Number Of Drug-resistant Bacteria Research Articles

Effective And Safe Use Of Cephalosporins In The Treatment Of Urinary Tract Infection

The high prevalence of urinary tract infections (UTIs) determines their high significance, not only medical, but also social. Every year, UTIs are the cause of outpatient visits and emergencyя medical care from the hospital[й [1]. Recently, it has been found that причиной UTI is caused уропатогенныеby uropathogenic E. Colistrains. ТакжеAn increase in the frequency of infections caused by gram-negative microorganisms was also noted, and therefore a further search for new drugs among cephalosporin antibiotics was aimed дляat creating drugs with increased activityagainst these microorganisms. New cephalosporin antibiotics are needed because of the huge increase in the number of drug-resistant bacteria

Exploration of cobalt zinc glycerate microspheres with catalytic activity for antibacterial applications

The overuse of antibiotics has caused rapid increase in the number of drug-resistant bacteria. Therefore, development of advanced biomaterials with effective antibacterial activity is in great demand. The use of metal ions in combination with organic matter (glycerol) for antibacterial activity is rarely reported. In this letter, we report for the synthesis and exploration of cobalt zinc glycerate (Co-Zn-G) microspheres with catalytic activity for antibacterial applications. The formation process of the Co-Zn-G microspheres is investigated by a solvothermal method. Due to the coordination bonds between metal ions and glycerol ligands, Co-Zn-G microspheres with improved lipophilicity are able to attach to and penetrate the bacterial membranes, resulting in enhanced antibacterial effects. In addition, the prepared Co-Zn-G microspheres have high peroxidase-like activity, which can produce a large amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to kill bacteria. Based on in vitro experiments, Co-Zn-G microspheres show low cytotoxicity and excellent antibacterial effects against bacteria such as S. aureus and E. coli. Thus, metal glycerate complexes provide new insights for the development of antibacterial agents with high potency and low resistance potential.

UV C Light from a Light-Emitting Diode at 275 Nanometers Shortens Wound Healing Time in Bacterium- and Fungus-Infected Skin in Mice.

Due to the changes in pathogenic species and the absence of research on topical skin antibiotics, the therapy of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) is facing more and more severe challenges. It is particularly urgent to look for alternative therapies without induction of drug resistance. UV C (UVC) light within the range of 200 to 280 nm is one of the most common techniques used to kill and/or inactivate pathogenic microorganisms. However, the traditional most commonly used wavelength of 254 nm irradiated from a low-pressure mercury lamp is hazardous to human health, being both carcinogenic and damaging to eye tissues, which limits its applications in vivo. This research aimed to investigate the antimicrobial properties and influence of 275-nm UVC light from a light-emitting diode (UVC-LED light) on wound healing time. Five bacteria, three fungi, and scalded-mouse models combined with SSTIs were used to evaluate the antimicrobial effect in vitro and in vivo. 275-nm UVC-LED light inactivated both bacteria and fungi with a very short irradiation time in vitro and induced neither DNA damage nor epidermal lesions in the mice's skin. Furthermore, in mouse models of SSTIs induced by either methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) or Candida albicans, the 275-nm UVC-LED light showed significant antimicrobial effects and shortened the wound healing time compared with that in the no-irradiation group. UVC-LED light at 275 nm has the potential to be a new form of physical therapy for SSTIs. IMPORTANCE As a common clinical problem, the therapy of SSTIs is facing growing challenges due to an increase in the number of drug-resistant bacteria and fungi. UV C (UVC) light sterilization has been widely used in all aspects of daily life, but there are very few reports about in vivo therapy using UVC light. It is well known that prolonged exposure to UVC light increases the possibility of skin cancer. In addition, it is also very harmful for eyes. UV irradiation with 254-nm UVC light can cause corneal damage, like thinning of the corneal epithelial layer, superficial punctate keratitis, corneal erosion, etc. In this study, we focused on looking for a more accessible light source and safer UVC wavelength, and 275-nm UVC LED light was chosen. We investigated its applicability for SSTIs therapy with relative skin safety and expected that it could be used as a new physical therapy method for SSTIs.

Photosensitizer-hyaluronic acid complexes for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT)

The number of drug-resistant bacteria is increasing significantly. To combat such issues, antimicrobial PDT (aPDT) provides an efficient way to eliminate these species efficiently, cost-effectively, and more importantly, without the associated mechanism of resistance. The hemisynthesis and synthesis of photosensitizers such as polyaminated chlorin-p6 and 5-(4-aminophenyl)-10,15,20-tris(4-[Formula: see text]-methylpyridinium)porphyrin triiodide and their water stable and soluble formulation with hyaluronic acid bio-polymer (PS-HA) is reported. Structures of porphyrin-HA formulations were characterized by IR, DSC, DLS, zeta potential, SEM imaging, UV-vis analysis and rheological evaluation confirming the covalent conjugation of PSs on conjugate platform (hyaluronic acid). These conjugate formulations were tested against the Gram-negative Escherichia coli (CIP 53.126) and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (CIP 76.25) bacteria for their potency for aPDT.

Update on Cowpathy: Cow Urine as an Immunomodulator

Cow urine has many beneficial properties particularly in the area of agriculture and therapeutics. Indigenous cattle or zebu cattle is considered as sacred in Indian literature because it’s products like urine, dung, milk, curd and butter has many wonderful medicinal properties. Among these products cow urine has recently caught the attention of the researchers and a lot of work is going on its medicinal properties. Cow urine is found to have bioenhancing properties, i.e. it adds to the effect of the antibiotics when used in combination. It is can be used as an alternative to the antibiotics in feed additives. Cow urine concoction is believed to have anticonvulsant and hypoglycaemic effects; and is also useful for treating liver disorders and fever; inflammations and anaemia. Practitioners of Ayurvedic medicine from India routinely use cow urine as a remedy and the medicines made from it are used to cure several diseases. Improvements have been shown or reported with those suffering from flu, allergies, colds, rheumatoid arthritis, bacterial/viral infections, tuberculosis, chicken pox, hepatitis, leucorrhoea, leprosy, ulcer, heart disease, asthma, skin infections, aging, chemical intoxication etc. Cow urine can kill the number of drug resistant bacteria and viruses. Recently the cow urine has been granted U.S. Patents (No. 6896907 and 6,410,059) for its medicinal properties, particularly for its use along with antibiotics for the control of bacterial infection and fight against cancers. Cow urine contains 24 types of salts and the medicines made from cow urine are capable of curing even the most incurable diseases. Cow urine contains 95% water, 2.5% urea, and 2.5% minerals, salts, hormones and enzymes. It contains iron, calcium, phosphorus, salts, carbonic acid, potash, nitrogen, ammonia, manganese, sulphur, phosphate, potassium, urea, uric acid, amino acids, enzymes, cytokines, lactose etc. Cytokines and amino acids may play a role in immunoenhancement. Cow urine has antioxidant properties; it can prevent the damage to DNA caused by the environmental stress. And interestingly these properties have been found only in the urine of indigenous cow not in the urine of other species like buffalo, goat or not even in cross bred cows.

Isolation and characterization Phage UPM1705 against multi-drug resistant K. pneumoniae 1705

The rise in in the number of drug-resistant bacteria that can resist almost all kinds of antibiotics is due to the overuse of these antibiotics (e.g., carbapenems). Thus, there is a need to find an alternative to antibiotic treatment such as the use of phages. In this study, phage UPM1705 was isolated from a polluted lake which can lyse its host Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC BAA-1705. Based on morphological appearance from transmission electron microscopy, UPM1705 belongs to Caudovirales (Myoviridae). UPM1705 can reach a titer of 107 PFU/ml based on the double-layer method. It has a burst size of 298 PFU/bacteria cell and a latent period of 80 min, a rise period of 75 min, and adsorption time of 20 min based on a one-step growth curve assay using an MOI of 0.02. It was stable from 4°C to 80°C and retained its functionality at pH between 4 to 11, with pH of 7 being the optimum pH for the phage growth. The efficiency of UPM1705 was tested via a turbidity assay at MOI of 0.02, 0.2, and 2. UPM1705 was able to clear the turbidity of the host bacteria culture at all of these three MOIs. Thus, UPM1705 has the potential to be used for phage therapy.

Choline and Geranate Deep Eutectic Solvent as a Broad-Spectrum Antiseptic Agent for Preventive and Therapeutic Applications.

Antiseptic agents are the primary arsenal to disinfect skin and prevent pathogens spreading within the host as well as into the surroundings; however the Food and Drug Administration published a report in 2015 requiring additional validation of nearly all current antiseptic agents before their continued use can be allowed. This vulnerable position calls for urgent identification of novel antiseptic agents. Recently, the ability of a deep eutectic, Choline And Geranate (CAGE), to treat biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella enterica was demonstrated. Here it is reported that CAGE exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against a number of drug-resistant bacteria, fungi, and viruses including clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans as well as laboratory strains of Herpes Simplex Virus. Studies in human keratinocytes and mice show that CAGE affords negligible local or systemic toxicity, and an ≈180-14 000-fold improved efficacy/toxicity ratio over currently used antiseptic agents. Further, CAGE penetrates deep into the dermis and treats pathogens located in deep skin layers as confirmed by the ability of CAGE in vivo to treat Propionibacterium acnes infection. In combination, the results clearly demonstrate CAGE holds promise as a transformative platform antiseptic agent for preventive as well as therapeutic applications.

Diagnosis and treatment of bacterial infection in children with febrile neutropenia

Infection rate was high in children with hematologic cancers and febrile neutropenia, especially the number of drug-resistant bacteria showed an increasing trend.Because of defects of the immune function, the typical symptoms, pathogenic bacteria and infection was not clear in these children, the fever may be the only sign of serious underlying infection, mortality related with infection was high, so it was important to evalute the clinical risk accuratly and select antibiotic properly. Key words: Neutropenia; Fever; Bacterial infection; Diagnosis; Treatment

Endophytic bacteria as a source of novel antibiotics: An overview

World human population is increasing with an alarming rate; and a variety of new types of health issues are popping up. For instance, increase in number of drug-resistant bacteria is a cause of concern. Research on antibiotics and other microbial natural products is pivotal in the global fight against the growing problem of antibiotic resistance. It is necessary to find new antibiotics to tackle this problem. The use of therapeutic plant species in traditional medicine is as old as mankind; and currently, it is strongly believed that all types of plant species across the plant kingdom do harbour endophytic bacteria (EB). The natural therapeutic compounds produced by EB do have several potential applications in pharmaceutical industry. The EB derived natural products such as Ecomycins, Pseudomycins, Munumbicins and Xiamycins are antibacterial, antimycotic and antiplasmodial. Some of these natural products have been reported to possess even antiviral (including Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)) properties. Therefore, to deal with increasing number of drug-resistant pathogens EB could serve as a potential source of novel antibiotics.

Screening of Antibiotic Susceptibility to β-Lactam-Induced Elongation of Gram-Negative Bacteria Based on Dielectrophoresis

We demonstrate a rapid antibiotic susceptibility test (AST) based on the changes in dielectrophoretic (DEP) behaviors related to the β-lactam-induced elongation of Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) on a quadruple electrode array (QEA). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) can be determined within 2 h by observing the changes in the positive-DEP frequency (pdf) and cell length of GNB under the cefazolin (CEZ) treatment. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae and the CEZ are used as the sample bacteria and antibiotic respectively. The bacteria became filamentous due to the inhibition of cell wall synthesis and cell division and cell lysis occurred for the higher antibiotic dose. According to the results, the pdfs of wild type bacteria decrease to hundreds of kHz and the cell length is more than 10 μm when the bacterial growth is inhibited by the CEZ treatment. In addition, the growth of wild type bacteria and drug resistant bacteria differ significantly. There is an obvious decrease in the number of wild type bacteria but not in the number of drug resistant bacteria. Thus, the drug resistance of GNB to β-lactam antibiotics can be rapidly assessed. Furthermore, the MIC determined using dielectrophoresis-based AST (d-AST) was consistent with the results of the broth dilution method. Utilizing this approach could reduce the time needed for bacteria growth from days to hours, help physicians to administer appropriate antibiotic dosages, and reduce the possibility of the occurrence of multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria.

Activation of Cytokine Synthesis by Systemic Infusions of Lipopolysaccharide and Peptidoglycan in a Porcine Model in Vivo and in Vitro

The incidence of gram-positive and mixed bacterial infections in surgical patients has increased, and there has been an alarming rise in the number of drug-resistant bacteria. Peptidoglycan (PepG) is a cell wall component of gram-positive bacteria that stimulates inflammatory responses both ex vivo and in vivo. The systemic effects of PepG on inflammation have not been studied in a large animal model. Anesthetized pigs were subjected to 8-h continuous intravenous infusions of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (4 mcg/kg/h), PepG (40 mcg/kg/h), LPS plus PepG, or saline. The concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 were measured in the plasma prior to infusion (time 0) and thereafter every second hour until the end of the experiments. Heparinized whole blood samples drawn at time 0 and after a 6-h infusion of LPS or PepG were incubated ex vivo with PepG (10 mcg/mL), LPS (10 ng/mL), or a combination of PepG and LPS to study the immunologic consequences of systemic inflammation. Concentrations of TNF-alpha, IL-8, and IL-1beta were measured in the supernatant liquids. In vivo, there was transient upregulation of TNF-alpha after infusion of LPS, PepG, or the combination. Interleukin-6 and IL-8 were upregulated by LPS but not by PepG. In vitro studies of whole blood obtained at time 0 revealed a synergistic effect of LPS and PepG on the release of TNF-alpha. Incubation of whole blood obtained after 6 h of infusion of LPS or PepG revealed tolerance and cross-tolerance between the two bacterial components in the induction of TNF-alpha, IL-8, and IL-1beta. Peptidoglycan is a potent inducer of TNF-alpha in this large animal model. Peptidoglycan and LPS synergized to increase the formation of the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha. The study demonstrates for the first time the development of tolerance and cross-tolerance between LPS and PepG in a large animal model. These phenomena could be of importance for the signs and symptoms of sepsis.

The Growing Problem of Nosocomial Bacterial Resistance

Today’s nosocomial microbiological environment is characterised by increasing numbers of drug-resistant bacteria, notably methicillin-resistant staphylococci, glycopeptide-resistant enterococci, extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae and hyperproducers (or stably derepressed mutants) of AmpC β-lactamases. Although the precise prevalence of these pathogens varies between institutions and between countries, they are now sufficiently widespread to pose a major clinical and therapeutic problem.

Antibiotic-resistant Vibrio cholerae in Parangipettai coastal environs, south east India.

This study was undertaken to determine the comparative incidence of drug-resistant Vibrio cholerae non-01 in the environmental samples (water, sediment, and plankton) and in the seafood samples (finfish, shellfish, and crustacean) of estuarine, coastal, and mangrove communities. A total of 770 V. cholerae isolates were examined--all of the strains were sensitive to 100% against cephalothin (30 mcg), chloramphenical (30 mcg), and polymyxin-B (300 mcg). However, all of the strains isolated form environmental and seafood samples showed higher resistance (> 25%) to oxytetracycline, streptomycin, sulphadiazine, tetracycline, and to streptomycin, sulphadiazine, and tetracycline, respectively. The percentage of strains resistant to other antimicrobial substances depended on the antibiotic and on the isolation source. Among the isolates tested, a significantly higher number of drug-resistant bacteria was found to occur in water and finfish samples.

Frequency of heavy-metal resistance in bacteria from inpatients in Japan

IN many bacteria, resistance to heavy metals is associated with a plasmid1–4. R plasmids in Escherichia coli can determine resistance to several metallic ions such as mercury, cobalt and nickel3, and a penicillinase plasmid mediating resistance to mercury, cadmium, arsenate, arsenite, lead and zinc has been observed in Staphylococcus aureus1,2. Mechanisms controlling bacterial resistances to mercury and cadmium are quite different although both are mediated by the same penicillinase plasmid4. Furthermore, microorganisms generally detoxify mercurial compounds metabolically by the formation of volatile mercury5–9 or mercury mercaptides10–12. It is of interest that resistance to these heavy metals is mediated by the plasmids which determine resistance to antibiotics. Most of these heavy metals are established or possible causes of environmental pollution; methyl mercury causes ‘Minamata disease’13,14 and cadmium causes ‘Itai-Itai disease’15,16 in Japan. The role of R plasmids in drug resistance has been widely studied17–21, and extrachromosomal determinants are a main cause of the increase in numbers of drug-resistant bacteria. Studies of heavy metal resistance have attempted to establish a relationship between resistance to heavy metals and to drugs in the hospital environment22,23. The factors selecting for these heavy-metal-resistant bacteria have not yet been identified. We believe that heavy-metal-resistant microorganisms do not arise by chance, but, that there must be selectional factors beyond mere drug resistance. One of these selectional factors may be environmental contamination by heavy metals. To investigate this possibility, we studied the frequency of drug and heavy-metal resistance in clinical isolates of E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and S. aureus. We report here that the frequency of heavy-metal resistance in these strains was the same as, or higher than that of antibiotic resistance. Some R plasmids in E. coli and K. pneumoniae also carried a resistance to Hg.