Number Of Children In Family Research Articles

Family and gender images in self-publishing

The valuable basis of almost all the texts discussed is Catholicism. This leads to the conservative nature of the articles and the negative attitude towards the social and cultural changes that had taken place during modernization. However, the level of conservatism of self-published authors and the details of the assessment of the changes differed. Most of the authors blamed the Soviet state and the system (especially the atheism of society) for all the negative changes, while some of them believed it was a consequence of a special policy aimed at destroying the Lithuanian nation. A smaller number of authors saw the threat arising not so much from the USR as from modernization itself, and thus from the West. A lack of more diverse sources of information may have contributed to the ideological conservatism, which forced authors to rely on the interwar publications. Such a situation had intervened the perception of the changed reality and adequate response to it. This, in turn, could have reduced the impact or even prevalence of self-publishing – the diversity of opinions in the legal press was much greater. Generally, the Soviet regime was accused by selfpublished authors of promoting excessive freedom (legal abortions, simple divorce proceedings, etc.) and was criticized for destroying traditional gender roles. Therefore, the relationship of the underground authors with freedom was ambiguous – in the fight for the political freedom of the nation, personal human freedom was not valued in private life, and the texts usually emphasized a person’s duty – a person was subordinated to the idea, only not to that of the communists but also to the national idea. The fact that there were no discussions on family and gender issues in the self-published publications shows a lack of authors, the ideological unity of various publications, and a lack of liberal and democratic values in the underground movement. Some texts kind of reveal certain ideas of female emancipation; however, the longing for the traditional family and the respective gender roles dominate, and there are no hints of the need for real gender equality in a family. Instead, there is a clear link between traditional femininity and the exaltation of a woman. A hypothesis may be made that this was due to the link between gender equality with the Soviet propaganda and the reality of the USR when women were forced to endure a double workload. The image of a religious family as an antidote to pervasive immorality and degrading civil marriage can also be seen as a form of Catholic advocating, offered as an antidote to the breakdown of families and the enslavement of women. Perhaps this may have contributed to the religious revival in the early 1980s. Comparing the family and gender discourses in the publications of self-published authors and the legal press, many similarities may clearly be noticed, the most important of which is a very similar critique of the identical consequences of modernization. Sometimes disadvantages such as divorce, a small number of children in families, abortions, and the situation of women were criticized almost identically. Nevertheless, the causes of these disadvantages were searched for in a different place in self-published publications, first of all – in atheism policy. Therefore, despite the obvious hostility of self-publishing discourses to the Soviet reality and politics, they essentially only supplemented the public discourses by expressing those things that could not be made public due to the Soviet censorship (religious and anti-Soviet themes) but did not create a fundamentally different understanding of gender, family or sexuality from that prevailing in the public sphere. On the one hand, such similarity would be explained by the fact that self-published texts reflected the norms and values successfully introduced by public discourses to society. Much of the criticism of the system and reality was based namely on the postulates of the Soviet discourses, which had spread freely in public. The fact that a conservative turn in the discourses of family and gender relations took place throughout the USR in the 1970s may have contributed to this similarity. On the other hand, such a similarity can be explained by the discourses of the interwar Catholic family that had survived and preserved in society and were not influenced by Soviet propaganda. Still, it is doubtful that people could have remained unaffected by public discourses for three or four decades. However, taking into account the conservatism of the Soviet ideology and the order in the studies areas, it would be more accurate to state that no essential changes took place in Lithuania during the Soviet era in the field of family images and gender stereotypes.

The factors associated with chronic energy deficiency in breastfeeding mothers

Background: Chronic energy deficiency (CED) in breastfeeding mothers is very likely to occur because apart from the mother meeting the recovery needs of giving birth, the mother also provides breast milk to her baby. This study aimed to determine the factors associated with the incidence of CED in breastfeeding mothers. Methods: The research was conducted on 203 breastfeeding mothers who were randomly selected from 10 villages in Kefamenanu Regency, East Nusa Tenggara (NTT), Indonesia. Data collection was done directly by nutrition officer with interviews using g-form. Data were analysed using the Chi Square. Results: It was found that the factors associated with the incidence of CED in breastfeeding mothers were age {OR=0.5 times (CI 95%: 0.257-1.054)} and parity of the number of children in the family OR=2.1 times (95%: 1-4.4)}, as well as family income which is not directly related to the incidence of CED in the mother {OR=1.7 times (CI 95%: 0.5-6.3)}. Conclusions: Factors associated with CED in breastfeeding mothers are age, the parity of the number of children in family, and family income. Support from the family is vital for breastfeeding mothers to meet their nutritional needs.

Family Resilience Assessment Scale (FRAS-RII): A New Version

Numerous versions of the Family Resilience Assessment Scale (FRAS) are constantly modified in order to make allowance for the limitations of previous versions. Approbation of the Family Resilience Assessment Scale (FRAS-RII), held in 2021, also showed the need to improve the instrument, verify its psychometric characteristics, which became the purpose of the current study. The study involved 627 respondents from Russia (n = 300) and Belarus (n = 327) aged from 18 to 67 years (average age of Russians 34.3 ± 12.5, average age of Belarusians 22.5 ± 7). We used the following methods: socio-demographic questionnaire, Family Resilience Assessment Scale FRASRII; Short version of Hardiness Survey; Test «Family Emotional Communications»; Revised questionnaire «Experience in Close Relationships». As a result, the optimal structure of the Family Resilience Assessment Scale FRAS-RII was elaborated with the psychometric characteristics indicating a high internal consistency of its five subscales. The subscales correlate with indicators of hardiness, family emotional communications, and experience in close relationships, indicating the external validity of the scale. The characteristics of family resilience differ depending on marital status and number of children in families, depending on the type of adverse event in the samples of Russians and Belarusians, which also confirms the applicability of the scale when working with different types of families. We may conclude that the FRAS-RII with its five subscales such as family communication and connectedness, positive outlook and problem solving, acceptance and flexibility, social resources, family spirituality, is a reliable, valid tool for research and for psychological help to Russian and Belarusian families.

Explaining the Parenting Styles of Epileptic Children: A Content Analysis.

Understanding the parenting practices of parents of children with epilepsy can be a practical guide for care and education planners to prevent mental disorders in these children. This study aimed to explain the parenting practices of parents of children with epilepsy in Shahrekord. This study is a qualitative study with conventional content analysis. Participants in the study consisted of 20 mothers with epileptic children in Shahrekord, who were included in the study by purposive sampling method with maximum variance in terms of child age, number of family children, and child sex. The data collection method was a semi-structured interview using the interview guide. Data analysis was performed using a conventional content analysis at the same time as data collection. Interviews continued until data saturation was reached. The present study revealed five main themes in discipline methods, including over-support / over-protection, forcing to support, rejecting, parental conflict in discipline methods, and using harmful discipline methods. In conclusion, the experiences of mothers in the present study show that using inappropriate discipline methods can have adverse effects on the mental-emotional and social health of the child in the future and raise the need to design educational interventions to empower parents of epileptic children in coping with parenting stress effectively.

Medical and social characteristics of families assigned to family physicians in Javan district

Objective. The study seeks to explore the medical, social, and psycho-sociological characteristics of families within the population served by family doctors in the Yavan region.Materials and Methods. The study encompassed 450 patients under the care of general practitioners. The subjects were adult family members from various age groups, social standings, financial backgrounds, and health conditions, ensuring representative outcomes. Data was collected using a custom questionnaire comprised of 30 questions. This data was mathematically processed, and the findings are presented as indicators.Results and Discussion. The data revealed that the majority of surveyed patients primarily possess secondary or specialized secondary education. Men were more educated, with 44.7% holding a secondary specialized education or higher, while only 31.6% of women reported this level of education. Education levels appeared to influence family and marital statuses. As education levels rose, the number of children in families decreased (by 10.0%-15.0% in nuclear families and 5-7% in single-parent families). Conversely, the percentage of those married or in committed relationships increased with a rise in education, from 45.4% to 51.1%. A correlation analysis between respondents’ marital status, family type, and educational level indicated a weak relationship (r = 0.21 + 0.7 and 0.11 + 0.3, respectively). Conclusions. To enhance the accessibility of medical and social services for the community, it’s essential to address core challenges in the implementation of rural health development programs. This includes formulating a sound personnel policy and bolstering primary rural healthcare to tackle social issues. Additionally, establishing a regulatory and methodological structure is vital to guide family doctors serving in rural regions.

Assessing the Validity of the Baby Pediatric Symptom Checklist Using a Nationally Representative Household Survey.

The Baby Pediatric Symptom Checklist (BPSC) is a screening tool developed for detecting behavioral or emotional concerns among parents of children younger than 18 months. Nationally representative survey data have not yet been used to assess the validity of the BPSC, nor to evaluate its appropriateness for use among children between 18 and 23 months old. The current study assesses the validity of the BPSC using data from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). Data from the 2019 NHIS were used to evaluate the 12-item BPSC screening tool among a nationally representative sample of children 2 to 23 months. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and differential item functioning (DIF) were used to assess construct and predictive validity and test how response items differed by selected sociodemographics. Quantile regression was used to calculate 50th, 70th, and 90th percentiles for age-based normative curves of the previously established domains of irritability, inflexibility, and difficulty with routines. A 3-factor CFA produced comparable results to the original study. Tests of DIF did not reveal any significant effects for the child's sex, race and Hispanic origin, household urbanization level, number of children in family, or respondent type (mother, father, other). In addition, DIF was not found between children aged 2 to 17 months and 18 to 23 months. Age-based normative data were calculated for each subscale. The use of the BPSC in a nationally representative survey produced findings comparable to those of the original-validation study. The NHIS can be used to track BPSC scores over time at the population-level.

The Impact of Selected Social Determinants on the Prevalence and Sevirity of Early Childhood Caries among a Group of Lebanese Preschool Children

The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of selected social determinants on the prevalence and severity of Early Childhood caries (ECC), among a group of Lebanese preschool children. A total of 500 preschool children, age 3 to 5 years were chosen with stratified random sample technique with proportional allocation of the subjects, into different strata. Out of the 500 students chosen, 409 complied and returned the questioner and hence were included in the study. The study was performed in six schools distributed in different areas of Beirut, 3 private and 3 public schools. Every child was examined using a disposable plastic dental mirror under an adequate source of light. Early childhood caries was diagnosed as present when one or more decayed (non cavitated or cavitated lesions), missing (due to caries), or filled tooth surface on any primary tooth in children up to 71 months of age [1] was detected. The severity of ECC was classified according to Whyne AH (1999) [2] Type 1 ECC (mild to moderate); Type 2 ECC (moderate to sever); Type 3 ECC (sever). All eligible children were given a questionnaire to be filled at home by parents, and were returned by a specific date. Socio-demographic factors included in the questionnaire were as follows: Age, Gender , Maternal age at birth, Number of children in family, Child order in family, Do brothers or sisters have caries, Mother’s education level, Child’s father job. The data were collected, tabulated and statistically analyzed, using package for social science "SPSS" version 13. The age of the study sample ranged from 3- 5 years with a mean 4.0 ± 0.9. About half of the sample was males (49.1%). The majority of children were in public schools (60.9%). In the majority of cases (52.6%), the number of children in the family was three or more, while only 5.4% of the examined children were single without siblings. About three fourths of the children (71.4%) were the second or third or more among their siblings. ..........

Problems of the family institution in the youth environment

The problems of the family institution are reflected in the family values transformation. The patterns of family and marriage relations which are traditional for historical Russia come into conflict with modern realities. This transformation affects primarily the youth environment, putting young people in front of a tough choice between socially approved career growth and a quiet feat inconspicuous to the world within family relationships. The all-Russian study “Self-regulation of the Life of Young People in a Changing Social Reality”, conducted in the fall of 2020, revealed problematic aspects of marital relations. The traditional values of the family, which are historically common for Russia, are opposed to a set of modern values characteristic of the liberal model and sometimes inferior to the latter. The course laid down by the founders of communism to eliminate the monogamous family as an economic unit of society gives its late shoots refracting in the individualization of society, leveling the significance of official marriage unions and reducing the number of children in families. The results of the all-Russian sociological survey of young people make it possible to identify the real marital status of young people in Russia and to consider its models. The article analyzes the prevalence of so-called “civil marriages” and the correction of attitudes towards them by official bodies. The author gives the rationale for the growing popularity of the “Japanese model” in marital relations, as well as the reasons that push young people to short-term marriage unions fraught with loneliness. The nature of young people relationship with their parents is considered and different generations of youth are compared. The idea of the respondents about the meaning of the family is investigated and the main motives for marriage are established. The number of children in modern youth families is revealed and trends in various social groups are analyzed. Conclusions are drawn about the instability of the family institution in the modern world and the need to protect it by the state.

Долгосрочный прогноз компенсаторной миграции в России

The population of Russia was declining since 2018 due to the growth of natural loss and the uneven dynamics of net migration, which only partially compensated for it. In the short term, even the most favorable scenario of Russia’s demographic development, which provides for high levels of fertility, life expectancy and migration, leads to a decrease in the population from the current 146.2 to 145.2 million persons in 2026, and only after that point, a growth can be expected. According to the medium and low options, the population will decrease to 137.5 and 84.4 million persons respectively by the end of the century. This makes necessary to calculate a level of the replacement migration, which would compensate the natural decline and maintain the current population of Russia. The cohort-component method was used in forecasting, the population as of 01.01.2021 was taken as the base. Depending on various scenarios of fertility and mortality, the level of annual replacement migration growth in 2021–2023 should correspond to 460–1200 thousand persons, which is 2–6 times higher than suggested by the average, most realistic, migration scenario. The value is also 1.5–4.5 times higher than in high migration scenario. After that, the urgency for replacement migration decreases and from the 2040s, according to the average variant, the net migration will correspond to the upper, optimistic, migration scenario (450–500 thousand persons), which implies a greater probability of achieving it. In 2077, the level of replacement migration intersects with the average scenario of net migration (250 thousand persons), and in the period 2084–2100 corresponds to the lower scenario (60–70 thousand persons). According to the high variant, the level of replacement migration is rapidly decreasing due to a significant increase in fertility and life expectancy and since the late 2030s even in the case of migration decline the population would not shrink. With negative trends of natural movement in the low variant, the level of required replacement migration throughout the forecast period is extremely high and unlikely, 1–1.2 million persons annually, which indicates the impossibility of stabilizing the population in this variant. Higher levels of immigration make possible to recoup the growth of the demographic burden only in the medium term, subsequently, the aging of the arrived contingents of migrants leads to an increase in the demographic burden of the elderly. Thus, to preserve the population, it is necessary to find a balance between relatively easy-to-manage migration flows and solving fundamental issues in the field of reducing mortality and creating favorable conditions for the birth of the desired number of children in families.

Динамика социально-демографического развития сельских поселений региона Центрального Черноземья в XVIII – первой четверти XIX вв.

Introduction. The article deals with socio-economic issues of the local history of the Central Black earth region in the 18th - first quarter of the 19th century. The demographic processes that took place in the village of Panikovets, Yelets district and the village of Pikalovo, Livensky district. The gender and age characteristics of the rural society are given, as well as statistical data on the forms of organization of family and clan groups.Materials and methods. This article is the result of a study of mass sources relating to the 18th – the first quarter of the 19th centuries. The materials for the work were the Landrad census of 1716, revision lists of 1782 and 1811, as well as “Economic notes on the plans for general land surveying” (1795 and 1832). Analytical comparison of information from the above sources is the main task of the study.Results. The subject of the study was aspects of the social development of two large settlements of the modern Lipetsk region. The authors come to the conclusion that the decrease in the inhabitants of the village of Panikovets in the epoch of Peter I exceeded the birth rate. In the future, stable improvements in demographic indicators were recorded in both villages. A significant increase in the population was observed in the second half of the 18th - first quarter of the 19th centuries.Conclusion. The predominant social group both in the village of Panikovets, and Pikalovo were odnodvortsy, who settled in this area back in the 17th century. The agricultural activities were hampered by the insufficient number of the peasants. The mention of the owner's peasants is found only in the sources of the end of the 18th century. The study made it possible to establish that in the beginning of the XIX century both in Panikovets and in Pikalovo, there was a tendency to expand the yards and increase the number of families. For a hundred years, there was an increase in the number of children in families. The local society was constantly integrating into the socio-economics of the nearest settlements. The rural society was a dynamic social organization.

Profiles of Teachers’ Work Engagement in Special Education: The Impact of Burnout and Job Satisfaction

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to identify special education teachers’ profiles in relation to their levels of burnout, work engagement and job satisfaction, following a person- oriented approach. This approach was chosen in order to provide cfombinations of attributes that shape high-risk groups of low engagement and high burnout. Additionally, it was examined whether these profiles differed with regard to special education teachers’ individual parameters and work-related characteristics, such as age, gender, marital status, number of children in family, level of education, region of employment and teaching experience. The sample included 664 in-service special education teachers (503 females and 161 males) working in primary and secondary schools. Two-step cluster analysis yielded four profiles, entitled: passionate, workaholic, operational and overworked. Differences were also noted among profiles, in terms of participants’ age, educational level, region and teaching experience. Findings are discussed with reference to implications for future research in order to early detect and support teachers at risk.

Psycho-social support to children infested by jigger in Kisii county: social work perspective

Social workers are key professionals in assessing social care need and providing psychosocial support. Nonetheless the needs in jigger infiltration containment and control are not well managed. Tungiasis is both a social and public health concern worldwide. It affects the victim’s quality of life through localization in the foot causing walking difficulties that reduce the normalcy of the infested child. Both social and psychological problems such as low self-esteem and stigma has been identified among the children infested with jiggers. The purpose of this study therefore was to investigate the role of a social worker in the prevention of jigger infestation among children in Kisii County. The study utilized descriptive survey design. The sample size was 50 pupils, 50 parents,20 Key Informants and 20 practicing Social workers. The findings of the study reveal that in order to mitigate Tungiasis, the risk factors that contribute to their spread such as poverty, poor hygiene conditions, area sanitization, inadequate health facilities, sharing houses with domesticated animals, political negligence and controlled number of children in families should be addressed. social work practitioners should engage with children to assess challenges in social functioning, process information in ways that enhance their ability to maintain body hygiene, develop skills to curb tungiasis and create support for change. The study recommends a change of behaviour in the community and the superstitions perception on the causes of Tungiasis.

The Predictive Effect of Individual and Environmental Factors on Motor Performance of Low Birth Weight Infants

Objectives: Premature infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) are exposed to environmental risks that may cause developmental problems i. The present study aimed to investigate the predictive effect of individual and environmental factors on the motor performance of low birth weight preterm infants. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed in the neonatal clinic of Shahid Akbarabadi Hospital in Tehran City, Iran. A group of 90 low birth weight infants were enrolled in the study by non-probabilistic method and according to the inclusion criteria. Test of infant motor performance (TIMP), sensory profile2 (infant section), affordance in the home environment for motor development (AHEMD), and a demographic questionnaire were used to evaluate motor performance, sensory status, home environment, and other factors (birth weight, corrected age, parent’s education, etc.), respectively. Results: TIMP elicited score was positively correlated with the infant’s age (r=0.390, P<0.001) and infant’s weight (r=0.260, P=0.011), and negatively correlated with duration of hospitalization in NICU (r=-0.210, P=0.047). A significant negative correlation was observed between TIMP elicited score and total infant sensory profile2 score (r=0.391, P<0.001) and a positive correlation was observed between TIMP elicited score and total affordance in the home environment for motor development score (r=0.207 P=0.049). Discussion: The present study’s results showed that elicited movement has a significant relationship with infant sensory status and home environment and demographic variables (infant’s age, gender, infant’s weight, type of delivery, NICU duration, father and mother’s age, number of family children) and the sensory status has a more predictive effect on infant motor performance than the environmental questionnaire.

Knowledge of Mothers Toward Growth and Development of Their Under-5 Years Children in Western Rajasthan (India)

Background: The first five years of a child’s life is a golden period for their growth and development, fostering their future learning skills and social and emotional abilities due to rapid gains in physical and cognitive growth and development. Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the knowledge of mothers about the growth and development of under 5-years children in western Rajasthan. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted with quantitative descriptive approach. The study was conducted at Prince Bijay Singh Memorial (PBM) Hospital, Bikaner, Rajasthan. The population of the current study comprised of 150 mothers, having at least an under-5 year’s child. The subjects were selected by Non-probability convenient sampling technique for this study. Self-structured questionnaire on demographic profile and knowledge about growth and development were distributed among the mothers. Results: The study revealed that half of the mothers were belongs to 26–35 years of age group. The majority of mothers (42%) were having education up to primary level. In occupational status, the most of mothers (56.66%) were house wife. Furthermore, the majority of the mothers (65.33%) had average level of knowledge followed by 28.67% of them had good level of knowledge while only 6% had poor level of knowledge regarding growth and development of under-5 year children. Likewise there was a significant association between the knowledge scores of the mothers and age (p-value- 0.031), educational status (p-value- 0.0001) and occupation (p-value- 0.0001). Whereas, variables like as: family income, type of family and Number of children in family were not significantly associated the level of knowledge. Conclusion: Findings of this research study suggested that most of the mothers having average level of knowledge towards growth and development of under-5 year children. In addition, Knowledge of the mothers was partially associated with their selected demographic variables. Furthermore, sound knowledge of mothers is vital for growth and development of under-5 year children.

The Relationship between Child Rearing Burden and Farmers’ Adoption of Climate Adaptive Technology: Taking Water-Saving Irrigation Technology as an Example

Exploring the relationship between child rearing burden and farmers’ adoption of climate adaptation technologies can be used to improve farmers’ adoption of these technologies, thus reducing the impact of climate change on agricultural production and increasing agricultural output. However, with the full implementation of the Chinese three-child policy, the number of children in families will continue to increase and the cost of raising children will rise, which will have a crowding out effect on the adoption of climate adaptive technologies. In this context, we analyzed the impact and mechanism of child rearing burden on farmers’ adoption of climate adaptive technology by Probit model and discussed its heterogeneity based on family life cycle theory. Cross-sectional survey data were collected from 511 farm households in the 3 provinces of China to produce the findings. We found that the child rearing burden had a significant negative impact on farmers’ adoption of climate adaptive technology. The impact mechanism analysis showed that the child rearing burden mainly affected farmers’ adoption of climate adaptive technology through three paths: risk appetite, economic capital and non-agricultural employment, with non-agricultural employment having the largest impact, followed by risk appetite and finally, economic capital. Furthermore, the effect of child rearing burden on the adoption of climate adaptive technology was heterogeneous amid different family life cycles: In the upbringing and burden period, the child support burden had a significant negative impact on the adoption of climate adaptive technology and the impact was greater in the upbringing period, while in the stable period, the child support burden had a significant positive impact on the adoption of climate adaptive technology. The influence mechanism was also heterogeneous in different family life cycles. This paper not only provides research evidence on the relationship between child rearing burden and farmers’ adoption of climate adaptive technology, but also has certain empirical value for the formulation and implementation of supportive measures for improving fertility policies.

The assessment of family caregivers’ anxiety in pediatric epilepsy : a cross-sectional sudy

IntroductionPediatric epilepsy is a debilitating disease that impacts not only children with epilpsy but also persons arround them. It is often considered as a source of anxiety for family caregivers.ObjectivesAssess the level of anxiety in caregivers of children with epilepsy and to identify factors related to it.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study between July and October 2020. It included caregivers of children with epilepsy hospitalized in the pediatric neurology department of Sfax. We used the STAI-Y scale to assess the level of state anxiety (STAI-AE).ResultsForty four womens participated in our study. Low socio-economic level was found in 31.8% of cases. The average age of children was 4.9 years. The mean duration of epilepsy was 2.2 years. It was comorbid with an autism spectrum disorder or an intellectual disability in 15.9% of cases. In 70.5% of the cases, the children were dependent on their caregivers in their daily lives. The level of anxiety was moderate in 27.3% and high to very high in 13.6% of them. A higher state-anxiety score was correlated with a longer duration of epilepsy (p=0.033), a lower familial socioeconomic level (p=0.013) and a higher number of children in family (p=0.048).ConclusionsPediatric epilepsy is associated with significant level of anxiety in family caregivers. This anxiety increases with the duration of the disease and with the presence of socioeconomic and family difficulties. Thus, psychosocial support for caregivers should be integrated into a global approach of the disease.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Modern trends in regulation of the social practice of artificial termination of pregnancy in Volgograd Region (sociological aspect)

The subject of this research is the key trends in regulation of the social practice of artificial termination of pregnancy (abortion) in modern society. The article provides a theoretical analysis of the question, an overview of normative legal documents of various levels, as well as the results of in-depth interviews with the representatives of organizations of Volgograd Region dealing with prevention of abortions (2021). Description is given to such forms of countering abortions as information awareness of the population about contraceptives and promotion of healthy lifestyle, family values, and pre-abortion counseling, which implies that women must apply to medical institution for termination of pregnancy. The author highlights the merits, flaws and prospects of each of these methods. The conclusion is made that there are currently two vectors in regulation of the spread of social practice of artificial termination of pregnancy – prior to pregnancy or after. The latter, which consists in pre-abortion counseling, is most advanced. However, the modern trend towards minimization and the strict limit of the number of children in family, as well as the emergence of medical-induced abortion that allows a woman to do the procedure at home, make this direction ineffective. A less advances, but more promising trend is preventive work with the individuals long before pregnancy, the forms of which require expansion, systematization and elaboration. The author's contribution lies in outlining the prospects for further application of the listed forms and determining the problematic aspects in the development of each one. The acquired conclusions can be used by state and municipal authorities in terms of elaboration and implementation of the regional demographic programs, as well as implementation of the concepts of demographic and youth policy of the Russian Federation.

A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY ON VACCINATION COVERAGE OF CHILDREN IN THE URBAN SLUMS OF MUZAFFARPUR, BIHAR

Background: Immunization is one of the most cost-effective measures in public health to date, preventing at an approximately 2--3 million fatalities in young children every year. Despite their public health benet, vaccination programs face obstacles. Objectives: The objectives of the study were to determine the vaccination coverage among the children in urban slums in Muzaffarpur and to determine the factors associated with partial immunization. Methodology: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2020 to October 2021 on children aged 12 to 23 months old of Muzaffarpur, Bihar, the urban slums area under Department of Community Medicine, Sri Krishna Medical College, using 30-cluster survey method. Information regarding immunization status, socio demographic and personal details was collected using pretested semi structured questionnaire after obtaining the consent. RESULTS: Among 240 children, Male children constituted 53.7%. and female children to 46.3%. Full immunization coverage was 82.9% and Partial immunization coverage was 17.1%. The relation between socio demographic variables like religion, type of family, total number of children in family, birth order, place of delivery, father's and mother's educational status, socio economic status and immunization status was found to be statistically signicant. Conclusion: The overall Immunization coverage factors found in this study are illiterate father, illiterate mother, low socio economic status, no exclusive breast feeding and non-availability of immunization card were determinants of partial immunization.

ПРОБЛЕМАТИКА ДЕТСКОЙ БЕДНОСТИ КАК ФАКТОРА НИЗКОЙ РОЖДАЕМОСТИ В РОССИИ

The problem of depopulation has become a major challenge for modern Russia. The demographic policy resulted in a short-term increase in the birth rate, but there remains the overall downward trend. The reason is that the current demographic situation in the country is a combination of global demographic transition processes and an unfavorable socio-economic situation. According to sociological studies, one of the main factors constraining the birth of children is the lack of material resources. The article presents a regional analysis of the distribution of constituent entities of the Russian Federation by the total fertility rate (TFR) as the basis of reproductive behavior and by the level of poverty of the population. Regions with a high birth rate were found to have a high level of poverty (the Republics of Chechnya, Tyva, and Altai). Since 2008, there has been an increase in relative child poverty; regions where this indicator is higher than the national average are divided into two groups – those with a high level of general poverty (Republic of Mari El, Pskov region, Republic of Karelia, Saratov region, Smolensk region) and regions with a low level of general poverty (Sakhalin region, Moscow, Moscow region, Lipetsk region, Voronezh region). When assessing the closeness of the relationship between the TFR indicators and relative child poverty, we revealed that the higher the level of child poverty, the lower the number of children in families. Out of 35 regions with a TFR of more than 1.5, only 9 territories have a poverty level below 12.3%. These are the national Republics of Bashkortostan and Tatarstan, the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug; the Tyumen and Sakhalin regions, which are ‘rich’ in raw materials; the Krasnodar Krai, actively accepting internal migration; the Sverdlovsk region, being the center of the industrial Urals; the Khabarovsk Krai, which is the center of the Far East; and the city of Moscow, where the poverty level is the lowest in the country. The study has identified the areas where a high birth rate has led to a concentration of poverty risks, especially for children, which, in turn, has long-term negative consequences for the development of regions. One of the main problems in preventing depopulation is the reduction of child poverty as one of the determining factors of reproductive behavior, social development, and public health.

Does the Expansion of Kindergarten Supply Increase Fertility？Quasi-natural Experimental Evidence from Establishing Kindergartens by Social Forces

In the past two or three decades, China’s fertility rate has been below the replacement level and declining. The problem of low fertility rate is likely to affect economic vitality, national competitiveness, and the operation of social security system, and even threaten national security. In view of this, the Decision on Optimizing the Fertility Policy to Promote the Long-term Balanced Development of Population puts forward to “further optimize the fertility policy and implement the policy of one couple having three children and supporting measures”. Therefore, the decline in fertility and the policy to support fertility have attracted great attention from all walks of life. The rising cost of parenting is considered to be an important factor for the decline in fertility, and the key of the cost lies in the work-childrearing conflicts caused by caring for children in families. In view of this, how to alleviate the conflicts, reduce the cost of parenting, and improve fertility has increasingly become a common concern of the whole society. The 14th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the People’s Republic of China and the Outline of Long-term Goals for 2035 clearly states: “Reduce the burden of fertility, parenting and education, release the potential of fertility, develop inclusive childcare service system, and strictly implement the policy of supporting kindergartens in urban communities. ”The reason why kindergarten supply reduces the cost of raising is that it can alleviate the conflicts and liberate families from all-day care for children. With the employment of the quasi-natural experiment of the policy of “establishing kindergartens by social forces” in 2003, this paper matches CHIP2013 data with the number of kindergartens based on prefecture-level cities, and uses the cross-sectional DID method and instrumental variable methods to find that the policy has a positive impact on the number of children in families. On average, an increase of 0.1 units in intensity of the policy will lead to an increase of 0.012 children in affected families. This means that in the five years since the implementation of the policy, if there are 20 million families affected by the policy every year, the average number of children in families will increase by an additional 1.2 million. The reason behind it is that the expansion of kindergarten supply will help families save time for caring for children, alleviate the conflicts, and then improve fertility. Further, the fertility effect of the policy is heterogeneous among families. For families with higher conflicts, such as families with higher education, families with more distant between family members, or families with long working hours, the positive fertility effect of the policy is greater. Moreover, the positive impact of this policy on fertility is relatively higher in areas with larger road pavement. This may be because better road paving conditions can compress the time and space distance, improve the accessibility of kindergartens, and then reduce the conflicts to a large extend.On the one hand, this paper makes up for the relative deficiency of domestic literature on the fertility effect of the expansion of kindergarten supply; on the other hand, kindergarten education and childcare services for children aged 0-3 have the same function in terms of alleviating the conflicts. In fact, this paper also provides empirical evidence for China to develop inclusive childcare service system to improve fertility. The policy suggestions are that: Firstly, increase the supply of kindergartens to ensure the nearby admission. Secondly, reduce the time and space distance between families and kindergartens, effectively shorten the time cost of approaching and using kindergarten services, and improve the accessibility of kindergartens.