Number Of Different Organ Systems Research Articles

HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE RAT SPLEEN IN THE EARLY STAGES OF EXPERIMENTAL STREPTOZOTOCIN-INDUCED DIABE-TES MELLITUS

Diabetes is a systemic disorder that has a significant impact on a number of different organ systems within the body. Studying changes in the spleen in diabetic rats aids in understanding these changes and their effect on immune function. The objective of the study is to investigate the characteristics of morphological changes in the structural components of the spleen in the early stage of experimental diabetes.Results. Morphological changes in the spleen during the early stages of streptozotocin-induced experimental diabetes mellitus were observed. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. Histological examination of the spleen was conducted 14 and 28 days after diabetes induction. In healthy rats, the spleen exhibited a normal structure with a clear distinction between red and white pulp. Morphometric analysis showed that lymphoid nodules had a diameter of (445.92±12.6) μm and a marginal zone thickness of (76.22±5.12) μm. After 14 days of experimental diabetes, histological preparations revealed reduced lymphoid nodules of white pulp with a diameter of (435.83±14.28) μm and germinal centers (139.97±5.74) μm. After 28 days, lymphoid nodules further decreased to (392.37±10.29) μm, and germinal centers - to (125.93±5.71) μm. The width of the periarterial lymphoid sheaths decreased to (67.91±3.62) μm, indicating early changes in T-cell zones.Conclusion. During the initial stages of diabetes mellitus in experimental settings, notable structural modifications occur in the spleen. Specifically, there is a reduction in the size of lymphoid nodules, germinal centers, and various zones of the spleen, as well as a decrease in the density of lymphocytes. These alterations may suggest a severe immunological dysfunction in rats used for experimentation.

VALUASI EKONOMI DEGRADASI DALAM MEWUJUDKAN KOTA HIJAU DI JAKARTA

Sustainable urban development requires various efforts to balance the carrying capacity of the city's environment. Another environmental problem that also appears in urban areas, is traffic congestion which is at risk of increasing carbon monoxide emissions. Air pollution has both acute and chronic effects on human health, affecting a number of different organ systems. Ranging from mild such as upper respiratory irritation (ARI) for chronic respiratory and heart disease, to lung cancer, including acute respiratory infections in children and chronic bronchitis in adults, to pre-existing heart and lung diseases will aggravating the disease, or an asthma attack. This study analyzes the valuation of the degradation of air pollution in order to create a green city in Jakarta. The results of the Degradation Economic Valuation of the City of Jakarta are calculated from the number of pneumonia & tuberculosis patients multiplied by the cost of treatment per capita, the result is for the total DKI Jakarta in 2011 of Rp. 6,497,- (in million) while 2014 increased by Rp. 1,148,976,- (in million) while for 2020 it decreased by Rp. 98,535,- (in million). For 2020. This valuation represents the loss resulting from air pollution so that people have to pay for medical treatment due to illness suffered from pollutants

Organ dysfunction other than central nervous system in perinatal asphyxia

Introduction: Significant asphyxial insult to the fetus is likely to compromise a number of different organ systems of which the brain, kidneys and myocardium are particularly vulnerable, though bowel, endocrine and pulmonary complications may also occur. However much emphasis is given to central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction while other organs take a backseat. Objectives: To evaluate the frequency of organ dysfunction other than CNS in perinatal asphyxia and to correlate the organ dysfunction with immediate mortality. Method: A prospective observational study was done in all asphyxiated newborns, delivered at Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences, Loni, from September 2013 to August 2015. Neonates born before 37 weeks of gestation, or born outside the hospital or with congenital anomalies or with early onset sepsis were excluded from the study. Prior approval was obtained from the institutional ethics committee. A detailed history was taken and examination performed on admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). The clinical course was followed up to 14 days of birth. Data obtained was recorded. Data analysis was done by descriptive statistics as mean, SD, median, range and percentage. Comparison was done by applying Chi-square test. Significance was assessed at 5% (p Results: During the study period 152 asphyxiated babies, fulfilling the preformed inclusion criteria were admitted in the NICU. The common modes of delivery were normal vaginal (55.2%) and caesarean section (38%). Meconium stained amniotic fluid (35.5%) was the most common perinatal risk factor followed by prolonged second stage of labour (23.7%). The renal system was involved in 64% cases, respiratory system in 45%, cardiovascular system in 32%, gastrointestinal system in 16%, hepatic system in 05% and the haematological system in 03%. There was an overall mortality rate of 37.5%. Conclusions: In the present study common organs of involvement other than the CNS were renal (64%), respiratory (45%), cardiovascular (32%) and gastrointestinal (16%). The overall mortality rate was 37.5%. Deaths were higher when 3 or more organs were involved. Sri Lanka Journal of Child Health , 2018; 47 (2): 141-145

A Summary of the Second Annual HIV Microbiome Workshop.

Commensal organisms appear to play significant roles in normal homeostasis as well as in the pathogenesis of HIV infection in a number of different organ systems. On November 17th and 18th, 2016, leading researchers from around the world met to discuss their insights on advances in our understanding of HIV and the microbiome at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in Bethesda. Dr. Elhanan Borenstein of the University of Washington gave a keynote address where he discussed new developments in systems biology which hold the promise of illuminating the pathways by which these organisms interact with human physiology. He suggested that we need to get past correlations in microbiome research by using models and informatics which incorporate metagenomics to predict functional changes in the microbiome.

Lymphoepithelioma-Like Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Report of Three Cases and Review of Literature

Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinomas (LELCs) are carcinomas which show histologic similarities to lymphoepithelioma (AKA nasopharyngeal carcinoma) and prominently feature a lymphoid-rich stroma with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. LELCs have been described in a number of different organ systems, are often associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, and have been reported to carry favorable prognoses when compared to classic carcinomas of these organ systems. LELCs of the liver are exceedingly rare. Here, we report three cases of lymphoepithelioma-like hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in one female and two male patients. All three carcinomas were composed of a population of malignant cells with focal to diffuse positivity for HepPar-1, as well as a prominent lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate intimately associated with the malignant cells. In two cases investigated by immunohistochemistry, the lymphoid population contained a prominent CD3 + T-cell population which consisted of CD4 + lymphocytes and CD8 + cytotoxic T cells, which also showed staining for T-cell intracellular antigen-1 (TIA-1). Chromogenic in situ hybridization for EBV-encoded RNA (EBER CISH) was negative in both the malignant cells and the lymphoid population in all three cases. Two patients who underwent surgical resection are alive without recurrence at 38 and 26 months after surgery. The third patient treated by chemoembolization died 31 months after the diagnosis. J Med Cases. 2015;6(7):297-303 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14740/jmc2106w

Lymphoepithelioma-Like Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Report of Three Cases and Review of Literature

Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinomas (LELCs) are carcinomas which show histologic similarities to lymphoepithelioma (AKA nasopharyngeal carcinoma) and prominently feature a lymphoid-rich stroma with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. LELCs have been described in a number of different organ systems, are often associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, and have been reported to carry favorable prognoses when compared to classic carcinomas of these organ systems. LELCs of the liver are exceedingly rare. Here, we report three cases of lymphoepithelioma-like hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in one female and two male patients. All three carcinomas were composed of a population of malignant cells with focal to diffuse positivity for HepPar-1, as well as a prominent lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate intimately associated with the malignant cells. In two cases investigated by immunohistochemistry, the lymphoid population contained a prominent CD3 + T-cell population which consisted of CD4 + lymphocytes and CD8 + cytotoxic T cells, which also showed staining for T-cell intracellular antigen-1 (TIA-1). Chromogenic in situ hybridization for EBV-encoded RNA (EBER CISH) was negative in both the malignant cells and the lymphoid population in all three cases. Two patients who underwent surgical resection are alive without recurrence at 38 and 26 months after surgery. The third patient treated by chemoembolization died 31 months after the diagnosis. J Med Cases. 2015;6(7):297-303 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14740/jmc2106w

Inflammatory pseudotumor of the spleen

Objective: I nflammatory pseudotumor (ipt) is a rare process which occurs in a number of different organ systems . Methods: T his 40 year-old male had no significant past medical history and presented to his primary medical doctor with worsening hypertension. Results: I nflammatory pseudotumor of the spleen (ipt) is a rare disease process which continues to be a challenge to diagnose. Conclusions: I nflammatory pseudotumor (ipt) is a rare process which occurs in a number of different organ systems. The spleen is an unusual location for ipt. Due to non-specific clinical findings at presentation and on radiographic imaging, splenic ipt is challenging to diagnose pre-operatively.

Omalizumab and the risk of malignancy: Results from a pooled analysis

Since initial registration, the omalizumab clinical trial database has expanded considerably, with a doubling of patients exposed in the clinical trial environment. Previous pooled data (2003) from phase I to III studies of omalizumab showed a numeric imbalance in malignancies arising in omalizumab recipients (0.5%) compared with control subjects (0.2%). The previous analysis was based on limited available data, warranting further investigation. We sought to examine the incidence of malignancy using comprehensive pooled data from clinical trials of omalizumab-treated patients. This pooled analysis included data from 67 phase I to IV clinical trials. The prespecified primary analysis assessed the incidence of primary malignancy in 32 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled (RDBPC) trials. There were 11,459 unique patients in all clinical trials (7,789 received omalizumab). The primary analysis identified malignancies in 25 patients (RDBPC trials): 14 in 4,254 omalizumab-treated patients and 11 in 3,178 placebo-treated patients. Incidence rates per 1,000 patient-years of observation time for omalizumab- and placebo-treated patients were 4.14 (95% CI, 2.26-6.94) and 4.45 (95% CI, 2.22-7.94), respectively; the corresponding rate ratio was 0.93 (95% CI, 0.39-2.27). Primary malignancies were of varying histologic type and occurred in a number of different organ systems; no cluster of histologies was identified. In this pooled analysis no association was observed between omalizumab treatment and risk of malignancy in RDBPC trials; the rate ratio was below unity. The data suggest that a causal relationship between omalizumab therapy and malignancy is unlikely.

Syndromes and complications of interferon therapy

Interferons are used to treat a variety of medical conditions. They are integral players in immunity and a number of immune-mediated complications can arise during interferon therapy. We have reviewed the occurrence of these complications, and the mechanisms behind them. Case reports and follow-up studies of large cohorts of patients on interferon therapy have confirmed that immune-mediated complications are uncommon but can occur in a number of different organ systems. IFNalpha production is induced by specific autoantibody-nuclear antigen immune complexes, and has a key role in the development and maintenance of autoimmunity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Interferon therapy can precipitate immune-mediated abnormalities de novo or can exacerbate an existing autoimmune tendency. This is manifest in the rise in titre of existing antibodies and in the development of clinical disease in patients with preexisting antibodies. Type I interferons have a key role in the development of systemic lupus erythematosus.

The medical complications of heroin use

Heroin use is associated with numerous adverse sequelae. As clinical services develop, addiction psychiatrists will increasingly be called upon to help identify and manage the complications of heroin use. This review focuses on recent research into the medical complications of heroin use and looks at strategies to minimize harm associated with this practice. Mortality associated with heroin overdose has increased substantially in many countries. Parenteral use of opioid drugs is a central factor and other risk factors include polydrug use, particularly benzodiazepines and alcohol, mental health issues and environmental factors not conducive to resuscitation. Unravelling the determinants of blood-borne virus transmission continues, the focus shifting from needle sharing to inadvertent sharing of other injecting equipment. Trials addressing the challenges of antiviral therapy in injecting drug users are emerging. A greater understanding of the effects of opioids on immune functioning complements our knowledge of infection in the heroin-using group as well as possibly explaining the reduced response to vaccination in this group. Medical complications of heroin affect a number of different organ systems. The role of the addiction specialist is to be aware of these so that early diagnosis and appropriate management is instituted. The latter will generally be done in collaboration with other specialists. The addictions specialist can play a significant role in the development of clinical systems to minimize these complications.