Number Of Inhabitants Research Articles

Designing Novel Physiologic Monitor Displays for Combat Medics.

Combat medics who are responsible for the care of injured warfighters face challenges from their reliance on medical alarms that exceed the noise levels recommended by the WHO. This is because the elevated noise levels in military facilities, particularly from vehicular units and weaponry, compromise the combat medics' effectiveness and attentiveness to medical alarms. We previously designed a graphical ("configural") display to communicate patients' vital signs and found that when the configural display and traditional numerical display were concurrently presented to participants, it produced the fastest identification of patient vital signs and triggered the fewest number of alarms. This study used eye tracking to assess how participants direct visual attention to and engage with concurrently presented numerical and configural vital sign displays. We recruited 30 undergraduate students with normal hearing and vision for this study. Subjects were tasked with monitoring a simulated patient's vital signals using simultaneously presented numerical and configural vital sign displays. Concurrently, they performed an N-back task to simulate the multitasking required in a military environment. We manipulated the eccentricity and display position of the numerical and configural displays through 4 orientations, with each orientation being used in a monitoring block lasting 12 minutes. Continuous eye tracking was utilized to collect physiological data about participant display preference. We used eye tracking to analyze several metrics: Total display viewing time, total viewing time percentage, number of dwells (groups of eye fixations), mean fixations per dwell, and fixation patterns during an emergency event. Participants spent more time looking at the configural display than the numerical display during nominal monitoring and emergency events. During emergencies, the percentage of time individuals spent looking at the configural display increased from 30 to 50%, while there was no corresponding increase in the participants' looking at the numerical display. When there were 2 concurrent emergency events instead of 1, total viewing time did not increase, suggesting that participants did not need to change their viewing strategy when the emergency situation complexity increased. Also, during emergencies, participants directed nearly half of their fixations to the configural display during the first 2 seconds of an emergency, while only directing fewer than 5% of fixations to the numerical display during that same period. The average response time for an emergency event was around 2 seconds, which suggests that participants obtained relevant information from the configural display in this time period. We found that when a patient monitor contains both a configural display and a numerical display, participants look at the configural display. Furthermore, during time-sensitive situations, participants utilize the configural display to provide important information. We suggest this because the configural display integrates the relevant vital signs into one display. These findings provide justification for pursuing integrated vital sign displays to efficiently communicate patient conditions in complex environments. On the battlefield, swift decision-making is essential, as combat medics must minimize the time required to assess and act in critical situations.

From Tents to Pit Houses: A Quantitative Study of Dwelling Trends in Mesolithic Norway, 9500–4000 bc

A quantitative analysis of 150 Mesolithic dwellings in Norway, dated to between 9500 and 4000 cal bc, forms the core of a chronological and regional study based on fifteen variables, including floor size and shape, floor modifications and wall features, internal hearths, numbers and distribution of artefacts, traces of maintenance or reuse, and the number of dwellings per site. The study identifies a distinct change in dwelling traditions between the Early and Middle Mesolithic, around 8000 cal bc. Tents are typical of the Early Mesolithic, whereas remains of pit houses dominate in all later phases of the Mesolithic. The study also sheds light on variability in dwelling traditions after 8000 cal bc, which appears to relate to changes in social structure, growing territoriality, and regional differences.

Spatio-temporal modelling of housing satisfaction indicators based on statistical data – evidence from Poland

Motives: The research problem addressed in the paper is the identification of sources of the spatial differentiation of housing satisfaction under the influence of external factors (economic, demographic and social).Aim: The main research objective was to identify the determinants and spatial differentiation of housing satisfaction in Poland. Both classical panel models and spatial panel models were used for the analyses.Results: The results of the study confirmed the hypothesis that the inclusion of spatial dependencies significantly improved the quality of the panel model. The developed models supported the determination of statistical relationships between economic, demographic and social factors, the number of dwellings per 1000 inhabitants, and the average floor space per person. In addition, the spatial distribution of individual effects in spatial panel models revealed variation in housing satisfaction that resulted from different levels of socio-economic development.

Evaluating the influence of passive design techniques of warm and humid climate in a traditional building at Chennai

In recent years, traditional buildings have gained significant attention from a number of dwellers. In a country like India, a considerable part of the county experiences warm and humid weather and such tropical conditions pose a significant challenge from a sustainable perspective. The principles of vernacular architecture and its contribution to the world of architecture have evolved. While active and passive design strategies are the best possible solutions, taken up by architects to design the traditional buildings, the current research paper takes a context-driven passive design strategy to provide the best possible comfort for the inhabitants of warm and humid climates using a traditional building design. The study identified temperature, ventilation, materials and the construction techniques as the major factors that influence design strategies, which aim at providing thermal comfort to the users. In this study, a case building was evaluated through context-driven analysis. The data was collected through field study and surveys. Then, the collected data was consolidated and analysed. The findings reveal that spatial planning, materials and the construction techniques driven by the context altogether impact the environment positively.

Analysis and Assessment of the Impact of Logistics on the Perception of the Sustainability of the Urban Area: The Case of North-West Croatia

Increasing the sustainability of the urban area is an imperative that is based on the increasing number of inhabitants but also the increasing demand for resources. In order to ensure the normal development of social processes in urban areas, it is necessary to ensure a sufficient amount of resources such as energy, water, and food, and to ensure the normal functioning of all other processes that determine the quality of life. Given that logistics is a supporting process that ensures the efficient functioning of the core process, everything described is the task of logistics. In order to investigate the potential impact that logistics has on sustainability, in this paper is described research related to the perception of sustainability and analysis of the impact of logistics on the perception of the sustainability of an urban area. The research showed that there is an impact that can be identified through several branches of logistics. Likewise, the research indicated the most important parameter that the respondents considered to have an impact on the sustainability of the urban area was.

Where Did the Crisis Come From? The View of a Provincial. Reflections on Vadim Radayev’s Book “Education in Crisis”

The article, based on the contents of this book, discusses a number of problems of modern education. Relying on the generational approach, V.V. Radaev formulates a number of peculiarities of millennials and zoomers, who live simultaneously in physical and virtual realities and are plunged into the arms of infodemia, new in comparison with the previous generations. These features are forcing both university administrators and professors to significantly change their approaches to education, since the usual forms are clearly not achieving their goals. However, it is easy enough to show that a number of habits that characterize the new generations are shaped by a series of transformations of the educational system, carried out in imitation of alien models, as well as by the market approach that pervades all modern society, with its reliance on legal relations that displace ethical relations and, consequently, lead to de-subjectification. This situation explains the pragmatism of students and the aggressive demand for good grades. By now there is a situation in educational institutions where the university professor (who has to take on extra workloads, write endless reports, etc.) has become the most powerless participant in the educational process, which has been taken over by efficient managers. Plus, there is a significant number of students who are paying for educational services and thus perceiving themselves as clients. Accordingly, the entire system of relations between the administration, professors, and students has been distorted. But V.V. Radaev has safely passed over these problems, and the peculiarities of the new generations are presented in the book as an objective process, as if behind it there were no specific people who carried out reforms and turned universities into commercial organizations.

Distribution of Minor and Major Metallic Elements in Residential Indoor Dust: A Case Study in Latvia.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has not only brought considerable and permanent changes to economies and healthcare systems, but it has also greatly changed the habits of almost the entire society. During the lockdowns, people were forced to stay in their dwellings, which served as a catalyst for the initiation of a survey on the estimation of the metallic element content in residential indoor dust in different parts of Latvia. This article presents the study results obtained through the analysis of collected dust samples from 46 dwellings, both in the capital of Latvia, Riga, and in smaller cities. Two methods were employed for indoor dust collection: vacuum sampling and manual sampling with a brush and plastic spatula. After microwave-assisted acid extraction, the samples were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in terms of the major (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Al and Fe) and minor (Mn, Ni, Co, Pb, Cr, As, Ba, Li, Be, B, V, Cu, Zn, Se, Rb, Sr, Cd, La, Ce and Bi) elements. For the data analysis, principal component analysis was performed. Among the measured metals, the highest values were determined for the macro and most abundant elements (Na > K > Ca > Fe > Mg > Al). The concentration ranges of the persistently detected elements were as follows: Pb, 0.27-1200 mg kg-1; Cd, 0.01-6.37 mg kg-1; Ni, 0.07-513 mg kg-1; As, 0.01-69.2 mg kg-1; Cu, 5.71-1900 mg kg-1; Zn, 53.6-21,100 mg kg-1; and Cr, 4.93-412 mg kg-1. The critical limit values of metallic elements in soil defined by the legislation of the Republic of Latvia (indicating the level at or above which the functional characteristics of soil are disrupted, or pollution poses a direct threat to human health or the environment) were exceeded in the following numbers of dwellings: Pb = 4, Ni = 2, As = 1, Cu = 16, Cr = 1 and Zn = 28.

A stochastic exposure model for seismic risk assessment and pricing of catastrophe bonds

Risk-based catastrophe bonds require the estimation of losses from the convolution of hazard, exposure and vulnerability models. These models are affected by different uncertainties that arise from the definition of their input parameters. In this paper, we propose a stochastic approach to treat the uncertainty in the asset location and attributes of the exposure model. The proposed method uses the Monte Carlo sampling approach to generate a stochastic exposure database, where each asset location is generated randomly within the geometric bound of the administration, while the asset attributes (i.e. construction type and material, number of storey, building activity type and number of dwelling) are sampled from distributions built from census data. Finally, a sensitivity analysis is performed to investigate the influence of the spatial resolution of the exposure model on the average annual losses (AAL) and catastrophe bond prices. To this end, we implement four exposure models, with spatial resolution at the asset, municipality and province levels, on a study region comprising ten provinces in southern Italy. Compared to the proposed model, the exposure model where assets are relocated and aggregated at the geometric centroid of the municipality underestimates AAL by 8%, while a higher difference (up to 20%) is observed for the exposure model where assets are relocated and aggregated at the geometric centroid of the province. We also consider an exposure model whose asset locations are extracted from publicly available building footprints. Yet, this latter model was incomplete for some provinces resulting in underestimation of AAL up to 90%. Differences in catastrophe bond prices obtained from the four exposure models are less evident, with the exposure model built based on the building footprints showing a difference up to 9.5%.

On Aristotle’s notion of abortion

In Book VII of Politics, Aristotle discusses abortion as one of the means of population control. Since the prosperity of a state depends, among other factors, on finding the right balance between its size and the number of inhabitants, Aristotle argues that abortion is permissible in cases where the prescribed number of children is exceeded, but only ?before the onset of sensation and life,? which means before it acquires a sensitive soul. A detailed analysis of Aristotle?s understanding of human physiological development shows that the fetus acquires a sensitive soul on the fortieth or ninetieth day after conception, and this is taken as the limit beyond which abortion is not permitted. Aristotle believed that the fetus does originate as a human being, but gradually becomes one through development. Considering the broader context in which Aristotle discusses abortion, we can see that, despite the normative framework, these considerations cannot be understood outside the place they have in his theory and cannot be abstracted and applied directly to the contemporary bioethical debate on abortion.

The Destroyed Mosques During the Construction of Vatan and Millet Avenues during the Menderes Government

Demokrat Parti’nin iktidara geldiği 1950 yılı itibariyle Türkiye’de pek çok farklılıklar görülmeye başlanmış, bu farklılıklar gerek döneminde gerekse bugüne değin olumlu yahut olumsuz pek çok eleştiriye maruz kalmıştır. Bu eleştiriler arasında İstanbul’un imarında yaşanan değişimle ilgili olanlar da vardır ki bu değişimin nedenini büyük şehirlere doğru yaşanan göçlerle birlikte ele almak gerekmektedir. Nitekim 1950’li yıllarda yoğunlaşan göçlerle beraber nüfusun artmasına dayalı olarak İstanbul’da mesken sayılarında artış yaşanmış ve bu durum kentin dokusunda büyük oranda değişikliklere yol açmıştır. Çehresi değişen İstanbul’da geniş bulvarlar ve meydanlar oluşturulmasıyla çağdaş bir görünüm elde edilmişse de tarihi eserlerin tahribatı ile de karşı karşıya gelinmiştir. İstanbul’daki imar değişiklikleri esnasında tarihi eserlerin zarar görmesi Demokrat Parti’nin olumsuz yönden tenkit edilmesine yol açmıştır. Hazırlanan makalede Vatan ve Millet Caddelerinde kaybedilen tarihi eserler üzerinde durulmuştur.

Reduced Scale Experiments on Fire Spread Involving Multiple Informal Settlement Dwellings

Fire disasters in informal settlements (also referred to as slums, shantytowns, favelas, etc.) are a major challenge worldwide, with a single incident being able to displace thousands of people. Numerous factors including dwelling spacing, material type, topography, weather, fuel loads, roads, and more influence fire spread. Conducting large-scale experiments to quantify and understand these phenomena is difficult and costly. Hence, it would be beneficial if Reduced Scale Experiments (RSE) could be developed to study the influence of these phenomena. Previous research has demonstrated that a 1/4th scale informal settlement dwelling (ISD) RSE can sufficiently capture the fire behaviour and fire dynamics within dwellings. The objective of this work is to develop a methodology for multi-dwelling ISD scaling such that large-scale spread phenomena can be captured. This paper carries out a series of RSEs to study the influence of (a) the number of dwellings, (b) orientation of dwellings, windows, and door openings, (c) cladding material, (d) wind effects, (e) the distance between dwellings and (f) fuel load on spread. Results are compared to previous large-scale experiments. It is shown that the geometric scaling of distance between dwellings is suitable for capturing spread. It was found that wind and the fuel load contribute significantly to the fire spread, but the type of cladding, distance between dwellings, dwelling orientation, and type of structural members used also affects fire spread rates. The comparative results with full-scale experiments (FSEs) shows that the peak temperatures were comparable and had similar profiles. A good correlation exists between FSEs and RSEs in terms of fire dynamics and spread characteristics, but the spread time (scaled or unscaled) does not correlate well with FSEs. Further work is needed before the work can be reliably used for predicting multi-dwelling spread, especially when wind is involved, due to the complex interaction of parameters and difficulty in scaling flame impingement.

Visual Attention Relates to Operator Performance in Spacecraft Docking Training.

BACKGROUND: Manually controlled docking of a spacecraft to a space station is an operational task that poses high demands on cognitive and perceptual functioning. Effective processing of visual information is crucial for success. Eye tracking can reveal the operator's attentional focus unobtrusively and objectively. Therefore, our aim was to test the feasibility of eye tracking during a simulation of manual docking and to identify links between visual information processing and performance.METHODS: We hypothesized that duration and number of gazes to specific regions of interest of the simulation (total dwell time and number of dwells) would be associated with docking accuracy. Eye movements were recorded in 10 subjects (30% women, M = 33.4 yr old) during the 6° head-down tilt bed rest study AGBRESA during 20 training sessions with the 6df learning program for spacecraft docking.RESULTS: Subjects' gaze was directed most frequently and longest to the vizor (185 dwells and 22,355 ms per task) followed by the two instrument displays (together 75 dwells and 4048 ms per task). We observed a significant positive relationship between number and duration of visual checks of speed and distance to the docking point and the accuracy of the docking maneuver.DISCUSSION: In conclusion, eye tracking provides valuable information related to docking accuracy that might prospectively offer the opportunity to improve docking training effectiveness.Piechowski S, Johannes B, Pustowalow W, Arz M, Mulder E, Jordan J, Wolf OT, Rittweger J. Visual attention relates to operator performance in spacecraft docking training. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2022; 93(6):480-486.

Identifying spatiotemporal characteristics and driving factors for road traffic CO2 emissions

Road traffic is an important contributor to CO2 emissions. Previous studies lack enough spatiotemporal resolution in emission calculation at the road level and ignore the impact of the built environment on road traffic emissions. Therefore, this study develops a bottom-up methodology based on the traffic trajectory data to analyze the CO2 emission characteristics of road traffic with a high level of spatial-temporal resolution in Shenzhen. Then, the effects of built environment factors on road traffic emissions are investigated using multiscale geographically weighted regression. The results show a highly detailed map of CO2 emissions with high temporal (hour) and space (road) resolutions. The emission characteristics reflect the spatial non-equilibrium in road traffic CO2 emissions. In addition, six factors, including population density, number of workplaces, number of dwellings, density of main road, access to metro stations, and access to bus stops, have a significant effect on road traffic CO2 emissions. Finally, the policy suggestions are proposed for the reduction of road traffic CO2 emissions.

Development, state and perspectives of urban geography with special review of Serbia

Urban geography is a complex and synthetic geographical discipline, which makes an immeasurable contribution to the integral and interactive perception of geographical elements and factors that have influenced the formation and transformation of settlement-geographical features. The first papers containing urban-geographical content appeared in the first half of the 19th century, but since urbanization became a worldwide process in the 20th century, it can be stated that urban geography became a geographical discipline in the 20th century. Contemporary urban development contributed to the affirmation of urban geography as an independent scientific discipline, where object of study is not only the city within its administrative boundaries, but also urban expansion (urbanization). Today, urban geography has evolved into a complex geographical discipline, where theoretical and methodological roots of knowledge corpus related to the phenomenon of the city have been shaped by an interdisciplinary approach between geography and other sciences that study the city from different theoretical and methodological angles. With the increase in the number of inhabitants in the world, cities have become ?magnets? of economic, socio-cultural and political processes. They are increasingly studied from a global perspective, while urban geography is becoming the main focus of research. In other higher education institutions in Europe, urban geography is established as a special scientific discipline. However, although it has a wide and complex subject of study and occupies a very important place in various types of social practice, urban geography is still studied in Serbia within its mainstream subject - Geography of settlements.

Load shifting and energy conservation using smart thermostats in contemporary high-rise residential buildings: Estimation of runtime changes using field data

As the proportion of the population who resides in urban centers grows, the number of dwellings in high-rise residential buildings is also increasing. In Canada, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) typically accounts for over half of all energy use in this building type and, as such, consideration of these loads is key to effective energy demand-side management. Smart thermostats present a new opportunity conserve energy and shift electricity load to off-peak periods in these buildings through modifications to HVAC control strategies. In this study, three thermostat control strategies were tested in 49 suites across two contemporary high-rise residential buildings: 1) baseline operation (thermostat operating as a standard programmable thermostat); 2) occupancy-based control (thermostat operating using an occupancy-reactive control strategy); 3) load shifting control (thermostat operating using a pre-conditioning strategy). HVAC runtime data was collected from smart thermostats installed in the suites and was used to develop data-driven regression models to estimate baseline suite HVAC runtime based on weather conditions and suite characteristics. Thermostat-measured HVAC runtime data for periods in which occupancy-based or load shifting control strategies were in use in the suite was then compared with estimated baseline runtime for similar outdoor conditions. Occupancy-based control was found to reduce HVAC system runtime during the cooling seasonby 5.9% ± 46% on average. On aggregate, the load shifting control strategy was not effective at reducing peak period HVAC load during the cooling season. The strategy was able to reduce peak period loads in a subset of suites substantially, which may be leveraged to reduce electricity demand during capacity-constrained periods of grid operation, however, based on marginal emissions factors for Ontario’s electricity grid, even in these suites, the strategy was not effective in reducing GHG emissions overall.

Methodology of estimating the number of inhabitants to assess the population exposure to environmental noise in Japan

Population exposure has been used in the risk assessment process for environmental noise. The number of inhabitants is essential data for the evaluation of population exposure. However, such data is not opened to the public to prevent privacy violation. There are several existing methods for the estimation of the number of habitants, but only with limited accuracy. The purpose of this study is to propose a more accurate method for estimating the number of inhabitants using web scraping techniques and numerical maps issued by the Geospatial Information Authority of Japan. The number of inhabitants is estimated from the number of households and the census. The number of households is calculated based on the total number of housing that is extracted from using web scraping techniques. The proposed method is found to present a better accuracy of the number of inhabitants for the detached houses while the estimation for apartment houses should be still improved.

The delimitation of functional areas in Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship (Poland) concerning social, financial and economic as well as spatial and infrastructural criteria

The article presents current trends in delimiting an area by function and covers various research issues. The main goal of the work was achieved through the author’s method of delimiting functional areas in Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, taking into account social, financial and economic, and spatial and infrastructural criteria. Among all 18 diagnostic features, the following indicators were the most useful: population density, net migration of permanent commune residents per 1000 population, non-working age population per 100 working-age, number of national economy entities on the REGON register per 1000 working-age population, number of dwellings per 1000 inhabitants, and proportion of commune agricultural land to total area. The starting point for creating a fixed classification for communes was the functional typology developed by J. Bański in 2009 at the special request of the Ministry of Regional Development. As a result of the delimitation, the following functional areas in Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship were designated: urban (5), diversified urban (7), tourist and spa (2), tourism and recreation (7), agricultural and horticultural (4), agricultural production (22), semi-subsistent smallholdings (30) and multifunctional (25).

Generation of socio-environmental indicators in the territorial structure of San Luis Huexotla, Texcoco, México

Objective: This article aims to show the statistical density of the population per block, toknow its effect as a critical spatial result and its relationship with some socio-environmental indicators, this analysis-process incorporates statistical data andgeographic information systems as a model for territorial spatial analysis, which showsthe relationship between demand and generation of services.Design / Methodology / Approach: The Urban Basic Geostatistical Units data of INEGI(the Spanish acronym of the National Geostatistical Information Institute in Mexico) wasused on block-level as: number of inhabitants and number of dwellings. It wasassociated with variables identified by exploring those key stakeholders at the locality(Delegates, and the Council for Citizenship Participation (in Spanish, COPACI), as wellas the Huexotla Ejido Commissariat, their clergy representative and some other keyinformants. In addition, GIS were used to digitize vector information and to integrate arelational database for the geospatial analysis of the variables, data and indicators inorder to obtain zoning maps.Results: This study presents a proposal for the generation of socio-environmentalindicators that can be used in territorial analysis with urban and rural applications usingGeographic Information Systems as a tool.Study limitations: Transition processes converge in geographic transformation and,consequently have effects on landscape changes; demand for public services; and solidwaste generation.Findings / Conclusions: The size of the scale used for the locality analysis contributesto determine the territorial planning of a geographical space. Thus, results obtaineddeliver information for planning in the decision-making processes at localities in rural tourban transitional zones.

Health coaching provided by registered nurses described: a systematic review and narrative synthesis

AimsThe aim of this systematic review and narrative synthesis was to identify how and why health coaching is delivered by Registered Nurses.DesignSystematic review and narrative synthesis.Data sourcesArticles were identified through a search of CINAHL, Medline, Scopus, and PsychINFO databases. Articles published in English between 2010 and 2021 were included.Review MethodsQuality appraisal of relevant literature was independently undertaken by two authors to assess for risk of bias. The Critical Appraisal Skills Program (CASP) was used to appraise quality of potential papers.ResultsA main purpose of coaching by Registered Nurses is to optimise patient self-care. How coaching was conducted varied across studies, with the most common coaching approaches via telephone or online. Majority of studies highlight some effectiveness of coaching by nurses; however, some results were inconclusive. Health coaching generally reduced mental distress. Other benefits reported by patients included reduced pain and fatigue. Outcomes for changing lifestyle behaviours were mixed. However, for health coaching to be efficient greater evidence is needed to determine length of time to use coaching, number of habits to focus on to produce change, and to determine best training for coaches.ConclusionsRegistered Nurses are most suitable for implementing health coaching for self-care, including preventing and managing chronic illness and recovering from situations like post-surgical needs. Nurses already promote health, and therefore, are skilled in educating people in self-care. Coaching is an additional strategy for motivating, targeting and assessing progress of self-care. Extending the scope of nursing practice to routinely coach in self-care would be ideal.

A township-level exposure model of residential buildings for mainland China

The exposure model is a key component of a seismic risk model, which captures the spatial distribution of population and built assets along with their structural characteristics and valuation that are required for seismic risk assessment. Current and available exposure models for China have various limitations that make them less suitable for use in risk assessment, including low spatial resolution of building inventory and the limited identification of key structural characteristics. This study describes the development of a residential buildings’ township-level exposure model for mainland China, containing information about the geographical distribution, structural characteristics, age, ductility, number of stories, number of dwellings, average built-up area, and replacement cost at the township level. This exposure model is intended to be used for risk assessment and to support emergency planning, risk management, and decisions. The geographical distribution’s detailed analysis of the building typologies, heights, and construction vintage at the national, regional, and provincial levels is provided to better aid in understanding country exposure. The results indicate that based on the method, flow, and data from the 6th National Population Census of the People's Republic of China, we can generate key information used for seismic risk analysis, representing a significant step toward a better understanding of risk due to seismic hazards in mainland China.