Number Of Bone Fragments Research Articles

Comparative study on Kirschner-wire and screw fixation for intra-articular fractures of the proximal phalanx head

Purpose: This study compared screw and Kirschner-wire (K-wire) fixation for intra-articular fractures of the proximal phalanx head regarding the success of union and functional outcomes.Methods: In this retrospective study, we enrolled patients with closed intra-articular fractures of the proximal phalangeal head treated between January 2011 and December 2021. Patients with open wounds, tendon or neurovascular injuries, comminuted fractures, or middle phalangeal fractures were excluded. Patients’ demographics, bone union, proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint range of motion (ROM), grip power, and complications were collected and analyzed. The percentage of intra-articular surface involvement and the number of bone fragments were also analyzed in relation to the functional results.Results: Among 41 patients, 21 were managed with screw fixation, and the remaining 20 with K-wire fixation. The mean union rate was 100% in the screw fixation group and 95.0% in the K-wire fixation group, with no statistically significant difference (p=0.488). Other functional parameters (PIP joint ROM, time to bone union, and grip power) were not significantly different between the two groups. Regardless of the treatment modality, the PIP joint ROM showed significant negative associations with the involvement of more intra-articular surfaces (p<0.001) and the presence of a greater number of bone fragments (p=0.040).Conclusion: In intra-articular fractures of the proximal phalanx head, the treatment modality (screw or K-wire) did not affect the treatment outcome. Instead, the percentage of intra-articular surface involvement and the number of bone fragments showed significant negative associations with the PIP joint ROM after treatment.

Osteological study of Sus scrofa relics excavated from the Gasan-Ri archaeological site in Jinju

The natural relics excavated from the archeological site reveal the life, hunting, fishing, and gathering of mankind at the time, and the animal bones excavated from the remains become valuable data for the study of geography and bone diseases at the time. This study investigated the morphological structure, size, and osteometry of Sus scrofa bones excavated from the well area of the Gasan-Ri archaeological site in Jinju, presumed to be a relic of the Three Kingdoms period. The total weight of identified animal bones was 975.30 g and the number of bone fragments was 447. Among these 447 animal bones identified, the bone weight of Sus scrofa was 468.00 g (47.99%) and the number of bone fragments was 204 (45.64%). These 204 bone fragments of Sus scrofa consisted of 35 skulls (17.16%), 94 vertebrate axial skeletons (46.08%), 28 forelimb bones (13.73%), and 47 hindlimb bones (23.04%). The bones of Sus scrofa have been identified as those of two animals. The estimated age of these bones of Sus scrofa was 5-7 weeks. There was a fracture presumably caused by an artificial blow to the parietal bone located near the bregma in the skull.

Sporadic occupation in Armiña cave during the Upper Magdalenian: What for?

The cave of Armiña is the lower level of the same karst cave system as Atxurra Cave, which has a habitat site in the entrance, covering from the Gravettian to the Late Magdalenian periods, and an important Palaeolithic rock art ensemble in the inner part of the cave. The current entrance of Armiña was opened artificially at the end of the 19th century.Between 2016 and 2017 several tests and a 6 m2 excavation were performed in the main hall of Armiña to evaluate its archaeological record. The excavated stratigraphic sequence is sealed by a succession of sterile units (Ia-Ic) with no archaeological or faunal remains. At the bottom of this sterile unit a continuous flowstone separates it from Unit III, an almost sterile unit containing a few transported bones, charcoal fragments and a few lithics found in contact with Unit IV, where the bulk of archaeological remains were found. In Unit IV, a number of bone fragments and lithic tools are associated with a small hearth and an ocher stain.The available archaeological evidence, and the first results of the ongoing multiproxy analyses, suggest that the deposit is the result of a very short occupation event or even shorter visits to this spot inside the cave. These visits were more or less contemporaneous with the occupation levels in Atxurra and probably correspond chronologically to the artistic activity in the deep part of the cave. However, although Armiña Cave is quite suitable for human settlement, only a short-term occupation has been recognized. This could partially be related to the morpho-topographic conditions of the cave which would imply that access from the exterior was difficult at the time of the occupation. Thus, the occupation site might be defined as an Inner Archaeological Context (I.A.C.). Therefore, our main hypothesis is that this short-term occupation was an activity spot for Magdalenian explorers inside the cave, in which the activities they carried out were not exclusively related to technological and subsistence practices, nor to the execution of art, given the particular nature of the finds and the absence of Palaeolithic artistic manifestations in Armiña.

Non-invasive morphological studies of a tomographic dataset of Funerary Urns from the Middle Balsas region in Michoacán, Mexico

Studies of the funeral context of Funerary Urns using X-ray tomography provides a non-invasive method for measuring the context distribution, textural descriptors, topological, and morphological properties of the pieces inside the urns.This work presents a computational framework that provides the methods for processing the raw data produced by clinical X-ray tomography. The objective is to describe the distribution of the elements inside the urn and obtain three-dimensional models of the pieces which compose the funeral context. Subsequently, the models are evaluated using a set of morphological measurements which provide descriptors of each item from a set of funerary urns from the Middle Balsas region in Michoacán, Mexico.It was observed that the distribution of bones and metal objects within the urns was non-uniform. While some general burial practices were observed in some urns, the funerary context in each urn presented a difference in the number of bone fragments or metal volume. In addition, not all urns contained metal objects. The urns which contained metal objects each contained various quantities, and the contexts were distributed differently.This methodology is a way to gather accurate information of the context items’ positions within a three-dimensional environment to understand better the process involved in the funerary practice.

Застосування LCP-блокованих пластин у лікуванні діафізарних переломів ключиці

<p>Авторами проведено аналіз результатів застосування LCP-блокованих пластин при остеосинтезі переломів діафізарної частини ключиці. У проміжку часу понад один рік було виявлено результати лікування 40 (78,43 %) пацієнтів, і в 92,5 % випадків досягнуто консолідації перелому при функціональних результатах плечового суглоба з боку перелому в межах 85–100 балів. Використання клінічно адаптованої класифікації переломів ключиці Robinson значно полегшує вибір методики остеосинтезу та тип фіксації кісткових уламків при переломах діафізарної частини ключиці. Одним із чинників, що викликали розлади репаративної регенерації при переломах ключиці, за результатами дослідження, слід вважати величину зміщення уламків та число кісткових фрагментів.</p>

Skeletal Remains Submerged in Mediterranean Sea for Eight Years: Histological Observations

The authors describe the histological changes observed in a number of bone fragments which had remained submerged at a depth of 3850 metres in the Mediterranean Sea for 7 years and 10 months. The bone fragments which presented a complete skeletization were without any cellular residue while collagen fibres were still appreciable above all in the outermost circumferential lamellas of each osteonic system. No presence of extraneous biological material such as fungi, bacteria or other micro-organisms which often colonise buried bones were found on any of the bone structures examined. The bone remains moreover exhibited a notably reduced density due to the notable loss of inorganic constituents.

The Tibial Pilon Fractures: Are there Problems?

decade [2]. These fractures may be caused by falls, road accidents or sport injuries. TPF may be produced by two different dynamics: shear-stress injuries, which separate bone fragments, and compression injuries, which compress and impact bony matter. The mechanism is the implosion of the tibial plafond caused by axial compression between the talus and the distal tibial articular surface, with or without horizontal torsion [3]. It is often associated with significant degloving of the soft tissue surrounding the bone, while the skin, capsule and ligaments are partly spared. The aim of operative treatment is to anatomically reduce the fracture fragments to restore the congruity of the joint surface and promote bony union with minimal disruption of the soft tissue envelope [4]. So the TPF are always complex. Its complexity is related to the number of bone fragments, the decomposition of the bone fragments and the lesion of the neighboring soft tissues. Muller’s AO classification is the more complete and universally accepted system: it characterizes Type A (not articular), type B (partially articular) and type C (completely articular) fractures. TPF can also be classified by Ruedi and Allgower classification that includes three type of fracture depending on the displacement of articular surface, metaphyseal and injury extent of fractures [5]. The treatment of this type of fractures is a very timely topic, since there is no real consensus on the unique methods of treatment, which must take into account not only the stabilization of bone but also soft tissue which frequently leads to complications. Non operative management, such as cast immobilization, is reserved only for nondisplaced articular fractures, patients who have surgical controindications because of medical co-morbidities, or patients with low demand such as those who are nonambulatory. Surgical treatments are varied and different: minimally invasive osteosynthesis (MIO), open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF), minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO), esternal fixation (EF), external fixator combined with limited invasive internal fixation (LIFEF), ilizarov treatment. Operative fixation of TPF has presented a significant challenge to the orthopaedic surgeon as the extensive soft tissue damage associated with such injuries makes surgical intervention hazardous. Advantages of minimally invasive osteosynthesis of pilon fractures compared to conventional open reduction and osteosynthesis, include protection of the soft tissue and no further disturbances of circulation-ideal prerequisites for undisturbed bone healing. Ruedi and Allogower [5] believed that anatomical restoration of the articular surface was fundamental surgical point. They considered essential: the restoration of the length and axis of fibula or tibia, the reconstruction of the distal end of the tibia, the filling of the defect resulting from im paction, using cancellous autografts, the support of the medial side of the tibia by plating to prevent a late varus deformity. White et al. say that provided surgery is performed expeditiously by experienced orthopedic trauma surgeons, most tibial pilon fractures can be stabilized by primary ORIF within a safe and effective operative window with relatively low rates of wound complications, a high quality of reduction, and functional outcomes that compare favorably with the published results for all other reported surgical treatments of these severe incurie [6]. A retrospective study by Watson et al. has shown that there is a significantly higher complication rate with the use of open plating techniques in AO type C fractures of the distal tibia, and this is probably related to the amount of dissection and stripping of soft tissues needed to achieve reduction and plate fixation [7].

Outcome of Craniocerebral Gunshot Injuries in the Civilian Population. Prognostic Factors and Treatment Options

Gunshot wounds to the head are rare in Europe. They may be inflicted by low-velocity handguns, captive bolt guns and tear gas cartridges and mostly result from suicide attempts. The experience of neurosurgeons with this kind of traumatic injury is decreasing; the aim of this study was therefore to analyse prognostic factors which help to decide whether or not to operate and to discuss treatment options. Thirty patients with gunshot head injuries treated in our hospital from 1993 to 2008 were retrospectively evaluated. Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, pupil reactivity, lesion localisation, number of bone fragments, intracranial pressure (ICP), midline shift, hypotension, and dural penetration were analysed for their prognostic value. Surgically and non-surgically treated patients were evaluated separately. Complications were registered. A low GCS of 3-8, fixed pupils, >2 bone fragments, bilobar or posterior fossa/brainstem lesions and ICP >45 mmHg were indicators of a poor prognosis. Patients with a GCS of 3-8 and two non-reactive pupils should not be operated. If one or both of the pupils are reactive, surgery should be performed irrespective of the GCS score, except in patients with translobar/transventricular wounds. Even if there are no clear contraindications to surgery, the outcome is expected to be poor in patients with a low GCS score, midline shift >10 mm, >2 bone fragments in the brain, and a bilobar, posterior fossa/brainstem or ventricular lesion and ICP >45 mmHg. When surgery is performed the wound and the missile or bone track should be debrided meticulously, the wound and dura should be closed in a watertight fashion and antibiotic prophylaxis as well as tetanus serum should be given.

Histometric evaluation of meat products - determination of size and number of objects

In the framewort of the quantitative histologic evaluation of poultry products, the size and the number of bone fragments have been determined using the image analysis. Bone fragments were identified by their colour and analysed automatically. The samples contained 135 to 2167 bone particles the length of which varied from 5 to 2088 μm. Comparing products of the same kind, we found differences in the contents of bone fragments; this fact was possibly due to inadequate observance of the technological procedure by some producers.    

Butchering and marrow fracturing as a taphonomic factor in archaeological deposits

A major aim of the analysis of faunal remains from archaeological sites is the reconstruction of the palaeoecology of early man. Since taphonomic work must precede palaeoecological work, theories concerning the palaeoecology of early man would benefit from firmly based taphonomic studies of the archaeological deposits. One of the numerous taphonomic factors to be considered is the bone fragmentation produced by early man.The degree of bone fragmentation in a deposit uninfluenced by human factors is an expression of the resistance of the various bones to mechanical and chemical decomposition before and during burial. Thus, the degree of fragmentation where human factors are predominant should provide an illustration of man as a taphonomic factor. In both cases the degree of fragmentation may be used as an indicator of the degree of taphonomic overprint.Examination of bone material from four West European Mesolithic sites (all bog deposits), Star Carr 7200 ± 120 B.C., Kongemosen 6600 ± 100 B.C., Præstelyngen 3200 ± 100 B.C., and Muldbjerg I 2900 ± 80 B.C., reveals differences in marrow fracturing techniques. Furthermore, the different techniques result in different numbers of fragments for the same type of bone. Comparison of faunas from different sites based on the number of bone fragments must therefore be preceded by analysis of the marrow fracturing techniques used at the various sites. The number of fragments per estimated minimum number of individuals should indicate the degree of taphonomic loss.The various types of marrow fracturing found seem to belong to cultures at different levels of technical development. Thus, it may be possible within a limited area such as northern Europe to establish a chronology using marrow fracturing type as one of the ecostratigraphic tools.

The Bentzen-Kaufmann Cave Site 48 SH 301

A small cave in northeastern Wyoming yielded a number of bone fragments and artifacts representing an intermittent cultural deposition since the Early Period. A radiocarbon age of 6975 ± 275 years ...

A New Pleistocene Fauna from Meade County, Kansas

During the summer of 1939, while we were working in Meade county, Kansas, Mr. Kirk, county engineer, took us to an exposure where he had seen a number of bone fragments. From the deposit we succeeded in getting a number of vertebrates not previously reported from the Pleistocene fauna of Kansas. The locality is known as Meade County Locality No. 13. The fauna shall be known as the Jones Fauna.