, increasing number of sex partners was not associated with higher HPV prevalence in circumcised men. In conclusion, smoking was associated with increased odds of penile HPV in men from the general population in Denmark, whereas circumcision seemed to reduce the risk. Moreover, our results indicated that there might be differences in the viral susceptibility between circumcised and uncircumcised men.

Country-specific HPV-related genital disease among men residing in Brazil, Mexico and The United States: The HIM study.

The purpose of this study was to assess whether the incidence of histopathologically confirmed condyloma and penile intraepithelial neoplasia (PeIN) and rates of genital HPV infection progression to these lesions differs by country (Brazil, Mexico and the U.S.). At each visit, lesions were biopsied and were categorized by pathologic diagnoses. The Linear Array genotyping method was used to identify HPV genotypes from genital swabs, while the INNO-LiPA HPV Genotyping Extra method was used for tissue specimens. Age-specific analyses were conducted for lesion incidence by country, with Kaplan-Meier estimation of cumulative incidence. The proportion of HPV infections that progressed to condyloma and PeIN, the median time to lesion development and the incidence rates were estimated by country. When comparing demographic and sexual characteristics across the three countries, sexual orientation (p = 0.008) and lifetime number of female sexual partners (p < 0.0001) were differentially associated with lesion incidence in the three countries. Condyloma incidence in Brazil and the U.S. decreased with age, while incidence remained constant across the lifespan in Mexico. There were no differences by country and age for PeIN incidence. HPV types 6 and 11 were the most common types to progress to condyloma and HPV types 16, 6 and 11 were the most common types to progress to PeIN in all three countries. The continuous risk of condyloma and PeIN across all age groups and countries in this study emphasizes the need to ensure that strong HPV immunity, such as that obtained through vaccination, is maintained across the lifespan of men.

Incidence, Duration, Persistence, and Factors Associated With High-risk Anal Human Papillomavirus Persistence Among HIV-negative Men Who Have Sex With Men: A Multinational Study.

Given high rates of anal disease, we investigated the natural history of high-risk anal human papillomavirus (HPV) among a multinational group of men who have sex with men (MSM) aged 18-64 years. Anal specimens from human immunodeficiency virus-negative men from Brazil, Mexico, and the United States were genotyped. Over 2 years, 406 MSM provided evaluable specimens every 6 months for ≥2 visits. These men were stratified into men who have sex only with men (MSOM, n = 70) and men who have sex with women and men (MSWM, n = 336). Persistence was defined as ≥12 months' type-specific duration and could begin with either a prevalent or incident infection. Prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated by Poisson regression. Median follow-up time was 2.1 years. Retention was 82%. Annual cumulative incidence of 9-valent vaccine types was 19% and 8% among MSOM and MSWM, respectively (log-rank P = .02). Duration of anal HPV did not differ for MSOM and MSWM and was a median of 6.9 months for HPV-16 after combining men from the 2 groups. Among men with prevalent high-risk infection (n = 106), a total of 36.8%, retained the infection for at least 24 months. For those with prevalent HPV-16 (n = 27), 29.6% were persistent for at least 24 months. Persistence of high-risk HPV was associated with number of male anal sex partners and inversely associated with number of female sex partners. MSM with prevalent high-risk HPV infection should be considered at increased risk for nontransient infection.

Hepatitis Delta Virus Infection in Romania: Prevalence and Risk Factors.

Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) infection is associated with accelerated progression of fibrosis, early occurrence of hepatic decompensation and an increased risk for hepatocellular carcinoma. Epidemiological data on hepatitis delta virus (HDV) in Romania are still lacking. To assess the prevalence, virological, clinical and epidemiological features of HDV infection in Romanian patients. We conducted a multicenter study in 10 centers. Data on sociodemographic characteristics and potential risk factors were collected through a questionnaire. Virological markers of HBV and HDV infection, biochemical and clinical features of liver disease were evaluated. The study population comprised 2,761 HBsAg(+) patients with a mean age of 43.8+/-13.8 years, out of whom 5.2% were HBeAg(+) and 55.7% were males. Liver cirrhosis was detected in 17.9% of patients, while 80.4% had chronic hepatitis. The prevalence of IgG anti-HDV(+) patients was 23.1%, out of whom 16.4% were HDV RNA positive. The highest prevalence of HDV infection was encountered in patients aged 50-59 years (28.9%) and patients aged >/= 60 (24.8%) (p=0.0001). Seroprevalence of HDV was significantly higher in AgHBs(+) cirrhotics vs. noncirrhotics (43.4% vs 19.0%, p=0.0001). Risk factors for HDV infection were: occupational hazard, no HCV chronic infection, lack of anti-HBV vaccination, presence of blood transfusions, any previous surgery, frequent hospitalization or endoscopies, tattoos, body piercing, use of glass syringes, number of female sexual partners. HBsAg(+) population in Romania is characterized by a high prevalence of HBeAg(-) HBV infection as well as HDV co-infection. A cohort phenomenon for HDV prevalence is also observed similar to that of HCV/HBV monoinfections.

P09.26 Trends in gonorrhoea positivity by nucleic acid amplification testing versus culture in heterosexual men in victoria, australia, 2007–2014

Introduction A three-fold increase in Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonorrhoea) notifications was reported amongst low prevalence women without a change in the proportion positive by culture, suggesting that screening for gonorrhoea by nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) is not recommended in low prevalence populations due to low specificity of detection. This study aimed to identify whether there is a change in the rates of gonorrhoea positivity by culture in heterosexual men in Victoria, consistent with increased notifications. Methods Three data sources from 2007 to 2014 were used: notification data from the Victorian Department of Health, Medicare Item numbers for single and duplex chlamydia NAATs, and the proportion of new patients attending Melbourne Sexual Health Centre (MSHC) with gonorrhoea diagnosed by culture. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to examine the association between gonorrhoea positivity and known risk factors. Results Gonorrhoea notifications by NAAT in heterosexual men in Victoria increased from 38 in 2007 to 169 in 2014. There has been a five-fold increase in annual Medicare Items for chlamydia and a second NAAT, whilst only a modest increase in chlamydia only NAAT. A total of 28,014 heterosexual men attended MSHC for first consultation between 2007 and 2014, and the overall gonorrhoea positivity by culture at MSHC was 0.93% (n = 260). No significant trend in annual gonorrhoea positivity (aOR 1.04, 95% CI: 0.97–1.10, p = 0.270) was observed after adjusting for age, number of female sexual partners and condom use in the last three months, recent arrival in Australia, and previous sex overseas. Conclusion These data suggest gonorrhoea positivity in heterosexual men is stable, despite increasing notification rates. An increase in false positive results due to low specificity of gonorrhoea NAAT may explain the observed trend. Disclosure of interest statement This work was supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) program grant APP1071269. No funding was received from pharmaceutical or biotechnology sectors.

Non-disclosure of Sexual Orientation to Parents Associated with Sexual Risk Behaviors Among Gay and Bisexual MSM in China.

The objective of this study was to explore the relationship between non-disclosure of sexual orientation to parents and sexual risk behaviors among gay and bisexual men who have sex with men (MSM) in China. A total of 295 eligible participants (gay n = 179, bisexual n = 116) were recruited from MSM venues and MSM organizations in Anhui Province, China. Overall, 16.6 % of participants chose to disclose their sexual orientation to parents. Fewer bisexual participants chose to disclose their sexual orientation than gay participants (9.5 vs. 21.2 %, p < 0.01). A multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that non-disclosers were more likely than disclosers to report having one or more female sex partners among gay and bisexual MSM (AOR = 2.91), non-disclosure of sexual orientation to parents was positively associated with the number of female sex partners (AOR = 3.40) and with engagement in unprotected anal intercourse with men (AOR = 2.49) among gay MSM, in the past 6 months. Our findings indicated that HIV/AIDS intervention programs should promote the disclosure of sexual orientation and should design interventions specific to gay and bisexual MSM separately.

Relationship between anxiety and depression symptoms and their associations with HIV high risk sexual behaviors among men who have sex with men (MSM)

Objective To study the relationship between anxiety and depression symptoms and the relationships of HIV related behaviors with anxiety,depression and their comorbidity among men who have sex with men(MSM),so as to provide evidence for HIV behavior intervention.Methods Nonrandom sampling was applied to recruit MSM.Self-Rating Anxiety Scale(SAS)and The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale(CES-D)were used to evaluate the anxiety and depression symptoms.The participants were divided into four groups according to the results:anxiety,depression,their comorbidity and negative groups.The differences in HIV related behaviors among the four groups were compared and the canonical correlation analysis was used to study the relationship between anxiety and depression symptoms.Results Totally 854 MSM were surveyed in the present study.The detection rate of anxiety was 31.97%(273/854)and that of depression was 45.55%(389/854).The positive rate of comorbid anxiety and depression was 27.28%(233/854).Variance analysis showed that anxiety,depression and their comorbidity were correlated with 4demographic characteristics:registered residence,educational level,sexual orientation and history of sexually transmitted disease(STD)(P0.05);three HIV related behaviors(number of female sexual partners,looking for partner via the internet in recent 6 months,and providing or getting commercial sex services in recent 6months)were correlated with anxiety,depression and their comorbidity(P0.05).The canonical correlation analysis showed that depressed affect(X1),somatic and retarded activity(X3)of depression had a positive impact on anxiety and panic(Y1),somatic control(Y3)and gastrointestinal sensations(Y4)of anxiety;positive affect(X2)had a positive impact on vestibular sensations(Y2),while education(X6)had a negative influence on it.Conclusion Anxiety and depression are common in MSM,and there is a close relation between anxiety and depression symptoms;comorbidity of anxiety and depression is common;and all of them are highly associated with HIV related behaviors.

Perception of primary male sexual partners' characteristics and women's history of sexually transmissible infections in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.

Background Evidence regarding whether male partners' characteristics can influence women's likelihood of getting sexually transmissible infections (STIs) is insufficient and inconsistent. Our study examined associations between women's perception of primary male partners' demographic and behavioural characteristics and women's history of bacterial STI diagnoses among 126 women at risk for STIs in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. All variables were obtained by women's self-report. Due to the excess zeroes of the number of bacterial STI diagnoses for women, we used Zero-Inflated Poisson regression to examine associations of interest. Among women who had one lifetime male partner (n=49), the partner's number of female sexual partners [prevalence ratio (PR)=4.63, 95%CI=1.44-14.88] and number of STI diagnoses (PR=27.32, 95%CI=1.56-477.70) were associated with the woman's number of bacterial STI diagnoses, after adjusting for women's education level. For women who had >1 lifetime male partner (n=77), a greater number of women's bacterial STI diagnoses was also associated with their partners' STI history (PR=9.12, 95% CI=2.44-34.11). An increased risk for STIs in women was associated with both individual characteristics and their primary male partner's behavioural risk factors. Therefore, primary male partners' risk factors should be included in STI risk assessments, treatment and interventions for women.

Setting the scene: locations for meeting sex partners among behaviorally bisexual men in Vientiane, Laos, and opportunities for health promotion.

Behaviorally bisexual men (BBM) in Vientiane, Laos report high-risk sexual behaviors. We explore settings for meeting sex partners and associated risk behaviors among BBM in Laos. BBM and their sexual partners were recruited in Vientiane Capital using modified snowball sampling (2010). Settings for usually meeting sex partners and associations with risk behaviors were assessed. Among 88 BBM, the most common settings for men meeting male, kathoey, and female sex partners were private residences (48%, 37%, 51%, respectively) and hospitality settings (39%, 31%, 40%, respectively). Hospitality settings were more commonly reported by heterosexual-identifying BBM, and private residences more commonly reported by bisexual/homosexual-identifying BBM. Inconsistent condom use was high across partners and settings. Meeting partners in hospitality settings was associated with reporting a high number of female sex partners and frequently drinking alcohol before sex. Our results suggest that targeted health promotion initiatives in bars, clubs, and beer-shops could reach a high proportion of high-risk bisexual men, particularly heterosexual-identifying BBM.

Male-to-male sex among men who inject drugs in Delhi, India: Overlapping HIV risk behaviours

BackgroundHIV among people who inject drugs (PWID) is a major public health challenge in India. This paper examines PWID in Delhi who also have male-to-male sex with a focus on overlapping HIV risk behaviours and the psychosocial correlates of a history of male-to-male anal sex. MethodsWe analysed data collected in April–May of 2012 from a community-based sample of 420 male PWID in Delhi obtained using time location sampling. ResultsOne third (37%) of the men reported a history of anal sex with men, among whom just 16% used a condom at last anal sex. Almost all (93%) participants who had a history of anal sex with men also had sex with women. Chi-square tests revealed that a history of anal sex with men was associated with a higher number of female sexual partners and sharing of needles and syringes. Additionally, unprotected sex at last sex with a male partner was significantly associated with unprotected sex at last sex with regular and paid female partners. Multivariate binary logistic regression revealed that the psychosocial correlates of a history of anal sex with other men were: being aged 18–24 (OR=2.4, p=0.014), illiteracy (OR=1.9, p=0.033), having never been married (OR=2.6, p=0.007), a main source of income of crime/begging (OR=3.1, p=0.019), a duration of injecting drug use greater than 20 years (OR=3.4, p=0.035) and suicidal ideation (OR=1.7, p=0.048). ConclusionMale-to-male sex was associated with psychosocial vulnerability, including a longer history of injecting drug use, suicidal ideation and socio-economic disadvantage. Given the extent of overlapping HIV risk behaviours, HIV programs for PWID would benefit from a strong focus on prevention of sexual HIV transmission, especially among male injectors who also have sex with other men.

A nonsmooth two-sex population model

This paper considers a two-dimensional logistic model to study populations with two genders. The growth behavior of a population is guided by two coupled ordinary differential equations given by a non-differentiable vector field whose parameters are the secondary sex ratio (the ratio of males to females at time of birth), inter-, intra- and outer-gender competitions, fertility and mortality rates and a mating function. For the case where there is no inter-gender competition and the mortality rates are negligible with respect to the density-dependent mortality, using geometrical techniques, we analyze the singularities and the basin of attraction of the system, determining the relationships between the parameters for which the system presents an equilibrium point. In particular, we describe conditions on the secondary sex ratio and discuss the role of the average number of female sexual partners of each male for the conservation of a two-sex species.

Barebacking among men who have sex with men recruited through a Swedish website: associations with sexual activities at last sexual encounter

The research topic of barebacking emerged in the mid-1990s. Since then, a multitude of studies, largely from the United States, have produced invaluable knowledge of factors that help explain the behaviour among men who have sex with men (MSM), and that may contribute to HIV risk reduction programming and advice to counsellors working with barebackers. Given the scant empirical research about barebacking among European MSM, we conducted a survey among 3,634 MSM recruited through a web community in Nordic countries. The objectives of the study were twofold: to describe the sexual activities associated with barebacking behaviour at last sexual encounter, and to evaluate the relationship of barebacking with relevant variables. Men who reported barebacking (n=356) and men who did not (n=3,278) were compared. On the basis of the results of the analyses, the socio-sexual profile of barebackers drawn was one that is at increased risk of acquiring human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other sexually transmitted infections due to their sexual practices, particularly unprotected anal intercourse, but also group sex and rimming. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, the likelihood of engaging in barebacking was higher for MSM who reported more frequent HIV testing (odds ratio (OR)=5.16), a higher number of female sex partners (OR=16.80), using gay cruising places (OR=1.51) and gay chat rooms (OR=2.11).

Oral and genital HPV genotypic concordance between sexual partners

The aim of this study was to verify human papillomavirus (HPV) transmission and genotype concordance among heterosexual couples. Thirty-one married couples were evaluated. All male subjects presented with clinically diagnosed HPV-related malignant or potentially malignant lesions and underwent peniscopy and penile swab. Their female counterparts underwent swabs of the uterine cervix and oral mucosa. HPV-DNA detection was performed by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism. HPV-DNA was detected in the penis, vagina/cervix, and oral cavity of 16 couples (51.61%). Of these, HPV-DNA concordance was observed in 14 couples (87.5%). HPV-DNA was amplified in penile and oral sites of 14 couples. Of these, 13 couples reported fellatio (92.85%), most of them (10 couples, 76.9%) without condom use. HPV-DNA concordance was observed in 7/10 of these couples (70%). The three couples (100%) who reported use of condom during fellatio were HPV-DNA discordant (p = 0.025). Lifetime number of female sexual partners and detection of HPV-DNA in the penile mucosa are surrogate markers of exposure to HPV during marriage. Consistent use of condoms may reduce the risk of HPV transmission. Oral acquisition of HPV from oro-genital contact is influenced by lack of condom use and previous sexual behavior of the male partner. In addition, oral transmission of the virus due to fellatio is as common as genital transmission.

The sexual behavior characteristics and STD infection status of women who have sex with women in Beijing

To study sexual behavioral characteristics, infection status of HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STDs) among women who have sex with women (WSW) in Beijing. A total of 150 WSWs were recruited by snowball sampling in several main types of activity sites of WSW (including NGOs, salons, bars, etc.) in Beijing during September 2010 to April 2011. Information on demographic factors, sexual behavioral characteristics, infection status of STDs, and use of medical care were collected by questionnaire investigation. Serum samples, vaginal and cervical swabs were taken for each subject to test HIV, hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV), syphilis, herpes simplex virus (HSV), neisseria gonorrhoeae, chlamydia trachoma, bacterial vaginosis, trichomonas vaginalis and mycotic vaginitis. The age range of the subjects was from 19 to 46 years old. Approximately 82.67% (124/150) of them aged 20 to 29 years old, and 54.00% (81/150) were unmarried. Approximately 76.67% (115/150) had an education level of college degree or above, and 70.67% (106/150) were migrants. Approximately 66.66% (100/150) of the subjects considered themselves as homosexual, 28.00% (42/150) as bisexual. The age at first homosexual sex ranged from 11 to 30 years old. The median of number of female sex partners in last 1 year was 1, and 33.78% (50/148) of the subjects had 2 or more female sex partners. Approximately 20.27% (30/148) of the subjects applied sex instruments, of which 66.67% (20/30) never or seldom used condoms. Hand-clitoris and hand-vagina contacts were the main types of woman-to-woman sex, accounting for 91.22% (135/148). 12.00% (18/150) of the subjects had sex with men during last year. Among them, 50.00% (9/18) used condoms at last heterosexual sex, and 66.67% (12/18) never or seldom used condoms at last heterosexual sex in past 1 year. One subject provided paid sex service for men, and used condoms every time. In the past one year, 45.33% (68/150) of the subjects had symptoms of STDs, but only 36.76% (25/68) of them sought medical care. The infection rate of STDs was 34.67% (52/150). The infection rates of NG and GV were both 16.11% (24/149), and those of mycotic vaginitis, chlamydia trachoma, and TV were 8.72% (13/149), 4.03% (6/149), and 0.67% (1/150), respectively. The numbers of subjects tested positive for HBV, HCV, and syphilis were all 1. No subjects were found HIV positive or HSV-2 positive. Multiple sexual partners and heterosexual sex behavior were common among WSW in Beijing. More than 1/3 of the subjects were infected with STD.

The influence of male circumcision for HIV prevention on sexual behaviour among traditionally circumcised men in Cape Town, South Africa

We examined the relationship between HIV prevention beliefs related to male circumcision and sexual behaviour/sexually transmitted infection (STI) acquisition among traditionally circumcised men in Cape Town, South Africa. HIV-negative men (n = 304), circumcised for cultural/religious reasons, attending a health clinic in Cape Town, South Africa, completed cross-sectional surveys. Generalized linear models were used to analyse the relationships between unprotected vaginal sex acts, number of female sexual partners, STI diagnoses and male circumcision-related beliefs and risk perceptions. Men who were aware that circumcision offers protection against HIV (relative risk [RR] = 1.19, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.06-1.32, P < 0.01), endorsed risk compensation related to male circumcision (RR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.11-1.12, P < 0.01) and perceived lower risk of HIV infection when circumcised (RR = 1.08, 95% CI = 1.04-1.12, P < 0.01) were more likely to report unprotected vaginal sex acts. Similar patterns were also identified when predicting number of female sexual partners. Men who were more likely to endorse risk compensation related to male circumcision were also more likely to be diagnosed with a chronic STI (odds ratio [OR] = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.06-2.53, P < 0.05). Our findings suggest that we must not overlook the effects of beliefs towards male circumcision for HIV prevention among men traditionally circumcised; doing so may undermine current efforts to reduce HIV transmission through male circumcision.

The Prevalence of Genital HPV and Factors Associated With Oncogenic HPV Among Men Having Sex With Men and Men Having Sex With Women and Men: The HIM Study

Comparative studies of genital human papillomavirus (HPV) among men having sex with men (MSM), men having sex with women and men (MSWM), and men having sex with women (MSW) have not been conducted so far; however, such comparisons may be important for planning prevention strategies like vaccination. Men, aged 18 to 70 years, were enrolled in a study of genital HPV in São Paulo, Brazil; Cuernavaca, Mexico; and Tampa, FL. Men were classified as MSM (n = 170), MSWM (n = 214), and MSW (n = 3326) based on self-reported sexual behavior. Genotyping for HPV was conducted on cells from the penis and scrotum. Prevalence data were adjusted by country. Factors potentially associated with genital HPV were assessed using multivariable Poisson regression. Genital HPV prevalence was typically higher among MSWM than among MSM or MSW for groups of HPV genotypes including nononcogenic types (51%, 36%, and 42%, respectively), and multiple types (37%, 24%, and 29%, respectively). Age and alcohol consumption in the past month were associated with oncogenic HPV among both MSM and MSWM; however, there were no statistically significant associations between sexual behaviors and genital HPV among MSM or MSWM. Prevalence of genital HPV may be higher among MSWM than among MSW or MSM. Number of female sex partners was associated with genital HPV among MSW, but number of male anal sex partners was not associated with genital HPV among MSM and MSWM.

O2-S6.04 An exploratory survey of male sex workers and HIV risk in an urban area of Southwest China

BackgroundLittle knowledge is available on risk behaviours of HIV and basic demographic characteristics in male sex workers (MSW) in the population of men who have sex with men (MSM) in...

P1-S2.64 Demographic characteristics and HIV risk behaviours among men who have sex with men in Guatemala City, Guatemala, 2010

BackgroundIn Central America, surveillance of HIV has been strengthened by regular and systematic collection of HIV, sexually transmitted infection, and behavioural data among most at risk populations. In Guatemala, men...

Factors associated with depressive symptoms among postpartum mothers in a rural district in Uganda

Objectiveacross Africa the prevalence of postpartum depression is a major health problem affecting mothers, their infants and families. The purpose of this study was to explore the factors associated with postpartum depressive symptoms (PDS) among women living in a rural Ugandan district. Designdescriptive correlation design. SettingYoung-Child's Clinic of a public hospital, providing postpartum care services to approximately 450 women and their babies per month in a rural district of Uganda. Participants202 postpartum women who have lived in the rural district both during pregnancy and postpartum period following birth of the current infant of age ≤12 weeks. MeasurementsPDS were measured using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Findingsparticipants' mean age and number of children were 24±4.33 years and 2.85±1.26 children, respectively. Majority of participants were married (61%), delivered the current infant by normal vaginal delivery (91%) at a health facility (86%) and experienced no complications (80%). The mean EPDS score for the sample was 9.5±0.18 and 43% of the participants were found to have PDS (scores ≥10). Statistically significant relationships were found between PDS and factors such as number of female sexual partners the husband has (r=0. 28, p≤0.01); current problems in marriage (r=0.22, p≤0.01), participant's parity (r=−0.24, p≤0.05), infant's ability to breast feed (r=0.28, p≤0.05) and husband support during the postpartum period (r=0. 20, p≤0.05). Conclusionmale partners of postpartum women are a major source of factors associated with PDS in rural areas. Implication for practicemidwifery practitioners in rural settings should emphasise psychosocial assessment and male involvement in postpartum care to increase opportunities of identifying mothers at risk of PDS and implementation of interventions targeting men.