Number Of Farm Households Research Articles

Market Structure Analysis Using Changes in the Number of Farms and Farm Income: In the Case of Korea

This study proposes a method to analyze market structures using changes in the number of farms and amount of farm incomes, taking Korea as a case study. We discern the market structures in agriculture by scrutinizing the impact of variations in agricultural added-value and production costs on the count of farms and farm-type specific agricultural incomes using the method. We also explore the significant influence of policy changes on agricultural market structures. As a result, in response to the increase in agricultural value-added, most types of farm households are in a short-term equilibrium state with both the number of farm households and amount of agricultural incomes increasing. In response to the increase in agricultural management costs, results of the distribution of farm households and agricultural incomes depend on farm types.

Household-Level Coverage of Iron-Biofortified Beans in the Northern Province of Rwanda

BackgroundBiofortification, the process of enhancing the micronutrient content of staple crops, is a nutrition-sensitive agricultural intervention with the potential to increase micronutrient intakes and improve health outcomes, especially among vulnerable populations. Although data are available on the number of farming households that grow biofortified crops, information on the coverage of biofortified foods in the general population is limited. Such information is critical to assess the performance of biofortification programs and guide decisions related to program implementation while ascertaining progress toward achieving expected impacts. ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess the household coverage of iron-biofortified beans (IBBs) in rural areas of the Northern Province of Rwanda. MethodsWe applied methods previously used to assess coverage in large-scale food fortification programs to develop coverage indicators for IBBs. These indicators were 1) consumption of beans in any form; 2) awareness of IBBs; 3) availability of IBBs; 4) consumption of IBBs (ever); and 5) consumption of IBBs (current). ResultsOf the 535 households surveyed, 98% consumed beans in any form and 79% were aware of IBBs. Among the 321 households that provided bean samples, only 40% of the samples were biofortified (as determined by a breeding specialist) and only 21% of respondents were able to correctly identify IBBs. Although 52% of households reported to be ever consuming biofortified beans, only 10% of households were currently consuming these beans. ConclusionsDespite relatively high awareness of IBBs among surveyed households, a few households currently consume IBBs, highlighting the need to explore strategies to promote consumption. More research is also required to investigate factors hindering the consumption of IBBs.

DAMPAK KEGAGALAN PANEN TERHADAP KETAHANAN PANGAN RUMAH TANGGA TANI PADI DI KABUPATEN BANYUMAS

This study aims to determine the impact of crop failure due to drought on household food security of rice farmers in Banyumas Regency which occurred during the second planting season in 2019. Analytical descriptive method was used in this study, with the technical implementation of the research using the survey method. The method of research analysis is by comparing the level of household food security of rice farmers in Banyumas Regency when farmers experience a normal harvest with when farmers experience harvest failure. Measurement of the level of food security using the Jonsson and Toole Model, namely by cross-classifying the Food Expenditure Share (FES) and Energy Adequacy Rate (EAR). After collecting and analyzing the data, it was found that crop failure did not affect the amount of energy adequacy ratio relative to farm households. However, crop failure affects the Share of Food Expenditure, where farming households that have high FES are increasing. With the increase in FES, this results in lower household food security, because FES and food security are inversely related. With the harvest failure, the number of farm households that are food resistant decreases, food vulnerability increases, food insecurity increases and food insecurity increases.

Spatiotemporal Analysis of Size and Equity in Ownership Dynamics of Agricultural Landholdings in India Vis-à-Vis the World

The increasing threat to sustainable agriculture is a major concern of planners worldwide. Human population growth together with increasing food requirements and competition for land use is leading to land scarcity for agricultural purposes. Farm size influences the extent of the adoption of mechanization and modern methods of farm management practices, which in turn results in increased productivity, production efficiency and agricultural income. We studied changes in macroeconomic factors such as dependency on agriculture, growth of the sector, the pattern of landholdings and tenure rights across major agriculturally important countries, as well as the priority of agriculture for the national economy (i.e., the share of agriculture in the national income) and its relationship to changes in farm size. The data on the percentage of area under farming, population growth, size of the agricultural workforce and other social dimensions from 24 countries of different geographical sizes were analysed. We used parameters such as the extent of changes in cropland, family-owned land, the agricultural workforce and their productivity, number of holdings and their distribution, women-headed holdings and finally total and per capita agricultural income, and measured the changes over time and space. The published data from national and international sources were used to establish the relationship between farm size and farm efficiency measured through the selected parameters. The results clearly establish that the size of farm holdings had an inverse relationship with the population dependent on agriculture, share of agriculture in national income and tenure rights. Australia had the largest average agricultural landholding (3243 ha), while India and Bangladesh had the lowest (1.3 and 0.3 ha, respectively). The inequality in the distribution of farmland ownership was greater in developed countries than in developing countries. Female farmland ownership was less than 20% in most developing countries and the relationship between the number of farm households and farm outcomes was found to have weakened over time. India, a developing as well as an agriculturally important country, was subjected to detailed analysis to understand the spatiotemporal dynamics of the size, distribution and ownership patterns of agricultural landholding.

Do geographical indications preserve farming in rural areas? Evidence from a natural experiment in Japan

Geographical indications (GIs), or signs on products indicating a region of origin, are expected to secure higher incomes and retain the rural population in less favored or remote areas. In this study, we examine the effect of GIs on the maintenance of farming using a case study on Uonuma rice, with region-of-origin labeling, produced only in the Uonuma district of Niigata prefecture in Japan. Although Uonuma rice is not yet an official GI, it qualifies in principle for GI registration under its long-standing reputation for quality and GI-like protection by the producer’s organization. We exploit a municipal merger in a district adjacent to Uonuma district as a natural experiment, in which a hitherto homogeneous region was split and one section became part of Uonuma district. Using detailed community-level panel data, we find that there is a positive effect on the number of farm households and the area of operated farmland in a rural community. Also, producing Uonuma rice led to older farmers continuing to farm due to higher rice prices. Meanwhile, we found no evidence that the adoption of Uonuma rice had a positive effect on the number of young farmers. This may make it difficult to maintain the rural community due to the aging of community members.

Quantification of agricultural land balance sheet of Purworejo District in 2009 and 2018

Some districts in Central Java have problems regarding the shrinkage of agricultural land area and a high decrease in the number of farm households. The increase in population and economic development is one reason for the increased demand for land to convert agricultural land. The faster rate of land use change can affect the conditions of domestic food availability in an area, so it is important to quantify the area of agricultural land to monitor changes in land area. This research aims to calculate changes in agricultural land area through the balance of agricultural land resources. This research was conducted with quantitative methods and analyzed descriptively and spatially. Agricultural land is calculated using the land resource balance through a skronto table in 2009 and 2018. The results show that a decrease in area is more dominant than an increase in land area. The largest decrease in total land area occurred in tegal/farm area of 21.12 % and paddy field area of 3.43 % of the previous area. Spatially, changes of land area influenced by land conversion with two factors, namely physical condition and accessibility of the area.

Analysis of Vegetation Characteristics of Regional Soybean and Paddy Rice Fields Using UAV Images and Farm Maps

Remote sensing (RS) and GIS together provide an efficient and inexpensive way to assess vegetation characteristics and cultivated areas. Precision vegetation mapping provides important information for understanding crop conditions through the calculation of the vegetation index. In this study, a multispectral sensor was installed on an eBee (Sensefly), which is suitable for wide area photography taken by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). UAV imagery acquisition was used to obtain spatial information on soybean and paddy rice cultivation areas in a wider region. The study area selected was Gimje, which is in the southwest of South Korea. Based on the designation of main areas according to the Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs (MAFRA), the area was selected considering the cultivation area, production volume, number of farm households, and self-sufficiency ratio. The main producing areas are soybean cultivation areas defined as a city or county with a cultivation area of 30∼1500 ha or more, respectively. The identification of the cultivation area of soybeans was made based on images taken in early September, when the growth characteristics of soybeans were clearly distinguished from other crops. The accuracy of the soybean and paddy rice cultivation area identification was improved by using the farm map (FM) prepared by the MAFRA in South Korea. The NDVI was analyzed based on the two periods of high growth activity of soybean and paddy rice. The accuracy of the cultivated area was improved by using the UAV images and the FM prepared by the MAFRA. As a result, this study shows that UAV images can be used more effectively by linking GIS with the FM as a basic map.

The determinants of collective action in irrigation management systems: Evidence from rural communities in Japan

We examine the characteristics of water user associations (WUAs) that affect the success of collective action for irrigation management. Using random-effects ordered probit models and a large panel dataset from 104,523 rural communities, the results of the econometric analysis verify the hypotheses in the existing empirical literature and confirm the robustness of the theory of collective action in the context of irrigation management. Our results show that collective action for irrigation management depends on the distance from the market, area of paddy field, share of non-farmers and elderly farmers, share of paddy field, and social capital. We also find that collective action has an inverted U-shaped relationship with the number of farm households and diversity in farmers’ landholdings, and a U-shaped relationship with the diversity of a community’s farmers. The results suggest that as the characteristics of irrigation systems and user groups can change little in the short run, policies aimed at suppressing deteriorating collective action for irrigation management need to enhance social ties in a community, thereby promoting community-level social capital.

戦前期日本（1908～1940）における農家数変動の地域性

戦前期日本（1908～1940）における農家数変動の地域性

Non-timber forest products and household incomes in Bonga forest area, southwestern Ethiopia

We identified the major non-timber forest products (NTFPs), their contributions to household incomes, and the determinants influencing engagement of households in using NTFPs in the Bonga forest area of Gimbo and Decha Districts of Kaffa Zone, southwest Ethiopia. Six Kebeles (the lowest administrative unit in Ethiopia) were sampled from two Districts and 150 households were randomly sampled using proportional-to-size techniques based on the number of farm households in each Kebele. Secondary data were collected from and focus group discussions were conducted with selected individuals. The farmers diversified livelihood activities such as crop and livestock production, collection of NTFPs and off-farm activities. NTFPs played a significant role in household incomes. The contribution from the major NTFPs (forest coffee, honey and spices) accounted for 47% of annual household income. The role of NTFPs was influenced by a number of factors. Variables including being native to the area (+), total land holding (+), possession of livestock (+) and access to extension (+) significantly affected forest coffee production. Age of household head (−), land holding (+) and distance of the market from the residence (−) significantly affected honey production. Size of landholding (+), distance to market (−) and distance of the forest from the residence (−) were significant variables determining the NTFP incomes derived by the households. Attention is needed in the design of policies and strategies for the well-being of households to the contribution of NTFPs to local incomes and the variables that affect the collection of NTFPs must be considered.

Exploring Geographical Indications for Enhancing Microbusiness as a Community-based Industry in Rural Korea

This study aimed to explore the geographical indications to enhance communitybased industry as a model of endogenous rural development in Korea. The economic and social impacts of using geographical indications have been tremendous since the geographical indications law was implemented in 2002, One of the major impacts was the increasing number of farm households and farming areas. Challenges remain in order to develop the community-based business such as networking with extra-local and local leadership, bottoms-up approach, product advertising, quality control and restricting the terms of protection on trademark to establish geographical indications.

Typologie a příjmové postavení zemědělských domácností v České republice

Due to the specific corporate structure of the agriculture sector farm households in the Czech Republic comprise not only households of self-employed persons or private farmers (similarly like e.g. in countries of Western Europe) but also households headed by employees of agricultural enterprises. Data on the size and structure of farm households according to their social and professional types were derived from the census including the census of houses and flats. Data on the income of (farm and non-farm) households were taken from the last microcensus and family account statistics. In spite of some restraints ensuing mainly from the number of farm households it was possible to acquire some concrete information. It is particularly different level, structure and use of incomes of farm households headed by self-employed persons and employees (workers and other professions) compared to their non-farm counterparts.

An Application of Scale Variance to Agricultural Geography

Scale-variance components have been calculated for the following four variables of the Agricultural Census for Hokkaido District: (a) number of farm households having over 20 hectares of farmland, (b) number of fishery households, (c) acrage of paddy field used entirely for crops other than rice during the last one year (1970), (d) same item as (c) for 1980. The hierarchy of Hokkaido is generally organized into 4 scale levels: 7177 Nogyo-Shuraku (or rural community), 218 Shi-Cho-Son (or municipality), 14 Shicho (or province), and the district as a whole. As is seen in the table, the largest scale variation for variable (a) takes place on level 1, or provincial level, whereas it takes place on level 2, or municipal level, for variable (b). Scale variations for variable (d) are generally higher than those of variable (c), but the increases on levels 1 and 2 are particularly evident. This fact is regarded as closely related to the prevalence by 1980 of the government's regulation of rice production.The present method, which was first presented by H. Moellering and W. Tobler in 1972, has been proved to be a useful tool for the examination of geographical scale problems.

REORGANIZATION OF RICE-PRODUCING COOPERATIVES IN THE NISHI-MIKAWA PLAIN

The establishment and activities of the Takatana Farm Management Association, and the effect of rice-production control on it were studied. From these analyses, a general modell of rice-producing cooperatives in the metropolitan areas was made. The writer pointed out that this model is applicable to the ricep-producing cooperatives prevailing in the Nishi-Mikawa plain. Then, he considered the factors and conditions which contributed to the reorganization of rice-producing cooperatives. The following are the results of the analyses. 1. The Takatana Farm Management Association, which consists of eleven farm households, caretakes paddy fields which are entrusted by part-time farmers through the Agricultural Cooperative. The Takatana Farm Management Association caretakes one half of the area devoted to rice in the town of Takatana which contains 368 farm households. Selfsupporting farm households play the main functions of the association. The increase in number of farm households with a side job in an attempt to reduce or abandon rice production was one of the reasons for the establishment of the association. Conditions are rather favorable for the association to operate because the agreed-upon period is long (five years). Moreover, the charges for caretaking paddy fields are 1.5 hyo (90 kilograms of rice) per 10 are (the average rice-production per 10 are is 7.5 hyo), with no charges for fallow lands. The second plan to reduce acreage of paddy fields by granting subsidies to change the crop has not given much difficulty for the operation of the Agricultural Management Association. Thus, the model of rice-produing cooperatives is applicable to those in the outskirts of a city where leased paddy fields are abundant. 2. There are 20 similar agricultural management association in the city of An jo, and two in the southern part of the city of Toyota. Reorganization of farm households as outlined in the model above is progressing in the Nishi-Mikawa plain. 3. The increase in the number of farmers with a side job, coincidence of the consolidation of farm lands with the introduction of large agricultural machinery and the plan to reduce the acreage of paddy fields greatly contributed to the reorganization of rice-producing cooperatives. The guidance of agricultural cooperatives to benefit local farmers was another important factor which lead to the success of the rice-producing cooperatives. 4. Local environments which were responsible for the establishment of the rice-producingcooperatives include the adjustment of local agricultural practices to the progress of urbanization, , and the traditional cooperative production system practiced in the area known as a Denmarkk in Japan. Another factor was land conditions which became arable land through the Meiji Irrigation Canal.

Epidemiology on ‘Dekasegi’(Working Away from Home Temporarily) V

On the statistical data of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, the author analyzed the status of “dekasegi” farm households as classified by regional patterns (Zengoku-chiiki-ruikei) and economic blocs (Keizai-chitai) and secured the following findings.1. With the nation divided into seven regions in terms of regional patterns, the rate of “dekasegi” farm households is low in the industrial areas but high in the advanced farm areas centered around rice production, general areas centered around rice production, and isolated farm areas.2. With the nation divided into regional patterns in terms of farm production and economic blocs, there were signs for a rise in the rate of “dekasegi” farm households in the order of suburban areas, farm villages on the flatland, farm villages in the mountains, and mountain villages. The lowest rate of “dekasegi” farm households was registered in the peripheries of major industrial cities, whereas mountain villages in secluded areas registered high percentages.3. In the 27 areas classified by regional patterns and economic blocs, the correlation coefficients and regression lines of the rate of “dekasegi” farm houses (total number of “dekasegi” farm households/total number of farm households x 100), infant mortality, crude mortality and birth rate are as follows:Infant mortality r=+0.7748 y =0.7781x-11.5637 Crude mortality r=+0.4680 y =1.7884x-9.0808 Birth rate r=-0.3807 y=-0.9969x+22.6291The correlations of the rate of “dekasegi” farm households, infant mortality and crude mortality were minus. The fact that the correlations of the rate of “dekasegi” farm households and the infant mortality rate were as high as 0.7 indicates that “dekasegi” farm households are great in number in the areas where the health standards are low. From a sociomedical point of view, it follows that many “dekasegi” farm households exist in unhealthy areas. On the basis of this observation, the author has come to the conclusion that “dekasegi” is not a favorable social phenomenon.

Hygienic Studies of Farming Villages in Tochigi Prefecture (I)

Tochigi Prefecture stands third in the number of farming households which have each the cultivated acreage of over 2 hectares, and stands twelfth both in cultivated acreage and in the number of farmers engaged in farmifig over 150 days a year. Under the influence of economic growth, regular farmers have remarkably decreased in recent years, and farming villages have been depopulated in this prefecture, too, as in other prefectures. At present, two farming villages, one mountain village and one mining town are alienated, and each of them has its own history of alienation. In all the alienated towns and villages, the birth rate is low, while the mortality is generally high. Biologically, therefore, those alienated areas have necessarily decreased in population, and moreover, emigration for work from necessity in this social economy has accelerated their depopulation. This prefecture ranks first in Japan in the production of strawberries, dried gourd shavings, hemp and mulberry saplings. In all the towns of Ujiie, Minaminasu, Haga and Ichikai along the Yamizo Mountain Range, the mortality from cerebral apoplexy and that from cancer are both high, and the corrected mortality is high, too. The infant death rate and perinatal death rate of this prefecture are higher than the national average. The infant death rate of all the alienated towns and villages except Ashio Town is rather high, and the subordinated population index (population of 0-14 years+that of over 65 years/population of 15-64 years×100)is high, too. The corrected motality is generally low from the southeast to the northwest along the Tobu Railway. The rate of longevity(population of over 70 years/whole population×100)is high in the northwest and low from the southest to the northwest. The aging index(population of over 65 years/population of 0-14 years×100)is high in the east. The aged population index(population of over 65 years/population of 15-64 years×100)is high in the east and low in the west, which resembles the distribution of the aging index.