Number Of Female Cases Research Articles

Global Burden of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Through 2050

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a respiratory condition that is associated with significant health and economic burden worldwide. Previous studies assessed the global current-day prevalence of COPD, but to better facilitate resource planning and intervention development, long-term projections are needed. To assess the global burden of COPD through 2050, considering COPD risk factors. In this modeling study, historical data on COPD prevalence was extracted from a recent meta-analysis on 2019 global COPD prevalence, and 2010 to 2018 historical prevalence was estimated using random-effects meta-analytical models. COPD risk factor data were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease database. To project global COPD prevalence to 2050, generalized additive models were developed, including smoking prevalence, indoor and outdoor air pollution, and development indices as predictors, and stratified by age, sex, and World Bank region. The models estimated that the number of COPD cases globally among those aged 25 years and older will increase by 23% from 2020 to 2050, approaching 600 million patients with COPD globally by 2050. Growth in the burden of COPD was projected to be the largest among women and in low- and middle-income regions. The number of female cases was projected to increase by 47.1% (vs a 9.4% increase for males), and the number of cases in low- and middle-income regions was expected to be more than double that of high-income regions by 2050. In this modeling study of future COPD burden, projections indicated that COPD would continue to affect hundreds of millions of people globally, with disproportionate growth among females and in low-middle income regions through 2050. Further research, prevention, and advocacy are needed to address these issues so that adequate preparation and resource allocation can take place.

Association of temozolomide with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: a disproportionality analysis integrated with network pharmacology

ABSTRACT Background Temozolomide (TMZ) is an alkylating agent approved for the management of glioblastoma. The TMZ is not known for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). The main objective of the current study is to find out the association of TMZ with PML using disproportionality analysis of FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) data integrated with network pharmacological approaches. Research design and methods OpenVigil tool was used to query the FAERS database. The disproportionality measures were calculated. The network has been constructed using Cytoscape. Finally, the possible binding interactions were studied using Glide, Schrödinger Inc. Results A total number of 3502 cases of PML were reported in the FAERS database. Out of these, 10 cases were found with TMZ. The subgroup analysis results have shown a greater number of cases in females. The network has indicated the involvement of human mitogen-activated protein kinase, 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 protein, human mTOR complex protein, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase protein, and glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta protein. The docking results have indicated good interactions of TMZ with active site of glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta and mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 as compared to other identified targets. Conclusion The PML is identified as novel signal with temozolomide.

Cancro do Pulmão associado ao Trabalho

Introduction/framework/objectives Lung Cancer is fairly common and usually very lethal. Part of the cases seems to have an occupational etiology, so it will be relevant for professionals in the area to have some notions on the subject. The aim of this review was to summarize what was most recent and pertinent published on this subject. Methodology This is a Bibliographic Review, initiated through a search carried out in January 2022, in the databases “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: comprehensive, MedicLatina and RCAAP”. Content It is the deadliest cancer worldwide; it is the most frequent in males and the third most prevalent in females. Some researchers consider that it is possible that some hormonal issues can boost the number of cases in females. In this last ones, the most frequent is adenocarcinoma, less associated with tobacco. It is believed that the occupational origin can explain almost a third of the cases. In this context, asbestos are the most relevant factor (responsible for 55 to 85% of cases with occupational etiology), according to some authors. Discussion and Conclusions In the literature, there is reasonable evidence that Lung Cancer is more likely to occur in situations where there is exposure to Radon, Asbestos/Silica, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Fiberglass, Diesel, Aluminum, Sulfur Dioxide and/or Particulate Matter. Thus, some of the professional sectors highlighted in this context will be Construction (General and Naval), Foundries and Mines. Despite this, there is little available literature that demonstrates the study of this phenomenon in national companies, so it would be relevant for some Occupational Health and Safety teams to dedicate some time to investigating these issues, enhancing global scientific knowledge on this topic and, in particular, epidemiologically characterizing the national panorama (incidence, most affected sectors/professions/tasks, as well as most used and/or effective collective and individual protection measures). Keywords: lung cancer, asbestos, silica, radon, occupational health, occupational medicine and occupational security.

Cancro do Pulmão associado ao Trabalho

Introduction/framework/objectives Lung Cancer is fairly common and usually very lethal. Part of the cases seems to have an occupational etiology, so it will be relevant for professionals in the area to have some notions on the subject. The aim of this review was to summarize what was most recent and pertinent published on this subject. Methodology This is a Bibliographic Review, initiated through a search carried out in January 2022, in the databases “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: comprehensive, MedicLatina and RCAAP”. Content It is the deadliest cancer worldwide; it is the most frequent in males and the third most prevalent in females. Some researchers consider that it is possible that some hormonal issues can boost the number of cases in females. In this last ones, the most frequent is adenocarcinoma, less associated with tobacco. It is believed that the occupational origin can explain almost a third of the cases. In this context, asbestos are the most relevant factor (responsible for 55 to 85% of cases with occupational etiology), according to some authors. Discussion and Conclusions In the literature, there is reasonable evidence that Lung Cancer is more likely to occur in situations where there is exposure to Radon, Asbestos/Silica, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Fiberglass, Diesel, Aluminum, Sulfur Dioxide and/or Particulate Matter. Thus, some of the professional sectors highlighted in this context will be Construction (General and Naval), Foundries and Mines. Despite this, there is little available literature that demonstrates the study of this phenomenon in national companies, so it would be relevant for some Occupational Health and Safety teams to dedicate some time to investigating these issues, enhancing global scientific knowledge on this topic and, in particular, epidemiologically characterizing the national panorama (incidence, most affected sectors/professions/tasks, as well as most used and/or effective collective and individual protection measures). Keywords: lung cancer, asbestos, silica, radon, occupational health, occupational medicine and occupational security.

Spatiotemporal dynamics and environmental determinants of scrub typhus in Anhui Province, China, 2010–2020

This study aims to describe the epidemiological characteristics of scrub typhus, detect the spatio-temporal patterns of scrub typhus at county level, and explore the associations between the environmental variables and scrub typhus cases in Anhui Province. Time-series analysis, spatial autocorrelation analysis, and space–time scan statistics were used to explore the characteristics and spatiotemporal patterns of the scrub typhus in Anhui Province. Negative binomial regression analysis was used to explore the association between scrub typhus and environmental variables. A total of 16,568 clinically diagnosed and laboratory-confirmed cases were reported from 104 counties of 16 prefecture-level cities. The number of female cases was higher than male cases, with a proportion of 1.32:1. And the proportion of cases over 65 years old was the highest, accounting for 33.8% of the total cases. Two primary and five secondary high-risk clusters were detected in the northwestern, northeastern, and central-eastern parts of Anhui Province. The number of cases in primary and secondary high-risk clusters accounted for 60.27% and 3.00%, respectively. Scrub typhus incidence in Anhui Province was positively correlated with the population density, normalized difference vegetation index, and several meteorological variables. The mean monthly sunshine duration with 3 lags (SSD_lag3), mean monthly ground surface temperature with 1 lag (GST_lag1), and mean monthly relative humidity with 3 lags (RHU_lag3) had the most significant association with increased cases of scrub typhus. Our findings indicate that public health interventions need to be focused on the elderly farmers in north of the Huai River in Anhui Province.

Cytomorphological spectrum of various breast lumps using FNAC as diagnostic modality

Background: Breast carcinoma is the most common malignant tumour and the leading cause of death from cancer in women. FNAC of breast lumps is an important mode of investigation and forms a part of triple test. FNAC is cost effective and can prevent unnecessary surgery. This study intended to look the frequencies of different lesions in FNAC of palpable breast lump. Methods: It is a hospital based prospective study conducted from November 2016 to October 2017 conducted in Department of Pathology, GMC Jammu. FNAC was done in a total of 289 patients who presented with palpable breast lump along with suspected enlarged axillary lymph node, if any. We assessed the age of the patient, lesion size, site, type of lesion and axillary lymph node metastasis in case of malignancies. Results: Out of 289 patients studied, 250 (86.5%) were females and 39 (13.4%) were males. Age ranges from 7-88 years with a mean age of 36 years. Most of the patients were in 21-30 years age group (30.6%). 241 cases (96.4%) presented with breast lump while the swelling was diffuse in 9 cases. Maximum number of cases in females were seen in the age group of 21-30 years i.e. 75 cases (30%). Upper outer quadrant was the most common quadrant involved in females with 70 cases (28%). On FNAC, there were 36 cases (12.4%) of Inflammatory lesions, 198 (68.5%) of benign cases and 29 cases (10.06%) of carcinoma breast. Among the benign lesions maximum number of cases i.e. 58 cases (20.06%) were reported as Fibroadenoma. On cytological categorisation of breast diseases on FNAC, maximum number of cases i.e. 221 (76.4%) were categorised as C2 (Benign) followed by 29 cases (10.06%) categorised as C5 (Malignant).

Evaluation of drug poisoning cases in pediatric emergency department

Aim: This study aims to examine the demographic and clinical characteristics of childhood drug poisoning, review changes indiagnostic methods and treatments and identify factors affecting mortality to ultimately determine the present clinical picture. Indoing so, more insight can be provided on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of poisonings.Materials and Methods: The retrospective evaluation of 655 patients between ages 1 month-18 years who were admitted to thePediatric Emergency Department of Turgut Ozal Medical Center between January 2009 and June 2016 with cases of drug poisoning(mean 44±18 months).Results: Four hundred and nine female (62.4%) and 246 male patients (37.6%) were evaluated for a total of 655 cases. Drug poisoningcases were found to account for 1.08% of all visits to the emergency department. It was discovered that 62.1% of the poisonings wereaccidental, whereas 33% were suicide attempts and 4.9% therapeutic mistakes. 94.8% of drug poisonings occurred at households,while 5.2% occurred in non-household environments. Drug poisonings presented differences in terms of gender (62.4% female,37.6% male). The number of drug poisoning cases were found to be higher in the months of summer and spring. The number offemale cases peaked in the 13-18 age group (211 cases) and were higher than the same age group of males (30 cases).Conclusions: In our present study, we highlighted the profile of pediatric drug poisoning cases admitted to the Pediatric EmergencyService.

Demographic Profile of Endocrine Disorders in Patients Admitted in Endocrinology Ward, Services Hospital Lahore

Objective: To find out frequency and demographic profile of endocrine disorders in patients admitted in endocrinology ward at Services Hospital Lahore. Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted at Services Hospital Lahore in Punjab, Pakistan. The study included 105 patients admitted in Endocrinology Ward. Data used was secondary and it was collected via medical record from June, 2018 to January, 2019. All information pertaining to patients was kept confidential. Ethical Review Committee permission was undertaken with final approval from Head of Department. Results: Demographic characteristics of patients included age, gender, and showed majority to be middle- aged females. The number of female cases were 65.71% (n = 69), while male cases were 34.29% (n = 36). The average age of all the patients was 40.62 ± 16.52. Majority of the patients with 76.19% (n = 80) cases were reported with having glucose homeostasis disorders with 65.71% (n = 69) cases having diabetes mellitus and 10.48% (n = 11) with hypoglycemia. Pituitary gland disorders comprised 8.57% (n = 9) of the cases with 5.71% (n = 6) diagnosed as pituitary tumors and 2.86% (n = 3) as hypopituitarism. Pituitary tumors further included Cushing syndrome with 4.76% (n = 5) cases and acromegaly with 0.95% (n = 1). Hypopituitarism comprised of hypocortisolism with 1.90% (n = 2) cases and Sheehan's syndrome with 0.95% (n = 1). 7.62% (n = 8) cases were reported with having thyroid disorders, with 4.76% (n = 5) having hyperthyroidism and 2.86% (n = 3) with hypothyroidism. 4.76% (n = 5) cases were diagnosed as sex hormone disorders comprising puberty disorders with 1.90% (n = 2) cases, fertility disorders with 1.90% (n = 2) and turner syndrome (inherited disorder) with 0.95% (n = 1). Calcium homeostasis disorders with 1.90% (n = 2) included one case each of parathyroid adenoma (parathyroid gland disorder) and osteoporosis (metabolic bone disease). Conclusion: The research indicated that glucose homeostasis disorders constituted highest in frequency, followed by pituitary gland disorders, thyroid disorders, sex hormone disorders and calcium homeostasis disorders. The current study urges us to act collectively in order to prevent endocrine disorders which can be done by promoting public education programs, proper counseling about its preventive measures and undergoing periodic medical examination. Key Words: Demography, Endocrine disorders.

Demographic Profile of Endocrine Disorders in Patients Admitted in Endocrinology Ward, Services Hospital Lahore

Objective: To find out frequency and demographic profile of endocrine disorders in patients admitted in endocrinology ward at Services Hospital Lahore. Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted at Services Hospital Lahore in Punjab, Pakistan. The study included 105 patients admitted in Endocrinology Ward. Data used was secondary and it was collected via medical record from June, 2018 to January, 2019. All information pertaining to patients was kept confidential. Ethical Review Committee permission was undertaken with final approval from Head of Department. Results: Demographic characteristics of patients included age, gender, and showed majority to be middle- aged females. The number of female cases were 65.71% (n = 69), while male cases were 34.29% (n = 36). The average age of all the patients was 40.62 ± 16.52. Majority of the patients with 76.19% (n = 80) cases were reported with having glucose homeostasis disorders with 65.71% (n = 69) cases having diabetes mellitus and 10.48% (n = 11) with hypoglycemia. Pituitary gland disorders comprised 8.57% (n = 9) of the cases with 5.71% (n = 6) diagnosed as pituitary tumors and 2.86% (n = 3) as hypopituitarism. Pituitary tumors further included Cushing syndrome with 4.76% (n = 5) cases and acromegaly with 0.95% (n = 1). Hypopituitarism comprised of hypocortisolism with 1.90% (n = 2) cases and Sheehan's syndrome with 0.95% (n = 1). 7.62% (n = 8) cases were reported with having thyroid disorders, with 4.76% (n = 5) having hyperthyroidism and 2.86% (n = 3) with hypothyroidism. 4.76% (n = 5) cases were diagnosed as sex hormone disorders comprising puberty disorders with 1.90% (n = 2) cases, fertility disorders with 1.90% (n = 2) and turner syndrome (inherited disorder) with 0.95% (n = 1). Calcium homeostasis disorders with 1.90% (n = 2) included one case each of parathyroid adenoma (parathyroid gland disorder) and osteoporosis (metabolic bone disease). Conclusion: The research indicated that glucose homeostasis disorders constituted highest in frequency, followed by pituitary gland disorders, thyroid disorders, sex hormone disorders and calcium homeostasis disorders. The current study urges us to act collectively in order to prevent endocrine disorders which can be done by promoting public education programs, proper counseling about its preventive measures and undergoing periodic medical examination. Key Words: Demography, Endocrine disorders.

Scrub typhus in Jiangsu Province, China: epidemiologic features and spatial risk analysis

BackgroundWith the increasing incidence of scrub typhus in recent years, it is of great value to analyse the spatial and temporal distribution of scrub typhus by applying micro-geographical studies at a reasonably fine scale, and to guide the control and management.MethodsWe explored the use of maximum entropy modelling method to confirm the spatial and temporal distribution of scrub typhus according to the occurrence locations of human cases in Jiangsu Province. The risk prediction map under specific environmental factors was therefore drawn by projecting the training model across China. The area under the curve and the omission rate were used to validate the model. Meanwhile, Jackknife tests were applied to enumerate the contribution of different environmental variables, then to predict the final model. The predicted results were validated by using China’s known occurrence locations.ResultsA total of 566 occurrence locations with known 4865 scrub typhus occurrence records were used in our study. The number of female cases was higher than male cases, with a proportion of 1.17:1, and people in any age group could be infected. The number of cases presented an inverted-U relation with age. The percentage of cases aged from 60 to 69 years old was the highest, accounting for 30.50% of all cases. Ecological niche modelling results indicated that the locations of scrub typhus cases, which was of great importance in the disease transmission cycle, had a certain ecological niche with environmental elements in many dimensions. Moreover, the key environmental factors for determining scrub typhus occurrence were temperature (including temperature seasonality, min temperature of coldest month, mean diurnal range, and monthly mean temperature), precipitation of wettest month, and land cover types. The risk prediction maps indicated that mid-eastern China was the potential risk areas for scrub typhus of “autumn type”. Meanwhile, in our results, Guangdong Province was the high-risk region for “autumn type” scrub typhus, where cases were mainly reported as “summer type”.ConclusionThe combination of climatic and geographic factors with GIS methods is an appropriate option to analyse and estimate the spatial and temporal distribution of scrub typhus.

The Epidemiology of Scabies and Pediculosis in Kayseri

The present study aimed to evaluate scabies and pediculosis cases in the city of Kayseri and to contribute to the epidemiological data in Turkey. Data for the present study were obtained from the Kayseri Directorate of Public Health. The distribution of lice and scabies according to age, sex, and years was evaluated retrospectively. A total of 3908 scabies and 4762 pediculosis cases have been reported from the central and peripheral districts of Kayseri between January 2006 and April 2017. It was observed that the number of female cases is higher in both infestations. When positive cases were evaluated according to age, it appears that scabies cases in the 25-44 age group and pediculosis cases in the 10-14 age group are higher. At the same time, in the first 4 months of 2017, it was observed that the number of cases in both infestations was two times higher than that in the previous year. We believe that scabies and pediculosis infestations are still a major public health concern in Turkey and its city.

Regression Models in Analysis of the Laryngeal Cancer Incidence Trends in Females in Podkarpackie Voivodship

Laryngeal cancer is the most common cancer of the head and neck. The main predisposing factor is exposure to cigarette smoke, alcohol, occupational factors and HPV infections. An analysis of the incidence of laryngeal cancer in Poland shows that since the beginning of the 1990s the incidence in females has been increasing, while in Podkarpackie Voivodship there is very slight increase. The aim of the work is to explore model-based assessment of dynamics of cancer incidence and to analyze the causes of changes in the incidence of laryngeal cancer in females in Podkarpackie Voivodship in the years 1990–2012, including lifestyle, socio-economic situation, and making comparisons with the incidence trends in the country as a whole. For this purpose, a retrospective analysis of cases of laryngeal cancer in Podkarpackie Voivodship in the years 1990–2012 has been performed. Data have been obtained from the publication of the Department of Epidemiology of Podkarpackie Center of Oncology in Rzeszow and the Centre of the Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute of Oncology in Warsaw. Dynamics of cancer incidences derived from raw data is misleading. Therefore, to analyze the dynamics of the phenomenon three regression models have been used to remove random disturbance: ARX(1), SVR and Poisson regression model. The models have been compared based on standard statistics. In Podkarpackie the model-based absolute number of cases per year in females increased slightly between 1990–2012. In Poland, the model-based absolute number of cases in females increased over 30% in the last two decades in the years 1990–2012. The percentage share of cases of laryngeal cancer in females among all malignant cancers decreased by 0,5% to 0,4% in the years 1990–2012. The average age of the incidence for females increased from 55,6 years in 1989 to 65,4 in 2010. Dynamics analysis based on raw data solely may produce misleading results in opposition to a model based approach. A model-based approach seems to be relevant especially for the ill-behaved time series for such a number of cancer incidences.

Relationship of Migraine and Body Mass Index (BMI)

Background: Migraine is an important cause of headache and headache-related disabilities. It increases loss of working time, causes inability to carry out daily activities and disruption of family and social life. The pathophysiology of migraine is still poorly understood. On the other hand, the prevalence of obesity is constantly increasing worldwide. The consequence of overweight and obesity includes increased risk of diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, hypertension, cardiovascular disease and cancer.Objectives: This study was performed to assess the relationship between BMI and migraine by finding out the relationship between migraine frequency and duration in different BMI groups, comparing the socio-demographic variables in migraine and non-migraine patients and to find out the migraine related co-morbidities.Materials and Methods: This observational case-control study was conducted on 100 subjects aged 12–50 years in the Neurology Outpatient Department, Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Mymensingh in the period of January 2011 to December 2012. Out of total subjects fifty migraine patients were selected as cases and fifty nonmigraineurs as controls. Subjects were then categorized in three groups based on BMI: <23, 23 to 25 and >25. Collected data were compiled and appropriate analyses were done by using computer based software, Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.0. For statistical analysis one way ANOVA tests were done for comparing means of quantitative data and Chi-square tests were done for qualitative data. A p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: In this study, majority (>95%) of the study subjects were between 10 and 35 years of age. Mean age of case group was found 25.55 ± 5.87 and that of control was 25.53 ± 4.22 years. Case group contained 10 (20%) males and 40 (80%) females whereas control group had 14 (28%) males and 36 (72%) females. Number of female cases and controls were higher than that of male. In control group 30 (60%) were unmarried and 20 (40%) were married. There was no significant difference in the financial condition between case and control groups. Students and housewives occupied the largest number of study subjects who were unemployed. Regarding residence, rural and urban patients were equal in case group and in control group 29 (58%) were urban and 21 (42%) rural. Mean duration of headache was 8.9 ± 7.5, 5.8 ± 6.7, 9.6 ± 14.3 years in different BMI groups (<23, 23–25, >25 respectively) in case group and 4.6 ± 5.3, 4.4 ± 3.4, 3.4 ± 1.4 years in control group respectively. There was significant difference in quality of headache. In migrainous group 58.6% in BMI <23, 30% in BMI 23–25, 36.4% in BMI >25 noted their headache as throbbing, in contrast most of the nonmigrainous described them as dull in nature. Mean frequency of headache per month was significantly higher in migraine group compared to non-migraine group (p=0.02). Regarding associated symptoms, nausea, vomiting, photophobia and phonophobia were observed significantly higher in migraine patients in BMI <23 group. Odd ratios (ORs) for vomiting, photophobia and phonophobia with 95% confidence interval (CI) were 23.385 (2.752–97.739), 16.500 (3.060– 88.971) and 13.000 (2.922–57.846) respectively. Smoking was found significantly higher in nonmigrainous group than migraine group in case of BMI <23.Conclusion: From the result of present study it can be concluded that there is statistically no significant relation of BMI with frequency of headache, but some relationship were observed for associated symptoms of migraine with low BMI.J Enam Med Col 2016; 6(2): 80-87

Trends and Demographics in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in the United States

The purpose of this study was to identify the trends and demographics of patients undergoing arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction in the United States. Patients who underwent arthroscopic ACL reconstruction between 2004 and 2009 were identified by searching Current Procedural Terminology codes in the PearlDiver Patient Record Database (PearlDiver Technologies, Fort Wayne, IN). The year of procedure, age, gender, and region of the United States were recorded for each patient. Associated meniscal procedures and the absence or presence of a femoral nerve block were also recorded. The incidence of ACL reconstruction significantly increased over the study period, from 40.9 cases per 10,000 patients in 2004 to 47.8 in 2009 (p < 0.001). Of these cases, 92.8% were associated with either meniscectomy or meniscal repair. ACL reconstruction was performed most commonly in patients aged 10 to 29 years (p < 0.001). A significant male predominance was observed with an incidence ratio of male-to-female of 2.03 (p < 0.001). The frequency of females undergoing ACL reconstruction as a proportion of the total number of annual cases increased from 2,295 in 2004 to 3,476 in 2009 (p = 0.0031). A significant increase in the annual proportion of ACL reconstruction performed under femoral nerve block was also observed, from 2.0% in 2004 to 8.3% in 2009 (p < 0.001). The greatest incidence of ACL reconstruction occurred in the Western region of the United States. An increase in the rate of arthroscopic ACL reconstruction was observed between 2004 and 2009 and 92.8% of the ACL reconstructions were associated with a meniscal procedure. The majority of cases were performed in patients aged 10 to 29 years, with a male predominance. Increases were observed in the number of female cases and proportion performed under a femoral nerve block. The Western region of the United States was found to have a higher incidence of ACL reconstruction.

Study on Pityriasis versicolor in Patients Referred to Clinics in Tabriz

Background: Tinea versicolor is a superficial mycosis caused by Malassezia furfur, and is exclusively localized in the corneal layer of adults epidermis. Objectives: To evaluate the epidemiological features of tinea versicolor, including its incidence among different age groups, genders and other personal status. Materials and methods: The study was conducted between 2009 and 2011 on 1023 patients who presented skin disease suspected to tinea versicolor. Of all patients; 671 females (66%) and 352 males (34%) were studied for this mycosis and the fungal distribution from the view point of age and anatomical region of mycosis were analyzed. Results: The disease was more prevalent in 21-40 years old age group in both genders. The most infected anatomical regions were posterior surface, the body trunk (shoulder, supra scapula and lumbar region), anterior thorax and abdomen, respectively. The number of female cases was significantly more than males; this probably reflects the concern of females about their skin health. Conclusions: Patients who regularly use the local saunas had poor personal hygiene and greasy skin, and were more suspected to tinea versicolor infection.

Tonsils Increase in Weight during Growth

Purpose: During my 40 years of performing tonsillectomy, I have noticed that tonsils seem to increase in size with aging. The purpose was to study the relationship between the weight of tonsils and patients’ age. Subjects and Methods: Tonsillectomies were performed in 1246 patients diagnosed with sleep disorders with hypertrophied tonsils. The excised tonsils were weighed. Results: 1) The number of male tonsillectomy cases was 2.3 times higher than the number of female cases; 2) Most tonsillectomies were performed in children three to six years of age, and in adults who were around 30 years old; 3) The maximum age of the male patients was 57 years and that of the female patients was 63 years; 4) The weight of tonsils increased with age in the males, but the maximum weight of female tonsils was reached at around nine years of age; 5) Tonsils of males were heavier and larger than those of females of the same age; 6) A high degree of correlation was observed between the weights of the right and left tonsils of a subject. Conclusions: 1) The weight of tonsils increased with growth; 2) Tonsils in males were more hypertrophic than those in females; 3) The age distribution of the cases suggested that the lifespan of these patients is shorter than the norm; 4) The ideal age at which to perform tonsillectomy is thought in two to three years; 5) A high degree of corelation eixists between the weight of the right and left tonsils of a subject.

Gender disparity in tuberculosis cases in eastern and western provinces of Pakistan

BackgroundAlthough globally, the number of notified TB cases is higher for males, a few countries in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (Afghanistan; Lebanon; Iran and Pakistan) of the World Health Organization have a relatively higher number of female cases. Pakistan ranks fifth amongst the highest TB burden countries and poses a rich ground for exploratory research to address the gender differences in TB cases. It is uniquely neighboured by India on the East, having higher number of cases in males than in females, and by Afghanistan and Iran on the West, having higher number of cases in females than in males. The objective is to see whether these gender differences are evenly distributed across the country or vary by geographies, to enable effective targeting of TB control strategies.MethodsCross-sectional analysis was carried out on secondary data, obtained from National Tuberculosis Program. Disaggregated at the provincial level, the sex-specific case notification rates (CNR) were calculated and trends over a 10-year span (2001–2010) were examined. Sex-specific differences for the four Pakistani provinces were analyzed using chi-square test and odds ratios with corresponding confidence intervals. Cumulative countrywide sex-specific notification rates were used as the reference group.ResultsThe trends for 2001–2010 in the western provinces of Pakistan show higher female CNR as compared to those seen in the eastern provinces having slightly higher male CNR. The proportions of female notified TB cases are approximately twice as high in the western provinces when compared to the eastern provinces and Pakistan over all.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that females are particularly affected by TB disease burden in the west parts of Pakistan. This gender disparity requires a coordinated regional and international effort to further explore triggers and moderators of increased acquisition and progression of TB disease among females in the region to guarantee effective TB control.

Carcinoma de pulmón: cambios en epidemiología y supervivencia

Background and objectiveIn the last decades, variations have been described in the epidemiology of lung cancer. In our study, we have analyzed if changes have occurred in the epidemiology and survival of lung cancer. Patients and methodsAll the cases with the diagnosis of lung cancer having cytohistological confirmation between May 1997 and December 2008 were included. To compare the variables, the study period was divided into three cohorts, respectively including the years 1997-2000, 2001-2004 and 2005-2008. ResultsA total of 905 patients, 776 males (85.7%) were included with a mean age (± SD) of 64.4±11.6 years. The number of cases in females went from 11.2% in 1997-2000 to 16.2% in 2005-2008, and adenocarcinoma from 29.3% to 34.5% (P=.2). Survival was associated independently with the performance status, treatment, comorbidity and weight loss. ConclusionsIn our area, there is been an increasing number of cases of lung cancer in females. The histological type of adenocarcinoma has increased and we have observed a slight increase in survival.

A STUDY ON CLINICAL FEATURES OF MYCOBACTERIUM KANSASII PULMONARY DISEASE IN WOMEN

To clarify clinical features of M. kansasii pulmonary disease in women. We performed a retrospective analysis of M. kansasii pulmonary disease in women compairing with that in men. We focused on 8 female cases of M. kansasii pulmonary disease during the past 7 years from June 1998 to August 2005. The cases of M. kansasii pulmonary disease in women have increased in the latter few years. The mean age of female cases was higher than that of male cases, 65.6 and 53.1 years old, respectively. The number of female cases with smoking history was lower than that of male cases, 37.5% and 90.0%, respectively. Two female cases had underlying pulmonary diseases, as compared with 10 male cases, 25.0% and 33.3%, respectively. The radiological findings in female cases included 2 cavitary opacities, 1 infiltrative opacity and 5 nodular, bronchiectatic opacities, as compared with 27 cavitary opacities, 1 infiltrative opacity, 1 solitary nodular opacity and 1 nodular, bronchiectatic opacity in male cases. MAC was also detected in 2 female cases, who presented with nodular, bronchiectatic opacities. On the other hand, there were 6 female cases, in which no other NTM was detected. 3 cases showed cavitary or infiltrative opacities, which improved with the following 3 tuberculous drugs INH, RFP, and EB (HRE), while others showed nodular, bronchiectatic opacities, in which 2 cases showed radiological exacerbations without any treatment and another one revealed an improvement with HRE. M. kansasii pulmonary disease in women tends to be identified in elderly who smoke less and have no underlying pulmonary diseases, and most of radiological findings in female cases revealed nodular, bronchiectatic opacities. Summing up all these findings, clinical features of M. kansasii pulmonary disease in women was considered to resemble that of MAC infection, and it was speculated that the increase of M. kansasii pulmonary disease in women has some relationship with that of MAC infection in middle or lingular lobe. However, it was confirmed that some cases of M. kansasii pulmonary disease in women might primarily present with nodular, bronchiectatic lesions, regardless of MAC infection.

Role of the general practitioner in testing for genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection: an analysis of enhanced surveillance data

To examine the relationship between genital chlamydia testing by healthcare providers and patient demographic characteristics in Tasmania, Australia, from 2001 to 2007. Analysis of enhanced surveillance data for genital Chlamydia trachomatis infections notified to the Tasmanian Communicable Diseases Prevention Unit between 1 January 2001 and 31 December 2007. General practitioners identify most cases of genital chlamydia infection, irrespective of patient age, gender, indigenous status or urban status. Tests that are performed for screening purposes identify the largest number of cases in females, particularly in very young females. In males, tests performed due to the presence of clinical symptoms identify the majority of cases. However, tests performed for the purposes of contact tracing also identify a substantial burden of genital chlamydia infection, particularly in males. The present study demonstrates the critical role the general practitioner has in the identification of genital chlamydia infection. Opportunistic screening for genital chlamydia, including in the context of contact tracing, is an essential clinical activity that results in the identification of substantial numbers of cases of infection. Policy makers and public health practitioners should support general practice screening initiatives and remove the barriers to genital chlamydia screening in general practice.