Number Of Discrete Units Research Articles

On Generative Spoken Language Modeling from Raw Audio

We introduce Generative Spoken Language Modeling, the task of learning the acoustic and linguistic characteristics of a language from raw audio (no text, no labels), and a set of metrics to automatically evaluate the learned representations at acoustic and linguistic levels for both encoding and generation. We set up baseline systems consisting of a discrete speech encoder (returning pseudo-text units), a generative language model (trained on pseudo-text), and a speech decoder (generating a waveform from pseudo-text) all trained without supervision and validate the proposed metrics with human evaluation. Across 3 speech encoders (CPC, wav2vec 2.0, HuBERT), we find that the number of discrete units (50, 100, or 200) matters in a task-dependent and encoder-dependent way, and that some combinations approach text-based systems.

Food, beverage and accommodation: an integrated operations approach

Organizations, particularly in the hospitality industry, are infinitely variable and because of this, there is not only a tendency to view the industry as a number of discrete units but also to consider catering as a separate function to hotel keeping. However, this stance is considered to be flawed and if a more accurate picture is to be gained, a holistic approach is needed and the industry should be considered as a whole. Argues that many of the techniques in operations management normally associated with manufacturing industries can be just as easily applied to the hospitality industry. Considers a number of these, for example, capacity, forecasting, managing demand and scheduling.

Response of a distributed watershed erosion model to variations in input data aggregation levels

Distributed watershed models require that mapped variables be characterized by some number of discrete units. The data resolution, which affects the number and size of units, used to spatially represent the watershed variables are important factors that affect the results of distributed hydrologic and geomorphic process response models. The ANSWERS model, run for a typical piedmont watershed in central North Carolina, integrated soil, terrain, hydrography, and landcover information on a cell by cell basis for estimating erosion and deposition patterns within the watershed and for defining model responses at the basin outlet. A raster-based GIS, interfaced to ANSWERS, resampled, formatted, and organized the model input data for iterative calculations of erosion and deposition patterns and magnitudes through model responses for selected data aggregation levels. Spatial aggregation levels evaluated in this research included 30, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300, 420, and 600 m square cells. Semivariograms and fractal dimensions were calculated for each model input variable for the range of aggregation levels evaluated. The magnitude of changes in the model outputs at the selected levels of aggregation followed closely the changes in the spatial dependence of the input variables estimated through semivariograms.

Introduction to digital Computer programming an IPI approach

The first course in Computer Science is often one of the most difficult to teach. A large number of students enroll, many with widely different aptitudes and backgrounds, so that the traditional lecture/presentation techniques aimed at the average miss the majority. A number of alternates have been proposed to overcome this problem. One of these is Individually Prescribed Instruction (I P I). Using I P I, the course material is initially partitioned into a number of discrete units and given to a student one unit at a time. The student reviews the material contained in the unit and then takes a written “assessment” to gage his mastery of the concepts. The assessment is evaluated immediately and if the student was successful the next unit is given, otherwise he simply “recycles” the material. By this means the student can progress at his own pace. The material in this course has been broken down into seven units. In addition to the written material, the student has access to student tutors, faculty instructors and video taped teaching aids. This paper reviews the organization, construction and experience with using the I P I approach over the past two years. Results to date indicate that this method can be highly successful, if administered to a proper subset of the student population.

Model for Farm Irrigation in Humid Areas

A multicrop, multisoil, farm irrigation system is broken down into a number of discrete units, and then analyzed by means of a two-level optimization approach. At the first level of optimization dynamic programming is used to determine, on a per acre basis, the optimal irrigation policy, the maximum expected profit, and the expected monthly irrigation labor and water requirements for each crop-soil combination and each level of irrigation development. At the next level of optimization linear programming is used to determine the irrigation system, the level of irrigation development, and the crop mix, which maximize the expected farm profit without violating any of the farm resource limitations. The model assumes that water supply is the important variable which controls plant growth, and uses a production function which is based on the concept of stress days. To show how the procedure may be set up on a computer, a hypothetical two-crop, two-soil, farm irrigation system is analyzed considering several resource combinations.

Effect of Praise and Reproof upon Memory Span Performance

Memory span is a widely used test in clinical psychology. Learing has defined memory span as number of discrete units over which an individual can successively distribute his attention and still organize them into a working unit.' To put it more simply, memory span is the ability of an individual to reproduce immediately, after one presentation, a series of discrete stimuli in their original order.