Number Of Diabetes Mellitus Patients Research Articles

Pemberdayaan Keluarga dalam Pendampingan Penanganan Luka Ulkus Diabetes Melitus Type 2 di Kelurahan Labuang Baji Kecamatan Mamajang Kota Makassar

South Sulawesi is one of the provinces with the prevalence of diabetes mellitus which continues to increase by 23% in 2022. Labuang Baji sub-district of Makassar city is one of the sub-districts with the highest number of diabetes mellitus patients with wounds/ulcers. This community service is intended to provide education and support to families on how to treat diabetic ulcers. Assistance was given to families (30 people) through communication, information, motivation and education methods through counseling and questionnaires. Tests were given before and after the assistance, then data were analyzed using the McNemer and Wilcoxon tests. Family knowledge before assistance was (36.7%) with poor knowledge, (63.3%) with good knowledge. After the assistance, the family's knowledge increased to (96.7%) good knowledge with an average increase in pre-test and post-test scores of 2.7 times. Based on the T-test, the p-value (<0.05) was obtained. So it can be concluded that the assistance of handling Type 2 diabetes mellitus ulcers in Labuang Baji Village, Mamajang Subdistrict, Makassar has a significant impact on the participants.

The Relationship Between HBA1C Levels and Diabetic Complications in Patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus at RSU Royal Prima Medan

North Sumatra is home to a considerable population of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) patients, specifically individuals aged 15 years and above, totaling 49,572. Among the cities in the province, Medan stands out with the highest prevalence of Type II DM patients. The data indicates that in 2018 alone, the number of DM patients in Medan reached 7,826, solidifying its status as the primary contributor to the overall prevalence of DM in North Sumatra. The focal point of this research is to assess the understanding of the connection between HbA1c levels and complications in Type II Diabetes Mellitus patients, particularly those receiving care at Royal Prima Hospital in Medan. Employing a cross-sectional research design, the study involved 85 participants selected through purposive sampling, and data analysis was conducted using SPSS software. The study's outcomes highlight a significant relationship between HbA1c levels and complications in Type II Diabetes Mellitus patients at Royal Prima Hospital in Medan. This association is substantiated by the chi-square test results, yielding a p-value of 0.000, which is less than the significance threshold of 0.05. This statistical significance implies a robust and noteworthy correlation between HbA1c levels and the occurrence of complications in patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus at the mentioned hospital.

Pengaruh Terapi Akupunktur Terhadap Glikohemoglobin Darah pada Pasien Obesitas di Pos Kesehatan Lansia Surakarta

Abstract Background: Obesity and overweight are often associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The impact of obesity and overweight is not only one of the factors causing dysfunction of organs such as the heart, blood vessels, nerves and senses of sight and touch to peripheral nerve damage, but also causes a decrease in the quality of human resources, caused by physical and mental disorders to increase health costs. The incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Indonesia is 10.6 million between the ages of 20 - 79 years out of a total Indonesian population aged 20 - 75 years of 175.1 million. Based on the results of the International Diabetes Federation survey, 2019, Indonesia is ranked 7th in the world with the highest number of diabetes mellitus patients. Objectives: HbA1C examination is an examination that aims to predict the onset of DM disease by knowing the degree of blood glucose metabolism during the last 2-3 months. The International Expert Committee determined the importance of HbA1C examination in screening DM disease diagnosis (American Diabetic Association, 2014). Methods: This study used a quasi-experimental approach with a control group. This quasi-experimental research is a study that manipulates acupuncture therapy treatment in obese and overweight patients. This study involved 1 group, namely the treatment group to find the cause and effect relationship, as well as the amount of contribution between these relationships. Results: Bivariate analysis of data using paired t test on blood glucose levels of overweight patients amounted to 0.655 with a probability significance level (sig.) p of 0.524. This shows that the sig. p value of 0.524> p 0.05, meaning that acupuncture action in overweight patients has no effect on blood glucose levels. Conclusion: Analysis of Hb.A1c data in overweight patients showed 9.167 and a probability significance value of p=0.000. This shows that acupuncture action in overweight patients has an effect on Hb.A1c levels. Keywords: Acupuncture, Uric Acid, Elderly

Pengaruh social support dengan peer leader untuk meningkatkan self management diabetic pada sesama penderita DM tipe II di Posyandu Lansia

ABSTRACTThe phenomenon of cases of diabetes mellitus from year to year continues to increase. According to the International Diabetes Federation (2019) revealed that the number of diabetes mellitus patients in the world in 2019 was 829 million and it is estimated that in 2040 the number of diabetes patients will increase 1.5 times. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus in the Special Region of Yogyakarta continues to increase every year. The prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus in DI Yogyakarta Province, in 2020, is 5.59 percent. This figure has even increased compared to the results of research seven years earlier in 2013, namely 3.4 percent.To determine the effect and differences in increasing diabetic self-management before and after intervention through social support with peer leaders among people with type II DM in the elderly Posyandu.This research used a quasi-experimental design with a pre-test and post-test nonequivalent control group design. The study population was all type II diabetes sufferers at the Elderly Posyandu in Ngentak, Bangunjiwo, Kasihan, Bantul, DI Yogyakarta from September 2022 to June 2023 with a sample size of 50 respondents using purposive sampling. The data collection instrument used a respondent characteristic questionnaire, and a diabetes self management knowledge questionnaire. Data were analyzed univariately and bivariately with q-square test (95% CI). In this design, the experimental group underwent an initial selection in the form of a pre-test, namely the assessment of diabetic self-management in type II DM patients before the social support intervention with peer leaders was carried out, then a post-test was carried out after the intervention was given.There is an effect of increasing diabetic self-management knowledge, seen from the difference in the mean value from pretest to posttest of only 10,5 in the respondents' answers. There was a difference from the pretest to the posttest scores, seen from the significance of p = 0.000 (p <0.05) after being given interventions about social support with peer leaders among people with type II DM in the elderly Posyandu.There are influences and differences in the form of increasing diabetic self-management after being given intervention to fellow DM type II sufferers at the Elderly Posyandu in Ngentak hamlet, Bangunjiwo, DI Yogyakarta Keywords: Diabetic self management, social support, peer leader, type II diabetic

ANALYSIS OF URINE MICROALBUMIN LEVELS ON SERUM CREATININE IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES MELLITUS IN THE CLINICAL LABORATORY OF MEDAN PRODIA

Diabetes Mellitus is a degenerative disease that requires regular control. This disease occurs due to the pancreas not being able to produce enough insulin and/or when the body cannot produce insulin effectively so that it can cause various complications in the patient's organs. The purpose of this study was to determine the levels of Urine Microalbumin and Serum Creatinine at Prodia Clinical Laboratory Jl. Lt. Gen. S. Parman No. 17/223 G Medan. This research was conducted from August to October 2022 at the Clinical Laboratory of Prodia Medan. This type of research is descriptive Cross Sectional. This examination uses Immunoturbidimetric and Enzymatic Colorimetric methods with a total sample of 100 samples or the total of the population. The results of the research conducted showed that the number of Diabetes Mellitus patients at the Prodia Clinical Laboratory in Medan with gender as many as 48 men (48%) and 52 women (52%) samples. Normal Urine Microalbumin levels were 30 samples (30%) and High Urine Microalbumin levels were 70 samples (70%). Normal creatinine levels were 47 samples (47%) and abnormal creatinine levels were 53 samples (53%).

The Role of Gut Microbiota in High-Fat-Diet-Induced Diabetes: Lessons from Animal Models and Humans.

The number of diabetes mellitus patients is increasing rapidly worldwide. Diet and nutrition are strongly believed to play a significant role in the development of diabetes mellitus. However, the specific dietary factors and detailed mechanisms of its development have not been clearly elucidated. Increasing evidence indicates the intestinal microbiota is becoming abundantly apparent in the progression and prevention of insulin resistance in diabetes. Differences in gut microbiota composition, particularly butyrate-producing bacteria, have been observed in preclinical animal models as well as human patients compared to healthy controls. Gut microbiota dysbiosis may disrupt intestinal barrier functions and alter host metabolic pathways, directly or indirectly relating to insulin resistance. In this article, we focus on dietary fat, diabetes, and gut microbiome characterization. The promising probiotic and prebiotic approaches to diabetes, by favorably modifying the composition of the gut microbial community, warrant further investigation through well-designed human clinical studies.

Semiparametric modelling of diabetic retinopathy among people with type II diabetes mellitus

BackgroundThe proportion of patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR) has grown with increasing number of diabetes mellitus patients in the world. It is among the major causes of blindness worldwide. The main objective of this study was to identify contributing risk factors of DR among people with type II diabetes mellitus.MethodA sample of 191 people with type II diabetes mellitus was selected from the Black Lion Specialized Hospital diabetic unit from 1 March 2018 to 1 April 2018. A multivariate stochastic regression imputation technique was applied to impute the missing values. The response variable, DR is a categorical variable with two outcomes. Based on the relationship derived from the exploratory analysis, the odds of having DR were not necessarily linearly related to the continuous predictors for this sample of patients. Therefore, a semiparametric model was proposed to identify the risk factors of DR.ResultFrom the sample of 191 people with type II diabetes mellitus, 98 (51.3%) of them had DR. The results of semiparametric regression model revealed that being male, hypertension, insulin treatment, and frequency of clinical visits had a significant linear relationships with the odds of having DR. In addition, the log- odds of having DR has a significant nonlinear relation with the interaction of age by gender (for female patients), duration of diabetes, interaction of cholesterol level by gender (for female patients), haemoglobin A1c, and interaction of haemoglobin A1c by fasting blood glucose with degrees of freedom 3.2, 2.7, 3.6, 2.3 , text{ and }, 3.7, respectively. The interaction of age by gender and cholesterol level by gender appear non significant for male patients. The result from the interaction of haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) by fasting blood glucose (FBG) showed that the risk of DR is high when the level of HbA1c and FBG were simultaneously high.ConclusionClinical variables related to people with type II diabetes mellitus were strong predictive factors of DR. Hence, health professionals should be cautious about the possible nonlinear effects of clinical variables, interaction of clinical variables, and interaction of clinical variables with sociodemographic variables on the log odds of having DR. Furthermore, to improve intervention strategies similar studies should be conducted across the country.

Classification Model for Diabetes Mellitus Diagnosis based on K-Means Clustering Algorithm Optimized with Bat Algorithm

Diabetes mellitus is a disease characterized by abnormal glucose homeostasis resulting in an increase in blood sugar. According to data from the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), Indonesia ranks 7th out of 10 countries with the highest number of diabetes mellitus patients in the world. The prevalence of patients with diabetes mellitus in Indonesia reaches 11.3 percent or there are 10.7 million sufferers in 2019. Prevention, risk analysis and early diagnosis of diabetes mellitus are necessary to reduce the impact of diabetes mellitus and its complications. The clustering algorithm is one of methods that can be used to diagnose and analyze the risk of diabetes mellitus. The K-mean Clustering Algorithm is the most commonly used clustering algorithm because it is easy to implement and run, computation time is fast and easy to adapt. However, this method often gets to be stuck at the local optima. The problem of the K-means Clustering Algorithm can be solved by combining the K-means Clustering algorithm with the global optimization algorithm. This algorithm has the ability to find the global optimum from many local optimums, does not require derivatives, is robust, easy to implement. The Bat Algorithm (BA) is one of global optimization methods in swarm intelligence class. BA uses automated enlargement techniques into a solution and it’s accompanied by a shift from exploration mode to local intensive exploitation. Based on the background that has been explained, this article proposes the development of a classification model for diagnosing diabetes mellitus based on the K-means clustering algorithm optimized with BA. The experimental results show that the K-means clustering optimized by BA has better performance than K-means clustering in all metrics evaluations, but the computational time of the K-means clustering optimized by BA is higher than K-means clustering.

Gastrointestinal and Liver Complications in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus-A Review of the Literature.

The number of diabetes mellitus patients has increased over the last few years in developing countries, along with obesity and sedentary lifestyle. Besides macroangiopathy and microangiopathy, damage to the nerve fibers of the peripheral nervous system is the most common chronic complication of diabetes. Digestive complications in diabetic patients represent a consequence of diabetic autonomic neuropathy involving the gastrointestinal tract, but unfortunately not always evaluated by diabetologists. Aside from the complications encountered in the digestive tract, patients with diabetes mellitus are prone to developing liver diseases. This review will describe the prevalence of these complications, the modality of diagnosis, and therapeutical solutions in order to reduce the risk of progression of these complications in diabetic subjects.

PENYULUHAN TENTANG DIABETES MELLITUS DI WILAYAH KERJA UPT BLUD PUSKESMAS SALO

Diabetes is one of the most common and serious chronic diseases in Indonesia today. Half of the cases of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) are undiagnosed because in general diabetes is not accompanied by symptoms until complications occur. The prevalence of diabetes is increasing due to changes in lifestyle, an increase in the number of calories eaten, a lack of physical activity and an increasing number of the elderly human population. With the increasingly advanced socio-economic conditions of the Indonesian people as well as better and more equitable health services, it is estimated that the incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) will increase. From the survey results, it was found that the number of DM patients at the Adult Poly Health Center in Salo was the second of the 10 most diseases. Based on data obtained in 2020 the number of diabetes patients increased to 1256 patients. While data on knowledge of nutrition and eating patterns obtained 7 out of 10 patients with diabetes mellitus due to lack of knowledge of nutrition and poor eating patterns. Type II DM in Indonesia is a non-communicable disease or 2.1% of all deaths. Given the increasing incidence of diabetes mellitus and the dangers of complications, it is necessary to conduct health education and examinations about hypertension, including blood glucose levels (KGD) examinations so that the elderly in the UPT BLUD Work Area of ​​the Salo Health Center can monitor their health conditions and control KGD younger.
 
 Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, Counseling

PENGARUH BENTONIT PER ORAL TERHADAP PENURUNAN KADAR GLUKOSA DARAH TIKUS MODEL DIABETES MELITUS YANG DIINDUKSI ALOKSAN MONOHIDRAT

In Indonesia, it is estimated that there would be increasing in number of diabetes mellitus patients become 12 million cases in 2030. The expensive cost of conventional medications motivates people to find alternative medication. Bentonite is a natural clay which is a good absorbent and frequently called as healing clay for its potency in body detoxification. This study is an experimental research to prove bentonite which is a good absorbent and adsorbent in decreasing blood glucose concentration in diabetes mellitus. Subject of this research is 20 female Wistar rats which weigh 150–250 g. These subjects were divided into two groups: control group and bentonite group. Diabetes is induced by alloxan monohydrate 150mg/kg intraperitoneally, causing β cell necrosis in pancreas. Result of independent t-test showed that bentonite could significantly lower blood glucose levels with average value of 131.30 mg/dL (p=0.010). This concludes that bentonite canreduce blood glucose level in diabetic-induced rats.

PENGARUH BENTONIT PER ORAL TERHADAP PENURUNAN KADAR GLUKOSA DARAH TIKUS MODEL DIABETES MELITUS YANG DIINDUKSI ALOKSAN MONOHIDRAT

In Indonesia, it is estimated that there would be increasing in number of diabetes mellitus patients become 12 million cases in 2030. The expensive cost of conventional medications motivates people to find alternative medication. Bentonite is a natural clay which is a good absorbent and frequently called as healing clay for its potency in body detoxification. This study is an experimental research to prove bentonite which is a good absorbent and adsorbent in decreasing blood glucose concentration in diabetes mellitus. Subject of this research is 20 female Wistar rats which weigh 150–250 g. These subjects were divided into two groups: control group and bentonite group. Diabetes is induced by alloxan monohydrate 150mg/kg intraperitoneally, causing β cell necrosis in pancreas. Result of independent t-test showed that bentonite could significantly lower blood glucose levels with average value of 131.30 mg/dL (p=0.010). This concludes that bentonite can reduce blood glucose level in diabetic-induced rats.

Cardiovascular Disease among Patients with Diabetes: The Current Scenario in Saudi Arabia.

One of the well-recognized conditions linked to diabetes mellitus (DM) is cardiovascular disease (CVD). Those affected by DM face greater risk for early onset of CVD. Although huge strides have been made in cardiovascular therapy and prevention, with striking results in decreasing diabetesrelated coronary mortality in developed countries, the morbidity and mortality due to CVD continue to remain high among patients with diabetes. While there is an increasing incidence of cardiovascular event survivors with DM across the world, the number of DM patients with higher cardiovascular risk is predicted to soar, presenting a massive challenge for health care systems globally, including Saudi Arabia. A report of the Saudi Scientific Diabetes Society indicates that more than 50% of patients with DM die due to cardiovascular causes. In fact, Saudi Arabia globally ranks among the top 10 countries in the prevalence of diabetes. However, the incidence of CVD and its risk factors among patients with diabetes in Saudi Arabia have not yet been well documented. This review aims to present an overview of CVD among patients with DM in Saudi Arabia, through a comprehensive review of currently available published literature. The findings indicate that diabetes linked CVD burden in Saudi Arabia is expected to exponentially increase to a very high degree unless a wide-ranging epidemic control program is initiated. The findings emphasize the need for maintenance of a healthy diet accompanied by exercise, an active lifestyle and weight control measures among the population. It is essential that the health care system focus on raising awareness among the population, and implement appropriate measures for prevention, early detection and suitable management of CVD among patients with DM.

Pengaruh konsultasi gizi terhadap asupan karbohidrat dan kadar gula darah pasien Diabetes Mellitus Tipe II di Poliklinik Endokrin RSUZA Banda Aceh

Background: Wasting is nutritional status in school children. In the community it is known as thin nutrition which is an important public health problem because it has a big impact. Thin nutrition can increase the risk of illness and death in children Diabetes Mellitus is a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism caused by a deficiency of insulin released by the pancreas gland both relative and absolute. In addressing the prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus in the Regional General Hospital dr. Zainoel Abidin Banda Aceh held nutritional consultations in outpatients and inpatients aimed at making changes to the knowledge, attitudes, and behavior of patients' eating patterns. In Aceh, in 2016 the number of Diabetes Mellitus patients was 29% and increased in 2017 by was 30%.Objectives: To determine the effect of nutritional consultation on carbohydrate intake and blood sugar levels in Type II Diabetes Mellitus patients.Methods: This type of research is descriptive analytic, sampling is done by purposive sampling and obtained 30 samples. This research was conducted in June 2017 at in Endocrine Polyclinic of RSUZA hospital Banda Aceh. The data taken are primary and secondary data. Data collection by interview using a questionnaire, food recall with interview techniques and examination of blood sugar levels before and after consultation. Data analysis uses T-Dependent Test (Paired Sample T-Test) with SPSS.Results: The results showed that there were significant differences in carbohydrate intake between before and after nutrition consultations were given in patients of Diabetes Mellitus Type II with a p-value= 0.001. Blood sugar level also shows the difference between after being given a nutrition consultation with a value of p-value= 0.000 in patients of Diabetes Mellitus Type II in the in Endocrine Clinic of RSUZA hospital, Banda Aceh.Conclusion: Nutrition consultation has a significant effect on carbohydrate reduction and blood sugar levels in patients with Diabetes Mellitus Type II in the Endocrine Polyclinic of RSUZA Banda Aceh. Keywords

TORONTO CLINICAL NEUROPATHY SCORE AND MODIFIED TORONTO CLINICAL NEUROPATHY SCORE DIAGNOSTIC TESTS IN DISTAL DIABETIC SENSORIMOTOR POLYNEUROPATHY PATIENTS

Background: Distal diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy is a common complication occurred in diabetes mellituspatients. Even though the number of diabetes mellitus patients has been increasing, the prevalence is still far from its actual numbers due to diagnostic and method criteria. Objectives:We aimed to determine Toronto Clinical Neuropathy (TCN) and modified Toronto clinical neuropathy (mTCN) scores in distal diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy patients. Methods: Cross-sectional study was carried out from October 29th, 2014-June 1st, 2015 in 77 diabetes mellitus patients who visited Outpatient Clinic. Polyneuropathy diagnosis was based on TCN and mTCN scores, with gold standard of peroneal and/or sural nerve conduction velocity examination. Results: Area under curvevalue of TCN score was 84.5% (95% CI: 74.7%-94.3%). TCN diagnostic score above 4 had sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 96%, 40%, 82%, respectively. On the other hand, TCN diagnostic score above 8 had sensitivity, specificity, accuracy of 72%, 80%, 74%, respectively. The AUC value of mTCN score was 81.9% (95% CI: 71.8%-92.1%). mTCN diagnostic score above 8 had sensitivity, specificity, accuracy of 63%, 75%, 66%, respectively. Conclusion: TNC score above 4 could be used as a screening test, while score above 8 could be used as a diagnostic test for distal DSP.

Early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with diabetes mellitus.

Diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for non-B, non-C hepatocellular carcinoma (NBNC-HCC); however, the number of diabetes mellitus patients is too large to examine tumor occurrence with periodic imaging modalities. Thus, the aim of this study was to develop a novel strategy for early detection of NBNC-HCC in diabetes mellitus patients. Ninety-three diabetes mellitus patients who had a single NBNC-HCC tumor less than 2 cm in diameter were selected from 6789 HCC patients. As controls, 172 tumor-free diabetes mellitus patients were enrolled. Characteristics were compared between groups. Furthermore, the efficacy of FIB4A, a new integrated score with FIB4 and alpha-fetoprotein, was analyzed as a marker for the early diagnosis of NBNC-HCC. Age, percentage of males, alcohol consumption, total bilirubin, transaminases, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, FIB4 index, alpha-fetoprotein, and des-gamma-carboxy-prothrombin were higher in NBNC-HCC patients, whereas albumin and platelet counts were higher in the diabetes mellitus control group. Among these factors, the FIB4 index showed the highest odds ratio [OR: 20.0, 95% confidence interval (CI): 9.60-41.7] followed by alpha-fetoprotein (OR: 12.8, 95% CI: 6.53-25.4). A newly developed score, FIB4A, showed the highest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (0.959) among the factors examined. The sensitivity was 86.2% at a Youden index cutoff (3.5) and it increased to 95.4%, while keeping high specificity (70.9%) when a cutoff of 2.5 was used. FIB4A is a potential marker for early detection of NBNC-HCC in patients with diabetes mellitus. However, further studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Correlation between Diabetes Mellitus Onset with Diabetic Nephropathy Caseof the In-Patients Treated in RS Muhammadiyah Ahmad Dahlan Kediri

The average numberof diabetes mellitus patients who underwenthospitalization inRS Muhammadiyah Ahmad Dahlan Kedirireached 11.6% per month. The age rage of the patients was between 5-15 years. They usually suffered from complications such as DM nephropathy, hypertension and hyperglycemia, that this fact should be inspectedfurther. This study was intended to cover as to how significant is the correlation between diabetes mellitus onset and the caseof diabetic nephropathy suffered by patients. The design of this study was cross sectional correlative descriptive. The sample of this study was the DM in-patients with the complication of diabetic nephropathy taken using total sampling. Spearman Rank was used as the data analysis technique. This study has found that 49 (84.48%) out of 58 diabetes mellitus patients were suffered from diabetic nephropathy too. Meanwhile, according to the result of hypothesis test, the r-count value was 0.743 and the significance rate was 0.000, which mean that there was a relation between the variable of diabetes mellitus onset and variable of diabetic nephropathy case occurred to the in-patients of RS Muhammadiyah Ahmad Dahlan Kediri.

Diabetes epidemiology in Russia: what has changed over the decade?

To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of diabetes over the past decade, to access the dynamics of the prevalence of acute (coma) and chronic (micro - and macrovascular) complications of DM. The object of the study was the depersonized NDR database of DM patients. It consists of 84 regions of the Russian Federation (RF), included in the online registry system on 01.01.2019. The total number of patients with DM in RF on 01.01.2019 was 4 584 575 (3.12% of the population), comprising 256.2 thousand patients with T1DM, 4.24 million with T2DM, 89.9 thousand other types of DM. Since 2000, the number of DM patients in RF has grown 2.2 times. 34.7% patients with T1DM reached target level of HbA1c.

Diabetic Vascular Damage: Review of Pathogenesis and Possible Evaluation Technologies

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a rapidly increasing problem in health care worldwide: recent forecast indicates that the number of DM patients will rise to 640 million by 2040. Vascular damage is associated with severe complications, including cardiac neuropathy and limb amputation. Therefore, early prediction of diabetic vascular damage using advanced technologies is an important challenge because timely preventive and therapeutic measures could diminish the risk of development and burden of complications. The aim of the article is to provide a review of the initial stages of vascular damage and main mechanisms for development, as well as appropriate modern technologies for prediction and diagnosis. The manuscript provides an overview of interrelated vascular damage mechanisms influenced by diabetes, along with a review of possible technologies for early prediction and diagnosis. A comparative analysis of technologies appropriate for particular issues of prediction is summarised in the discussion.

Predictors of self-care activities of outpatient diabetic residents in Harar and Dire Dawa: A hospital-based cross-sectional study.

Objectives:Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder of major public health importance due to its prevalence and potential health complication. The success of long-term maintenance therapy of diabetes patients depends largely on their ability to adherence to self-care practices. Africa’s most populous country, Ethiopia, has the highest burden of diabetes mellitus. However, studies on self-care activities of diabetic patients are limited. Therefore, this study measures the level of self-care activities of diabetic patients in a follow-up clinic of public hospitals in Harar and Dire Dawa, Eastern Ethiopia.Methods:A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 320 randomly selected diabetic patients in Harar and Dire Dawa. A standard diabetic self-care activity interview tool was used to collect the data. Data were entered into Epi-data v 3.1 and STATA v 14.2 was used for analysis. Our outcome variable, self-care activities, has three ordered categories and a robust Ordinal logistic regression was used to identify predictors. All statistical tests with p-value <0.05 were considered as statistically significant.Results:The self-care activities of study participants were rated good for 38.1% (95% confidence interval: 32.94, 43.60). Being rural residents (adjusted odds ratio = 0.38, 95% confidence interval: 0.17, 0.82), attended secondary education (adjusted odds ratio = 2.96, 95% confidence interval: 1.51, 5.78), uncontrolled blood glucose (adjusted odds ratio = 1.68, 95% confidence interval: 1.02, 2.79), and had diabetic complications (one, adjusted odds ratio = 1.91, 95% confidence interval: 1.08, 3.38; two or more, adjusted odds ratio = 4.71, 95% confidence interval: 1.81, 12.25) were significantly associated with the better diabetes mellitus self-care activities.Conclusion:Significant number of diabetes mellitus patients living in rural areas did not adhere to diabetic self-care activities. This is more evident among participants who have limited or no formal education and patients with controlled blood glucose level. Therefore, individualized diabetic lifestyle education programs in follow-up clinics should target these population groups to improve self-care.