Number Of Adults In Household Research Articles

Estimation of Relationships Between Demographic Characteristics and Consumers’ Willingness to Pay for Beef

ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to determine the relationship between consumer demographic characteristics and willingness to pay for beef.Materials and MethodsData were collected from consumers (n = 4080) from April to December 2018 in conjunction with consumer eating quality assessments in Lubbock, TX. All beef samples were prepared and demographics and willingness to pay (WTP) questionnaires were administered in accordance with Meat Standards Australia protocols. The following demographic characteristics were collected: age, gender (GEN), occupation (OCC), consumption (CONS), number of adults in household (NOA), number of children (NOC), beef preferences (PREF), preferred degree of doneness (DOD), income (INC), education (EDU), and heritage (HER). At the conclusion of a tasting session, which consisted of 7 beef samples prepared and served as steaks, smoked brisket, or fajita strips, consumers were asked how much they would pay for each of the four quality levels [Unsatisfactory (UNS), Good everyday (GOOD), Better than everyday (BTE), and Premium (PREM)], using line scales anchored from $0/lb. to $40/lb. Data were analyzed using the STEPWISE option of PROC REG of SAS. Variables had to meet a 0.15 significance level for entry and to remain in the model. Willingness to pay data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX of SAS with fixed effects of quality level, cook method, and their interaction (α = 0.05).ResultsRegression analysis revealed that demographic characteristics accounted for 6, 7, 6, and 7% of the variation in willingness to pay for UNS, GOOD, BTE, and PREM quality beef, respectively (P < 0.01). For UNS, increasing AGE, CONS, NOA, PREF, and DOD were positively linked with WTP, while GEN, NOC, INC, and EDU were negatively linked with WTP (P < 0.15). Increasing CONS, NOA, and PREF elevated WTP for GOOD quality, while AGE and EDU had a negative impact (P < 0.15). For BTE quality, NOA, PREF, INC, and GEN positively influenced WTP, while AGE, NOC, and EDU reduced WTP (P < 0.15). Finally, increasing CONS, NOA, PREF, and INC resulted in greater WTP of PREM quality beef, but AGE and NOC were negatively linked (P < 0.15).An interaction between quality level and cook method was observed for WTP (P < 0.01). Consumers were willing to pay the most for PREM quality with significant differentiation between each quality level (PREM > BTE > GOOD > UNS). Overall, consumers were willing to pay $17.84, $12.96, $8.65, and $3.80 for PREM, BTE, GOOD, and UNS, respectively. However, within quality level, consumer WTP varied due to cook method. For PREM and UNS WTP, consumers were willing to pay more (P < 0.05) for samples cooked as steaks and fajitas than as brisket. For BTE and GOOD WTP, consumers were willing to pay more (P < 0.05) for samples cooked as steaks than as brisket, but WTP of fajita samples was similar (P > 0.05) to the other cook methods.ConclusionDemographic characteristics can account for a small proportion of the variation in consumer WTP for beef products. Increasing age, number of children, and education consistently had negative impacts on WTP, regardless of quality level. Conversely, increasing beef consumption and preferences, along with number of adults lifted WTP across all quality levels. Cook method also influenced consumer WTP within each quality level.

Estimation of Relationships Between Demographic Characteristics and Consumers’ Willingness to Pay for Beef

ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to determine the relationship between consumer demographic characteristics and willingness to pay for beef.Materials and MethodsData were collected from consumers (n = 4080) from April to December 2018 in conjunction with consumer eating quality assessments in Lubbock, TX. All beef samples were prepared and demographics and willingness to pay (WTP) questionnaires were administered in accordance with Meat Standards Australia protocols. The following demographic characteristics were collected: age, gender (GEN), occupation (OCC), consumption (CONS), number of adults in household (NOA), number of children (NOC), beef preferences (PREF), preferred degree of doneness (DOD), income (INC), education (EDU), and heritage (HER). At the conclusion of a tasting session, which consisted of 7 beef samples prepared and served as steaks, smoked brisket, or fajita strips, consumers were asked how much they would pay for each of the four quality levels [Unsatisfactory (UNS), Good everyday (GOOD), Better than everyday (BTE), and Premium (PREM)], using line scales anchored from $0/lb. to $40/lb. Data were analyzed using the STEPWISE option of PROC REG of SAS. Variables had to meet a 0.15 significance level for entry and to remain in the model. Willingness to pay data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX of SAS with fixed effects of quality level, cook method, and their interaction (α = 0.05).ResultsRegression analysis revealed that demographic characteristics accounted for 6, 7, 6, and 7% of the variation in willingness to pay for UNS, GOOD, BTE, and PREM quality beef, respectively (P BTE > GOOD > UNS). Overall, consumers were willing to pay $17.84, $12.96, $8.65, and $3.80 for PREM, BTE, GOOD, and UNS, respectively. However, within quality level, consumer WTP varied due to cook method. For PREM and UNS WTP, consumers were willing to pay more (P 0.05) to the other cook methods.ConclusionDemographic characteristics can account for a small proportion of the variation in consumer WTP for beef products. Increasing age, number of children, and education consistently had negative impacts on WTP, regardless of quality level. Conversely, increasing beef consumption and preferences, along with number of adults lifted WTP across all quality levels. Cook method also influenced consumer WTP within each quality level.

Media Exposure in Low-Income Preschool-Aged Children Is Associated with Multiple Measures of Self-Regulatory Behavior.

Excessive screen media exposure in childhood is associated with parent-reported self-regulation difficulties. No studies have used laboratory-based or teacher-reported measures of child self-regulatory behaviors. This study examines cross-sectional associations between preschooler screen media exposure and multiple measures of self-regulatory behaviors. Preintervention data were used from 541 preschoolers in the Growing Healthy study, an obesity prevention trial (2011-2015). Screen media exposure was measured by daily screen media exposure (hr/d), television (TV) in the bedroom, frequency of background TV, and TV with meals (1 = rarely/never, 4 = frequently). Child self-regulatory behaviors were measured by the following: child ability to delay gratification, a standardized waiting paradigm; teacher-reported Social Competence and Behavior Evaluation; and parent-reported difficult temperament on the Child Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ). Multivariate regression analyses modeled screen media exposure predicting each self-regulatory measure, adjusting for child age, sex, parent age, education, marital status, income-to-needs ratio, number of adults in household, parent depressive symptoms, and sensitivity. Children were aged 4.1 years (SD = 0.5), parents were aged 29.6 years (SD = 6.8), 48% had high school education or less, and 67% were married. Daily screen media exposure and background TV were associated with weaker observed self-regulation (β: -10.30 seconds for each hr/d media, -12.63 seconds for 1-point increase, respectively). Background TV and TV with meals were associated with greater parent-reported difficult temperament (β: 0.04 and 0.05 CBQ, respectively, for 1-point increase). Greater screen media exposure had small but significant associations with weaker observed and parent-reported, but not teacher-reported, self-regulatory behaviors. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine the directionality of associations.

Adoption and use of improved biomass stoves in Rural Mexico

In households that rely on biomass for a large percentage of their energy needs, adoption of improved biomass stoves can result in significant reduction of indoor air pollutants and emissions of greenhouse gasses with concurrent health co-benefits. To maximize the effectiveness of the stove dissemination process, promoters should choose target populations that are both likely to adopt the new technology and to influence the opinions of other potential adopters within a social group. In the current study a longitudinal analysis of adoption patterns and intensity of use of a Patsari improved biomass cookstove was conducted in 259 randomly selected households of a community intervention study in rural communities of Michoacan, Mexico. Health promoters classified households into one of several stove user groups during a series of monthly follow up interviews after Patsari installation, based on physical traces of use and household self-reporting by questionnaire. Multinomial logistic regression was used develop a model of household and community characteristics associated with early adoption of the Patsari, leading to the development of bi-level model for targeting improved stove dissemination efforts. Factors including community of residence, number of adults in household, suffering from irritated eyes, using wood scraps for fuel, and cooking with certain types of traditional fogons were associated with early adoption of Patsari cookstoves. Maximum saturation of the Patsari in the study population was reached four months after installation; after this point, stove use decreased until eight months but remained relatively steady with 55% of the sample using the Patsari regularly from month eight onwards. Results highlight the importance of utilizing effective targeting strategies to maximize NGO resources and increase the robustness of the diffusion process, resulting in more stoves in actual use. Additionally, results point to the importance of evaluating the success of an improved stove program in terms of stove use over time, rather than the total number of stoves disseminated.

Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Helicobacter pylori Infection in Greenlanders

In contrast to most populations worldwide, the incidence of gastric cancer increases among Inuit in Greenland. Contributing factors to this increase are unknown, but Helicobacter pylori may be involved. However, little is known regarding the epidemiology of H. pylori in Arctic communities. With the aim of determining age-specific prevalence, risk factors, and association with clinical conditions of H. pylori infection, we carried out a population-based study of H. pylori in Sisimiut, the second biggest town of Greenland. A population-based sample of 685 persons had serum drawn that was analyzed for H. pylori IgG antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Risk factors analyses were carried out using multivariate logistic regression models. The seroprevalence was lowest among children aged 0-4 years (6%), but increased rapidly thereafter. In persons aged 15-87 years the seroprevalence had stabilized around 58%. Total number of children in household, number of older, but not younger, siblings and narrow age gap to closest older sibling were associated with H. pylori seropositivity. In contrast, number of adults in household and socioeconomic status did not influence serostatus. The age-specific prevalence pattern in Greenland is intermediate between that of developing and developed countries. The risk factor pattern indicates crowding and older siblings in particular to be key elements in risk of infection.

Depressive symptoms and their correlates among immigrant Mexican women in the United States

Correlates of depressive symptomatology and caseness are examined for a survey sample of N = 1825 poor Mexican immigrant women in San Diego County, California. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies—Depression (CES—D) checklist is tested against a variety of demographic variables as well as health status and service utilization rates. Statistically significant associations were found between CES—D and education, years in the United States, income, marital status and number of adults in household. Also significant were associations with health status, confidant support and recent, traumatic life event. Utilization rates point to medical doctors as the major source of formal treatment and a heavy reliance on family and friends. The implications of the high disorder rates for diagnosis and treatment among immigrants are discussed.