Number Of Available Parking Spaces Research Articles

Parking issue within the context of achieving energy efficiency in cities

Within the guidelines and parameters for achieving an energy-efficient urban space, an important thematic subgroup deals with the issue of land use planning in the context of accessibility, where the topic of availability and presence of parking is emphasized as very important. The essence of the concept is the reduction of the use of ones own vehicles and, in connection with that, as the end result, the reduction of the number of available parking spaces. The creation and maintenance of an energy-efficient urban environment requires the realization of a large number of different activities that are impossible to realize simultaneously. (For now) there is no way to establish a hierarchy of realization between all the required activities (the order in which they are carried out), which can lead to big mistakes and problems. The paper describe the results of applying a methodology based on the idea of sustainable development, which could contribute to the systematization of a large number of activities and thus ensure that the concept/idea of reducing the use of own vehicles without lowering the quality of life of citizens is gradually implemented and becomes a reality.

Fast Way to Predict Parking Lots Availability: For Shared Parking Lots Based on Dynamic Parking Fee System

This study mainly focuses on the estimation calculation of urban parking space. Urban parking has always been a problem that plagues governments worldwide. Due to limited parking space, if the parking space is not controlled correctly, with the city’s development, the city will eventually face the result that there is nowhere to park. In order to effectively manage the urban parking problem, using the dynamic parking fee pricing mechanism combined with the concept of shared parking is an excellent way to alleviate the parking problem, but how to quickly estimate the total number of available parking spaces in the area is a big problem. This study provides a fast parking space estimation method and verifies the feasibility of this estimation method through actual data from various types of fields. This study also comprehensively discusses the changing characteristics of parking space data in multiple areas and possible data anomalies and studies and explains the causes of data anomalies. The study also concludes with a description of potential applications of the predictive model in conjunction with subsequent dynamic parking pricing mechanisms and self-driving systems.

Time Window Delineation for Shared Parking in Urban Center

The key to solving parking problem in urban centers using shared parking strategy lies in parking demand prediction and time window delineation for shared parking spaces. By analyzing the temporal distribution of parking demand for different land types, the influence of public transport on the demand for private car trips, and the analysis of residents’ behavior of parking sharing, a behavioral choice-parking generation rate prediction model for shared parking demand is constructed. And on this basis, the study also lays emphasis on the principles and methods of parking time windows, predicts the number of available parking spaces and reserved parking spaces during the parking sharing period, and identifies the time windows for shared parking in the urban center.

Make or break: Coordinated assignment of parking space for breaks and rest periods in long-haul trucking

To avoid traffic accidents due to driver fatigue in long-haul trucking, there are laws and provisions all over the world that regulate breaks and rest periods of truck drivers. When aiming to follow the existing hours of service regulations, however, parking space for trucks in service areas is often scarce, especially along crowded mainlines. In this context, the paper on hand investigates whether a central platform coordinating the usage of limited parking capacity on the supply side and truck drivers’ individual drive and rest schedules on the demand side can be advantageous. Specifically, we formulate a holistic optimization problem, which jointly determines the drive and rest schedules for a given set of trucks with fixed routes and coordinates their assignment to a limited number of available parking spaces over time. To solve this problem, we introduce a heuristic solution procedure, which is benchmarked with the status quo, where each driver seeks parking space individually, and a booking platform that allows to reserve parking space ahead of arrival. Our computational results reveal that a booking platform that produces much less organizational overhead is almost as effective as a central matching platform based on perfect knowledge of all truck schedules.

Simulation-Based Assessment of Parking Constraints for Automated Mobility on Demand: A Case Study of Zurich

In a coordinated mobility-on-demand system, a fleet of vehicles is controlled by a central unit and serves transportation requests in an on-demand fashion. An emerging field of research aims at finding the best way to operate these systems given certain targets, e.g., customer service level or the minimization of fleet distance. In this work, we introduce a new element of fleet operation: the assignment of idle vehicles to a limited set of parking spots. We present two different parking operating policies governing this process and then evaluate them individually and together on different parking space distributions. We show that even for a highly restricted number of available parking spaces, the system can perform quite well, even though the total fleet distance is increased by 20% and waiting time by 10%. With only one parking space available per vehicle, the waiting times can be reduced by 30% with 20% increase in total fleet distance. Our findings suggest that increasing the parking capacity beyond one parking space per vehicle does not bring additional benefits. Finally, we also highlight possible directions for future research such as to find the best distribution of parking spaces for a given mobility-on-demand system and city.

Evaluation Model of Parking Equipment Planning and Design Based on Object-Oriented Technology

Stereo parking equipment has become an important means to solve the problem of parking difficulties, so it is necessary to study the planning of stereo parking equipment. This paper proposes an evaluation model for parking equipment planning and design, and verifies the feasibility of the model through an example. First, obtain the surface information of the planned area through object-oriented technology, and then complete the design layout of the area that can accommodate the most parking spaces according to the plan information map of the study area. Next, calculate the number of parking spaces required for each building in the area, and the number of available parking spaces within the maximum acceptable time for each building. Finally, compare the two to design the number and location of parking equipment. This method can quickly and accurately obtain the ground plane information map of the study area, while ensuring the capacity of parking spaces to meet the needs of users, it also improves the rationality and suitability of the planning and layout of stereo parking equipment, which can effectively guide the planning and construction of urban parking equipment.

Automated Real-Time Intelligent Traffic Control System for Smart Cities Using Wireless Sensor Networks

Over the years, the number of vehicles has increased dramatically, which has led to serious problems such as traffic jams, accidents, and many other problems, as cities turn into smart cities. In recent years, traffic jams have become one of the main challenges for engineers and designers to create an intelligent traffic management system capable of effectively detecting and reducing the overall density of traffic in most urban areas visited by motorists such as offices, downtown, and establishments based on several modern technologies, including wireless sensor networks (WSNs), surveillance camera, and IoT. In this article, we propose an intelligent traffic control system based on the design of a wireless sensor network (WSN) in order to collect data on road traffic and also on available parking spaces in a smart city. In addition, the proposed system has innovative services that allow drivers to view the traffic rate and the number of available parking spaces to their destination remotely using an Android mobile application to avoid traffic jams and to take another alternative route to avoid getting stuck and also to make it easier for drivers when looking for a free parking space to avoid unnecessary trips. Our system integrates three smart subsystems connected to each other (crossroad management, parking space management, and a mobile application) in order to connect citizens to a smart city.

Smart Parking System Using IoT

Parking problems are common in most major cities. The limited availability of parking results in traffic congestion, air pollution as well as driver frustration. The price for parking expansion is usually prohibitive or extremely high. Recently researchers turned to apply technologies for efficient parking management. It is realized that this simple invention could be applied to monitor vehicles in parking places can be implemented. In this system, the driver can get the status of the parking slot through the website. The system can then inform drivers of the number of available parking spaces. The system should be performed over the less network-traffic and minimize the database server interruptions maintaining the synchronization in the client data fast and accurate response. The system should apply to large and small areas. The system should provide reliable performance.

Parking Guidance Models and Algorithms Considering the Earliest Arrival Time and the Latest Departure Time

Parking is one of the major problems in many cities. Due to the influence of various factors, the number of available parking spaces and travel time is highly dynamic and random. To find the reliable parking lot and the reliable path for travelers, this article proposes two parking guidance models and algorithms considering the earliest arrival time and the latest departure time. First, an extended shifted lognormal distribution (a 3-parameter lognormal distribution) is introduced to describe travel time. Then, a parking guidance model considering the earliest arrival time and a solution algorithm based on travel time bounds are established to find the reliable parking lot, the earliest arrival time, and the corresponding reliable path. Next, a parking guidance model considering the latest departure time and a solution algorithm based on travel time bounds are developed to find the reliable parking lot, the latest departure time, and the corresponding reliable path. Finally, two case studies with a real-world road network are used to verify the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed models and algorithms.

Enhancement of Parking Management System in Cairo using Smartphones

Over the past two decades, traffic authorities in many cities have developed so-called parking guidance and information systems (PGI) to help drivers to find the available parking spaces. In Cairo, the capital of Egypt, the PGI has been recently implemented in 2015. This research mainly aims to develop and assess a new approach for introducing parking information based on a smartphone application that can inform the users about the number of available parking spaces within the studied garages not only in the real- time but also in the near future based on historical data. The need for such an application was investigated before deployment by a questionnaire survey, while post-deployment feedback was used to evaluate the developed application as a tool to enhance and overcome the current parking management system defects. In addition, the current parking management system has been evaluated based on drivers’ opinion. The results showed that despite the PGI system has been deployed since 2015, only 70% of the participants were aware of this system. Out of them, 23% used the system. The main purpose of this is that the VMSs were not working sufficiently and some of them are not clear enough to the drivers. Around 46% of the interviewed drivers stated that when they didn’t find a space in the garage, they usually do not find an alternative parking space easily and they waste around 15 to 20 minutes searching for available parking spaces, while the average search time for those who are using the system was between 5 to 10 minutes. Finally, 99% of the participants believe that using more advanced parking guidance system through smartphone application will be more useful. A smartphone application has been developed as an advanced alternative tool for providing users with the number of available parking spaces not only in the current time but also in the near future time. This was done by developing predictive models for parking spaces availability at each garage over the daytime using the collected data. This application was evaluated based on the feedback of about 70 participants who used the application. The feedback analysis showed that 82% of the users were satisfied with the application, only one out of 70 participants have complained about the ease of use. Also, 89% of the participants have agreed that the application help in reducing parking search time with an overall average of 8 minutes.

Regression‐based parking space availability prediction for the Ubike system

Numerous vehicles exist worldwide such as cars, motorcycles and bicycles. Although parking for such vehicles is available in many places, parking problems still always exist, such as full lots or a lack of lots. Commuters seeking a parking space expend time when spaces are occupied, and resources are wasted when parking spaces are empty. On the other hand, biking is a green vehicle in a fuel-shortage situation and also a good exercise for people. The Ubike system is a popular short-distance transit vehicle system in Taipei City that also has the parking problem. Therefore, this study uses two common regression schemes – linear regression and support vector regression (SVR) to predict the number of bicycles in Ubike stations to determine the number of available parking spaces. It also uses the proportional selection method to increase accuracy and reduce training time for SVR. Some evaluations are conducted to validate the feasibility of the two regression-based service availability prediction schemes for the Ubike system.

Finding available parking spaces made easy

We discuss the problem of predicting the number of available parking spaces in a parking lot. The parking lot is modeled by a continuous-time Markov chain, following Caliskan, Barthels, Scheuermann, and Mauve. The parking lot regularly communicates the number of occupied spaces, capacity, arrival and parking rate through a vehicular network. The navigation system in the vehicle has to compute from these data the probability of an available parking space upon arrival. We derive a structural result that considerably simplifies the computation of the transition probabilities in the navigation system of the vehicle.

Balance of Car Ownership under User Demand and Road Network Supply Conditions—Case Study in Hong Kong

In this paper we present a new concept for balancing car ownership from both user demand and road network supply conditions. On the demand side, territory-wide and zonal car ownership is first estimated by an aggregate and a disaggregate car ownership models, respectively. A simulated probability distribution of the territory-wide car ownership is also established to assess the reliability of the estimated car ownership. From the road network supply conditions, the maximum number of cars by zone is determined in view of the capacity of the road network and the number of available parking spaces by a bilevel programming model. The proposed bilevel programming model is aimed at examining whether existing road network supply conditions are capable for accommodating future zonal car ownership growth. A case study in a Hong Kong urban area is presented to integrate the results of user demand and network supply conditions to obtain the balance of territory-wide car ownership. The balanced car ownership is found to be the most efficient scenario in terms of total network travel time and utilization of network facilities.