Number Of Contraceptive Methods Research Articles

The Effectiveness Of The Use Of Decision-Making Tools And WHO Wheel Criteria In the Selection Of Contraception For Post Partum Mother

Background: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), family planning is a program with several objectives, including regulating the number of children, regulating births between children, and anticipating unwanted pregnancies. According to data from the Central Statistics Agency for 2019, the number of contraceptive uses of all types in East Java was 66.24 percent, lower than in 2018, 67.88 percent. The number of contraceptive methods used at BPM Kiswaniyah for postpartum women in 2021 is higher than Long-Term Contraceptive Methods, which is 90 percent, compared to the MKJP method, which is only 10 percent. This study aimed to determine differences in the effectiveness of using the WHO Wheel Criteria and Decision-Making Assistance Tool (ABPK) in the selection of contraception by postpartum mothers.Methods: This research is a type of pre-experimental research, using a post-test-only control group design approach to determine differences in the effectiveness of using the WHO Wheel Criteria and Tools. The location of this study was at BPM Kiswaniyah during the time of the research from July to September 2022. The population in this study were all postpartum mothers (0-40 days), totaling 40 people. The independent sample t-test formula is used when the normality and normal distribution of data is tested to find the difference in the mean value between one group and another. Results: Data analysis A significance value of 0.002<0.05was obtained, which can be concluded that there is no significant difference between the effectiveness of using ABPK and WHO Wheel Criteria in the selection of postpartum Conclusion: contraception.ABPK and WHO Wheel Criteria have the same effectiveness in helping clients when choosing contraception after giving birth. This is possible due to several reasons, including the insufficient number of samples, the ability of each midwife to use contraceptive selection tools and the different understanding of respondents.

Factors determining family planning services usage among women of reproductive age

Family planning services allows individuals to achieve desired birth spacing and family size, and contributes to improved health outcomes for infants, children, women, and families. Family planning is one of the 10 great public health achievements of the 20th century. A number of contraceptive methods are available in family planning clinics to prevent unwanted pregnancy each with particular advantages and disadvantages. This study was conducted to determine factors influencing the uptake of contraceptives among women of reproductive age attending a maternal care health and family planning clinic. Their social demographic characteristics, family planning method used and the association between demographic factors and contraceptive methods were analyzed. There were significant positive correlations between age, education and preferred methods of contraception.

The ultimate gatekeepers: A qualitative exploration of pharmacists’ contraceptive service delivery practices in Albania

ObjectivesPharmacists play a key role in contraceptive service delivery in Albania. This qualitative study explores the availability and accessibility of different contraceptive methods in Tirana, Albania, as well as the knowledge, opinions, and provision practices of retail pharmacists in the county. MethodsIn 2016, we conducted 16 in-person interviews with retail pharmacists in Tirana county, Albania. We also observed practices and dynamics in the pharmacies. We analyzed our data using descriptive statistics and for content and themes using inductive and deductive techniques. ResultsOur findings suggest that although a number of contraceptive methods are available in pharmacies, there are numerous barriers to access. Pharmacists were both uninformed and misinformed about reproductive health technologies, in general, and hormonal contraceptives, in particular. Pharmacists reported that the lack of awareness, fear of judgment, and embarrassment among women are some of the biggest obstacles for women seeking contraceptives from pharmacies. Yet few pharmacists reflected on their own lack of knowledge and the role that health service provider misinformation and judgment plays in contraceptive service delivery. ConclusionSupporting continuing education efforts for pharmacists and pharmacists in training in Albania appears warranted. Improving pharmacists’ knowledge of reproductive health technologies and fostering values clarification and transformation could address current barriers to access. ImplicationsOur findings shed light on the barriers to contraceptive access in Albanian pharmacies. Developing strategies to raise awareness about contraception, training pharmacists to provide medically accurate counselling, and improving knowledge within the community through culturally and linguistically resonant education campaigns appear warranted.

Saia Justa

Introdução: A gravidez não desejada continua a ser um desafio global. Recentemente, a m-Health tem oferecido um novo horizonte para a educação em saúde, contribuindo para as políticas públicas de planejamento familiar, já que os dispositivos móveis ocupam lugar de destaque no cotidiano das pessoas. O objetivo deste estudo foi apresentar evidência da apropriação imediata de conceitos sobre planejamento familiar, utilizando-se de estratégia de gamificação, em uma aplicação do tipo jogo sério. Métodologia: A aplicação para dispositivos móveis utilizou tecnologia open-source e frameworks para plataforma híbrida, sendo oferecido gratuitamente em lojas de aplicativos. Como estratégia, o jogo apresentou desesseis situações do cotidiano dos casais acerca de contracepção. Para cada uma, quatro soluções foram preparadas para atender dimensões ligadas à saúde, família, amigos ou pais, apontando tal influência na decisão do jogador. O progresso na aprendizagem de conceitos sobre contracepção foi estimado pela diferença entre o número de métodos contraceptivos conhecidos após e antes do jogo, analisado estatisticamente. Resultados: Em seis meses, o número de downloads foi de 3652, com 2809 jogadores adultos, 77% feminino e 84% com idade entre 18 e 33 anos. Considerando os países que utilizaram: 39% foram originários de Moçambique, 33% do Brasil, 21% de Angola e 7% de outros países. Parte dos jogadores adultos (1070, 38%) completaram os desesseis desafios. Dos 650 jogadores que relataram conhecer algum método contraceptivo previamente, 117 (18%) apresentaram diferença positiva entre o número de métodos conhecidos após (p <0,001), em relação aos conhedidos antes do jogo. Conclusão: O jogo sério Saia Justa foi capaz de expandir o acesso dos cidadãos à informação sobre métodos contraceptivos e mostrar evidência significativa de apropriação imediata de conceitos, indicando o potencial deste canal de comunicação para apoiar educação em saúde.

Prevalence and predictors of implanon utilization among women of reproductive age group in Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia

BackgroundThe Ethiopian Federal Ministry of Health introduced provision of the contraceptive Implanon at community level by trained health extension workers in 2009. However, little is known regarding the utilization and factors associated with Implanon use among rural women since the introduction of the community based intervention. Thus, this study assessed the utilization of Implanon and associated factors among reproductive aged women in rural areas of Saesie-Tsaeda Emba and Ofla districts in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia.MethodsA cross sectional community based survey was conducted in May and June 2014. A multistage sampling technique was used to randomly select 524 reproductive aged women (15–49 years). Data was collected through interview using a pre-tested and structured questionnaire. Univariate analysis was done to determine the prevalence for Implanon use, to assess general characteristics of respondents, and to produce summaries. Bivariate analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between each independent variable with the dependent variable. Multivariate logistic regression was conducted to identify factors influencing Implanon use by controlling effect of confounding variables.ResultsOf all the women, 444 (84.7%) had heard of Implanon. Health extension workers were the primary source of information on Implanon as mentioned by 376 (71.8%) of the respondents. Little more than seven women in every ten, 319 (71.8%), had good knowledge of Implanon and 248 (55.5%) of the women had supportive attitudes towards Implanon use. Among our sample, 10.1% women were using Implanon, 33 (62.3%) reported having received their Implanon at a health post from health extension worker. Women’s employment (AOR: 2.73, 95% CI: 1.20–6.21), the number of modern contraceptive methods known (AOR: 2.24, 95% CI: 1.09–4.62), and the number of contraceptive methods ever used (AOR: 11.0, 95% CI: 5.06–23.90) were positively associated with Implanon use.ConclusionTrained health extension workers played a major role in information and service provision of Implanon. However, this study revealed that a significant number of women had incorrect information regarding Implanon. Hence, health extension workers and other health professionals should provide appropriate counseling and education regarding Implanon and other contraceptives.

Adolescents’ Willingness to Use the Contraceptive Vaginal Ring

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to assess adolescents’ attitudes towards the contraceptive vaginal ring (CVR). We also aimed to identify the factors associated with their willingness to use it. MethodsWe conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study. Fifty nine female volunteers, aged 14 to 18 years, were recruited in a clinical setting. The participants completed a self-administered questionnaire collecting information on sexual and contraceptive history as well as personal and demographic data. After reading information describing the CVR, they were asked about their perceptions of and willingness to adopt this contraceptive method. We used a logistic regression model to assess factors associated with their willingness to use the CVR. ResultsOur population was mostly composed of coitally experienced (86%), high school level (71%) adolescents living with their parents (97%). Only a minority (17%) were willing to use the CVR, while 39% remained undecided. Participants were concerned about experiencing vaginal discomfort and difficulty in inserting or removing the ring. They also feared that it would interfere with their sexual activities or cause urinary tract infections, leukorrhea, or vaginitis. Willingness to adopt the CVR increased with the number of contraceptive methods already used (OR = 1.92; P = 0.015) and was not associated with a lack of contraceptive compliance. ConclusionsA minority of adolescents are willing to use the CVR, but many are ambivalent. Health care professionals should focus on addressing concerns about vaginal insertion. Adolescents who tend to be the most interested in the CVR are those who have experience with a greater number of contraceptives.

The provision and funding of contraceptive services at publicly funded family planning agencies: 1995-2003.

Publicly funded family planning agencies face significant challenges in delivering quality services to low-income women because of the higher costs of newer contraceptive methods, changes in health care financing and a growing uninsured population. In 2003, 627 of a nationally representative sample of 956 U.S. agencies receiving public funding for family planning services responded to an eight-page survey. Responses were compared with results from similar surveys in 1995 and 1999 to describe changes in the availability of contraceptive methods, policies on method provision and funding issues. Variation was examined by agency type and Title X funding status. Between 1995 and 2003, the number of contraceptive methods available to women increased and agencies reduced barriers to oral and emergency contraceptives by liberalizing policies for their provision. By 2003, many agencies offered the newest contraceptive methods available-the progestin-only IUD (58%), the patch (76%) and the vaginal ring (39%). However, more than half of agencies did not stock certain methods because of their cost, and some key funding sources had declined. Between 1995 and 2003, the proportion of agencies receiving Medicaid funding fell from 91% to 80%, and the proportion of clients paying full fee for their contraceptive services fell from 19% to 14%. The share of agencies waiving fees for adolescents fell from 66% in 1999 to 44% in 2003. Continued funding challenges limit the ability of publicly funded providers to offer all available methods to all women.

DETERMINANTS OF SPACING CONTRACEPTIVE USE AMONG COUPLES IN MUMBAI: A MALE PERSPECTIVE

This study aimed to determine the factors influencing the use of spacing contraceptive methods in India, particularly from men's perspective. Data were obtained through a semi-structured interview schedule from 2,687 married men aged between 18 and 40 years from central Mumbai City, India, during 1999. Chi-squared tests and binary logistic regression analysis was carried out to determine the relationship between various variables and the likelihood of a couple using spacing contraceptive methods. Of the 2,687 couples, 1,395 (51.9%) were using one or other method of spacing contraceptives and 1,292 (48.1%) were not using any method at the time of survey. Male participation in contraceptive use was 23% (condom and withdrawal). The results indicate that the use of spacing contraceptive methods was significantly higher among those couples where the men desired one or two children (OR=4.3), had knowledge of five or more contraceptive methods (OR=1.9) and discussed with their wives obtaining family planning information (OR=3.2), spacing (OR=2.7) and permanent (OR=2) contraceptive methods. Age, income, desired number of children, knowledge of a greater number of contraceptive methods, inter-spouse communication regarding obtaining family planning information, spacing and permanent methods were found to be strong predictors of the use of spacing contraceptive methods. The study underlines the importance of intervention programmes aimed at promoting a small family norm, increasing the number of contraceptive choices available and encouraging inter-spouse communication. Hence, policymakers and programme managers should encourage interventions in this direction, targeting couples to enhance the use of spacing contraceptive methods.

Abortion in Vietnam: Measurements, Puzzles, and Concerns

This report summarizes current knowledge about abortion in Vietnam, drawing upon government statistics, survey data, and fieldwork undertaken by the author in Vietnam throughout 1993 and part of 1994. The official total abortion rate in Vietnam in 1992 was about 2.5 per woman, the highest in Asia and worrisome for a country with a still-high total fertility rate of 3.7 children per woman. Vietnamese provinces exhibited substantial variation in both the rate of abortion and the type of procedures performed. Among the hypotheses explored to explain Vietnam's high rate of abortion are the borrowing of family planning strategies from other poor socialist states where abortion is common; current antinatal population policies that interact with a lack of contraceptive alternatives; and a rise in pregnancies among young and unmarried women in the wake of recent free-market reforms. Because family-size preferences are still declining, abortion rates may continue to increase unless the incidence of unwanted pregnancy can be reduced, a goal that Vietnamese population specialists are seeking to achieve.