Number Of Female Members Research Articles

A quantitative study on the effectiveness of the governance attributes on ‘industry-wise earnings quality’ in the UK

Despite of positive impacts of the earnings management on the business purposes, many businesses have been suffered due to the audit failures as a result of aggressive earnings management. Therefore, the study on true reflection of earnings management, the controlling factors and how aggressively manipulated earnings quality can be mitigated are the areas of concern these days. For the estimation of earnings management, performance matched discretionary accruals model has been implemented as this model has been identified as the best explanatory models. Thereafter, this research has accumulated the sector-wise earnings management to identify the impact of sectors on the sectorial earnings management. There are eleven different industries involved in the research while four of them have revealed that the managers from certain sectors have got involved in the aggressive earnings management. Further, this research has investigated the impact of the attributes of the corporate governance on the sector-wise earnings management. the variables of corporate governance like managerial ownership, block-holders, institutional ownership and non-executive directors’ fees have significant impact on sector-wise earnings management where other variables like board meeting, board size, number of female members on the board, board independence have not been identified as they have significant impact on controlling earnings management. Univariate and multivariate methods are used to demonstrate the results and to establish the inferences of the outcomes of the research. The use of coefficients (β -value) and p-value are much prominent in this study.

Primum Non Discernere: Glass Ceilings and Female Representation at the European Association of Urology and European Society for Paediatric Urology Annual Meetings, 2012–2022

BackgroundThe term glass ceiling coined by Loden in 1978 is commonly used to describe difficulties faced by minorities and women when trying to move into senior roles. ObjectiveTo analyse trends and patterns for female representation at the European Association of Urology (EAU) and European Society for Paediatric Urology (ESPU) annual general meetings over the past decade. Design, setting, and participantsWe used objective data on female representation in the roles of chairs, moderators, and lecture speakers at the EAU and ESPU meetings from 2012 to 2022. Outcome measurements and statistical analysisWe evaluated gender based representation in paediatric urology sessions at the EAU and ESPU meetings, collecting data on the overall number of sessions, lectures, symposiums, abstract/poster sessions, and courses, and analysed the male/female ratio. Data were derived from printed and digital programmes for the relevant meetings. Results and limitationsDuring the period from 2012 to 2022, the percentage female representation varied from 0% (2012) to a maximum of 35% (2022) at EUA paediatric urology sessions, and from 13.5% (2014) to a maximum of 32% (2022) at ESPU meetings. Both associations show clear progression towards equality. ConclusionsFemale representation at EAU and ESPU meetings has risen over the years, reaching 35% and 32%, respectively, in 2022, which is in line with the number of female members. We hope that this motivates a move towards the equality objectives for 2030. A clear and fundamental societal change is needed, with fair and more consistent institutional policies and framework commitments in the areas of science, medicine, and global health. Gender equality and diversity taskforces are essential to achieve these goals. Patient summaryWe analysed the male/female ratio for participants in annual meetings held by the European Association of Urology and the European Society for Paediatric Urology. From a low level in 2012, the ratio increased to over 30% in 2022, in line with the female membership of the societies. Focus on fair and consistent policies is needed to ensure that women are well represented in medicine.

An assessment of female executives’ influence on bank performance in Indonesia based on critical mass theory

This study examines how female executives affect bank performance in Indonesia’s emerging market. It also investigates whether a critical mass of females on the board of management impacts bank performance. The sample was obtained from 29 banks, which covers 64.5% of publicly listed banks in Indonesia, for the observation period of 2010–2019. This study employs balanced panel data regression analysis, including the year fixed effect. Five surrogate indicators were used for female executives: female Chief Executive Officer (CEO), female Chief Financial Officer (CFO), the presence of females on the board of management, the proportion of female members on the board of management, and the number of female members on the board of management. Critical mass is reached if there are three or more female members on the board of management. The findings suggest that female executives do not significantly impact bank performance. The critical mass suggests a similar result. The findings are consistent and robust for the additional analysis using a lagged independent variable. Nevertheless, the results show that female CEOs positively impact return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE). Empirical findings in Indonesia suggest that female executives do not affect bank performance. The absence of this effect is likely due to unique aspects of Indonesian culture and the structural ownership of firms. However, female CEOs were shown to improve ROE. The findings imply that females are more risk-averse decision makers than males and tend to choose lower-risk investments, which can improve ROA and ROE.

S-30-6: PROMOTION OF DIVERSITY AND INCLUSION (D&I) BY THE JAPANESE SOCIETY OF HYPERTENSION (JSH): JSH ASAHIKAWA DECLARATION

The JSH D&I Committee has been developing various activities related to D&I since 2012. In 2018, we published JSH Statement: Asahikawa Declaration in Promotion of Diversity by the Japanese Society of Hypertension - the JSH Asahikawa Declaration in Hypertension Research. We would like to summarize the activities so far and make use of them in future activities. First, we conducted a questionnaire on the web, grasped the current situation, and set numerical targets. Since then, we have promoted various activities in response to the needs of our members. (1) JSH Women Investigators Award presentation since 2015, (2) Setting up a committee booth at annual meetings to disseminate information, (3) As part of nurturing the next generation, cooperation with the nursery room, start of academic conference tours for children, and cooperation in plans for low-salt education, (4) Promoting website creation and publicity activities, (5) Holding unique lectures at annual meetings, (6) Discovering female human resources, and (7) Appointing medical professionals other than doctors to the committee. Compared to 2014, the number of female members, medical specialists, councilors, chairpersons, speakers, committee chairs, etc. has increased. In this way, D&I activities at JSH have started and are developing. As an activity for ISH2022, we will introduce the contents of a recent member awareness survey. We will continue to listen to the opinions and requests of our members, and we would like to develop it as a meaningful committee through concrete measures and initiatives.

Factors Impacting Online Buying Behaviour of College Girl Student’s Towards Sari

Online purchase of sari is gaining popularity due to various reasons like availability of more designs and varieties, quick change to fashion and the like. Accordingly, an attempt has been made in this paper to know the variables that influence the level of preference of college students towards online purchase of sari. Data for the study have been collected from 148 college students through issue of well- structured questionnaire by adopting convenience sampling technique. Simple Percentage, Weighted Average Ranking and Chi-square test have been used to analyze the data. The study discloses that majority of the college students prefer to purchase sari through Whatsapp group followed by Face book, Instagram, and online shopping websites. The factors that influence college students to purchase sari through online are good quality, more varieties and designs, more choice, time saving, convenient, durability offers and discounts, free delivery and easy return policy. Chi-square test reveals that age, area of residence, family income per month, year of study, number of female members in the family, usage of internet are significantly associated with the level of preference towards online purchase of sari.

Inequality and economic development: a test of the feminization hypothesis in selected African countries

This paper examines the gender inequality and economic development nexus for eight selected African countries. Data for the study were collected from the World Bank’s World Development Indicators for the period 1994−2018. The study employs the Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag model and an error correction mechanism to ascertain the relationship that exists between the variables of interest. To measure the socio-economic and political status of women in the selected African countries, we focus on the following two indicators: female labor force participation, and the proportion of seats held by women in the national parliament. Our findings are inconsistent for different countries. On one hand, we find that in the long run female labor force participation enhances economic development in the following countries: Botswana, Egypt, and Mauritius. On the other hand, the results reveal that the number of female members in the national parliament and female labor force participation decline with advances in economic development in Tunisia and Gabon. We propose that policies that increase women’s access to higher education, female labor force participation, and women's representation in the political space are imperative for women’s empowerment and economic development in Africa.

Do female executives and CEO tenure matter for corporate cash holdings? Insight from a Southeast Asian country

PurposeThis paper aims to investigate the relationship between female executives, chief executive officer (CEO) tenure and corporate cash holdings in the context of the developing Southeast Asian capital market (Indonesia).Design/methodology/approachThe sample was screened from 231 publicly listed companies in the Indonesian Stock Exchange. The period of observation was 2011–2017. Two measures were applied for corporate cash holdings: the ratio of cash and cash equivalent to total assets and cash and cash equivalent to net assets. Three surrogate indicators were used for female executives: female CEO, the proportion of female members in the board of management and the number of female members in the board of management. CEO tenure is the length of time a CEO has been a member of the board of management. This study uses panel data regression analysis, including the fixed effect model with clustered standard errors.FindingsThe empirical evidence indicates that female executives and CEO tenure are positively and negatively associated with corporate cash holdings, respectively, and both are significantly related. Additional analysis using lagged independent variables remains consistent with the main analysis, suggesting that corporate cash holding becomes higher as a female presence in the board of management increases.Research limitations/implicationsEmpirical tests set in Indonesia suggest that female executives are more conservative and risk-averse, thereby holding more cash with a precautionary motive. The findings also imply that CEOs with long tenure focus on long-term performance such as increasing research and development investments or capital expenditure, thus holding less cash. Accordingly, policymakers and regulators should promote diversity issues proportionally and advance to the board level.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the field of executive and CEO studies by enriching the empirical findings in related topics. In addition, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is one of the first studies applying two measures of cash holdings in the setting of a developing Southeast Asian capital market (Indonesia).

Board structure, firm performance and risk: Recent evidence from Greece

This paper examines the relationship between the characteristics of the board and the performance and risk of a firm using data from forty-five Greek listed companies over the period 2015-2018. The analysis considers various alternative performance measures, both accounting-based and stock-based, as well as two measures for risk. The board characteristics considered are the size of the board, the number of female members on the board, the number of non-executive members on the board, and the duality regarding the roles of the chief executive officer (CEO) and the president of the board. As far as the board size is concerned, the results show no significant impact on performance. This finding is in line with past studies on Greek companies. On the contrary, the presence of women on the board seems to be negatively related to performance. The same seems to be the case for the non-executive members, especially when the stock returns are taken into consideration. Finally, when it comes to duality, the results indicate the occupation of the president and CEO roles by the same person exerts a positive impact on firm performance decreasing, at the same time, its risk. This study contributes to the literature in various ways. First, it uses the most recent data from the Greek market. Furthermore, from a political point of view, the study covers a very interesting period, given that during 2015-2018 Greece had for a first time a left-wing government, a factor that could possibly affect the conduction of business in Greece. In addition, the finding that the duality in the roles of CEO and president can lower the risk of a firm is a new finding. Finally, in general, the results confirm the conclusions of the previous studies on Greek companies about the poor impact of the board on firm performance.

Households energy conservation in Saudi Arabia: Lessons learnt from change-agents driven interventions program

Abstract Saudi Arabia is one of the most energy intensive countries in the world in terms of per capita consumption. Highly subsidized energy prices and low tariffs are driving up domestic energy consumption. The rapidly growing energy demand has prompted the country to undertake several energy-saving measures. These initiatives, however, are all technology driven and no apparent measures have yet been taken to modify end users' behavior. In order to reduce the rate of growth of residential energy consumption, besides appropriate regulations, it is critical to engage end users through better education and awareness. Thus, this study aims to investigate the impact of behavior-based, non-technical interventions on end users' perceptions of energy conservation and, subsequently, any actual reduction in household energy consumption. Taking Khobar city as the geographical focus, 88 participating households were randomly chosen for interventions. The households were divided into two treatment and one control group. Analysis of the six-month intervention revealed a positive but statistically insignificant impact on energy conservation. The results suggest that there is a positive relation between the number of adults in the family and level of education with the energy consumption while number of female members in family, family size, building area shows a negative association attributing to ‘economies of scale’ and existence of pro-environmental behavior. In the end, this study attempts to build a foundational ground for policy prescription on energy conservation based on ‘investment’ and ‘curtailment’ behavior approaches to assess the ‘longevity’ effects.

ESA's Sixth Decade (1966–1975)

ESA's Sixth Decade (1966–1975)

Intra-household labor supply, migration, and subsistence constraints in a risky environment: Evidence from rural El salvador

We investigate the use of intra-household labor allocation as a means of risk coping when subsistence constraints matter in rural El Salvador. We show that households increase the labor supply of its male members to the family farm and abroad in the US after being subjected to adverse agricultural productivity shocks. The latter is the result of a standard substitution effect, whereas the former is the result of subsistence concerns. Theoretically, these results are not at odds with each other if these events differentially impacted rich and poor households. We also show that the earthquakes of 2001 resulted in large reductions in the number of female members who were sent abroad and large increases in hours of domestic labor supplied by female members. We argue that this result is a consequence of subsistence motives because female labor supply at home increased despite lower remuneration.

Electoral Systems and Women's Representation in Australia

This article tests the hypothesis that multi-member single transferable vote systems elect more women than single-member district systems by analysing the two houses of the Australian Parliament. The data regarding the number of female members of the Australian Parliament has been collected since the first woman was elected 61 years ago. The Senate, which utilises an STV voting system, has averaged more than two and a half times the percentage of women elected than the SMD House. The data confirms that multi-member district electoral systems using STV elect more women than single-member districts.

Polls Apart: South African Women and the 1999 General Election

More than one million more women than men registered to vote in South Africa’s second democratic election in 1999. The election saw 29.8 percent of seats in the national legislature (or 119 out of 400) going to women (up from 27 percent in the previous Parliament and in stark contrast to the less than 3 percent of women parliamentarians prior to 1994). Eight ministers and eight deputy ministers in South Africa’s new Parliament are women. The new cabinet has women in charge of nontraditional portfolios, such as foreign affairs, public service, mineral and energy affairs, communications and land affairs, in addition to health and housing. This doubles the number of female members compared to the previous executive.