Number Of Administrative Units Research Articles

Assessing Coastal Flood Risk in a Changing Climate for Dublin, Ireland

With increasing urban expansion and population growth, coastal urban areas will be increasingly affected by climate change impacts such as extreme storm events, sea level rise and coastal flooding. To address coastal inundation risk for impact studies, integrated approaches accounting for flood hazard modelling, exposure and vulnerability of human and environmental systems are crucial. In this study, we model the impacts of sea level rise on coastal inundation depth for County Dublin, the most extensively urbanized area in Ireland, for the current period and for 2100 under two Representative Concentration Pathways RCP 4.5 and 8.5. A risk-centred approach has been considered by linking the information on coastal flood-prone areas to the exposure of the urban environment, in terms of potential future land cover changes, and to the socioeconomic vulnerability of the population. The results suggest significant challenges for Dublin city and the surrounding coastal areas, with an increase of around 26% and 67% in the number of administrative units considered at very high risk by the end of the century under a RCP 4.5 and 8.5, respectively. This study aims to contribute to existing coastal inundation research undertaken for Ireland by (i) providing a first-level screening of flooding hazards in the study area, (ii) demonstrating how land cover changes and socioeconomic vulnerability can contribute to the level of experienced risk and (iii) informing local authorities and at-risk communities so as to support them in the development of plans for adaptation and resilience.

Epidemiology of Taenia solium infection in the Russian Federation in the last 20 years: a systematic review.

Taenia solium is a zoonotic parasite that causes taeniasis and cysticercosis in humans (as final hosts) and cysticercosis in pigs (as intermediate hosts). The Russian Federation (RF) is traditionally considered as endemic for this zoonosis. However, the epidemiological data on T. solium infection have not been reviewed for the past 20 years, in which time dynamic economical and societal changes have occurred in the RF. The aim of this systematic review was to analyse the status of T. solium infection in RF in the 2000-2019 period. A literature search was conducted, which collected published articles, grey literature and official data on the epidemiology of T. solium taeniasis and cysticercosis in the RF published from 2000. From a total of 2021 articles and 24 official reports originally returned by the search, data were extracted from 12 full text articles and 11 official reports. Taenia solium taeniasis was continuously reported in the RF between 2000 and 2019, with a tenfold decrease in the incidence, from 0.2 per 100,000 population in 2000 to 0.023/100,000 in 2019. Also, the number of administrative units where taeniasis was detected continuously decreased. Cysticercosis in pigs had a declining trend after 2006. In conclusion, although decreasing, T. solium infection is still endemic in several regions and suspected to be endemic in most of the RF.

The changing contours of experimental governance in European health care

For over a decade, beginning in the late 1990s, discussion over softer modes of governance animated academic scholarship in the fields of law, politics, and public policy. This debate was especially pronounced in Europe. Since the late 2000s, however, discussion of this approach has declined precipitously. Is the “soft governance” model dead? Or, more precisely, has the economic crisis killed it? This article argues that, to the contrary, the EU's austerity measures have made softer governance more relevant in two quite distinct ways. Administratively, new mechanisms of health policy coordination are able to provide policy solutions in a much more effective way than could more formal and rigid forms of legal harmonisation. Politically, it establishes a normative perspective which unifies actors across a number of administrative units and challenges the dominant ideological force of the market-based principles upon which the EU's austerity policies are constructed.

Ten years of structural reforms in Danish healthcare

A major structural reform of the Danish public sector took place in 2007 when the number of administrative units at the regional and municipal levels was reduced. The larger administrative units allowed for a new hospital structure with a reduced number of acute hospitals covering a population of between 200,000 and 400,000 inhabitants. The restructuring involves creation of acute hospitals with a 24-h acute service by a range of specialists. The idea was to weight quality higher than geographical closeness to the nearest hospital. Concurrently, the pre-hospital service will be expanded. The National Board of Health was given authority to approve regional plans for specialties rather than provide guidelines. The use of private hospitals was increased as a means to fulfil a waiting time guarantee of between 2 and 1 month. Increased use of private insurance also increased use of private hospitals. A new way of financing health care was intended to give municipalities incentives to invest in health prevention and health promotion. Concurrent reforms included economic incentives to increase hospital production as measured by DRGs; quality programmes to secure high quality and patient safety; and electronic patient records and increased use of IT systems.

Wiatraki na Żuławach w pierwszej połowie XV w.

Windmills in the Żuławy Region during the First Half of the Fifteenth Century(Summary)Studies on the living conditions of the rural population and the organisation of agriculture in the Middle Ages have a long tradition. Some of the issues examined include mills in the State of the Teutonic Order. Other publications consider the specific nature of the Żuławy region under the Teutonic Order and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. This article focuses on reconstructing the significance of windmills for the mill economy in this area. The mills within the Teutonic State were supervised by a number of administrative units. The northern part of Gdańsk Żuławy (known in the Middle Ages as Stüblau (in Pol. Steblewskie or Żuławy Małe) was administered by the forestry office of the Danzig (Gdańsk) commandry, the strip of land between the Vistula and the River Mottlau (Motława) was governed by a Vogt whose seat was in Herrengrebin (Grabiny Zameczek) itself under the commandry of Marienburg (Malbork), while the southern part was supervised by the Vogt of Dirschau (Tczew). Gross Werder (Great Żuławy) was administered by the commandry of Marienburg, and Fischauer Werder (Fiszewskie Żuławy) – by the Komtur (commander) of Elbing (Elbląg) and Christburg (Dzierzgoń). The different principles of administering these regions resulted predominantly from the local water conditions and the need for the farmland’s constant drainage. One of the elements of the region’s specificity was the organisation of flourmilling, which owing to geographical conditions could not be based on a network of water mills, as was the case elsewhere. Water mills were therefore replaced by windmills, which became a prominent element of Żuławy’s milling industry in the Middle Ages, perhaps even in the first half of the fourteenth century, and continued to play this role in successive centuries. The data quoted clearly show that windmills were the foundation of the milling industry in the Scharpau (now: Szkarpawa) region and played a significant role in Stüblau, where the Order owned one water mill in Herrengrebin. It would seem that they were also of fundamental significance in the Vogtei of Leske (Laski) and the area under the Pfl eger of Lassowitz (Lasowice) and Montau (Mątowy). In the territory under the Vogt of Stuhm (Sztum) the mills fulfilled auxiliary functions. The mills in question subsequently functioned not only as flour mills, associated with farm production, but also helped drain farmland threatened by flooding. They continued to fulfil this role until the early 1900s, and their subsequent destruction and ensuing absence in the landscape were accelerated by the destruction of mounds by the fleeing Germans at the end of the war, as well as the profound transformations which affected all domains of social life in this area following World War II. Owing to the specific local conditions, mills were usually erected on the same sites as they had been in the Middle Ages; only the method of their construction changed (early modern novelties included the Dutch mills). In subsequent years, mills for land drainage were used on a larger scale alongside grist mills. Unfortunately, only two such mills have survived: a post mill in Schönbaum (Drewnica) and a Dutch mill in Palschau (Palczewo), which are testimony of the great diversity of the local material culture and organisation of the rural economy in past centuries.

Explaining Fiscal Balances with a Simultaneous Equation Model of Revenue and Expenditure: A Case Study of Swiss Cantons Using Panel Data

Empirical literature on the analysis of the efficiency of measures for reducing persistent government deficits has mainly focused on the direct explanation of deficit. By contrast, this paper aims at modeling government revenue and expenditure within a simultaneous framework and deriving the fiscal balance (surplus or deficit) equation as the difference between the two variables. This setting enables one to not only judge how relevant the explanatory variables are in explaining the fiscal balance but also understand their impact on revenue and/or expenditure. Our empirical results, obtained by using a panel data set on Swiss Cantons for the period 1980–2002, confirm the relevance of the approach followed here, by providing unambiguous evidence of a simultaneous relationship between revenue and expenditure. They also reveal strong dynamic components in revenue, expenditure, and fiscal balance. Among the significant determinants of public fiscal balance we not only find the usual business cycle elements, but also and more importantly institutional factors such as the number of administrative units, and the ease with which people can resort to political (direct democracy) instruments, such as public initiatives and referendum.

Measuring Progress Towards Millennium Development Goals by Province in Populous Countries

Measuring Progress Towards Millennium Development Goals by Province in Populous Countries

Planting History and Propagule Pressure as Predictors of Invasion by Woody Species in a Temperate Region

We studied 28 alien tree species currently planted for forestry purposes in the Czech Republic to determine the probability of their escape from cultivation and naturalization. Indicators of propagule pressure (number of administrative units in which a species is planted and total planting area) and time of introduction into cultivation were used as explanatory variables in multiple regression models. Fourteen species escaped from cultivation, and 39% of the variance was explained by the number of planting units and the time of introduction, the latter being more important. Species introduced early had a higher probability of escape than those introduced later, with more than 95% probability of escape for those introduced before 1801 and <5% for those introduced after 1892. Probability of naturalization was more difficult to predict, and eight species were misclassified. A model omitting two species with the largest influence on the model yielded similar predictors of naturalization as did the probability of escape. Both phases of invasion therefore appear to be driven by planting and introduction history in a similar way. Our results demonstrate the importance of forestry for recruitment of invasive trees. Six alien forestry trees, classified as invasive in the Czech Republic, are currently reported in nature reserves. In addition, forestry authorities want to increase the diversity of alien species and planting area in the country.

The Impact of Government Size and Number of Administrative Units on the Quality of Public Services

March 1980, volume 25 The nature of the relationship of organizational size and structure to organizational performance is a major question in macro-organizational theory. This research tests the hypothesized relationships of various measures of government size and number of administrative units to citizens' perceptions of the quality of common public services for 100 different localities in North Carolina. The method includes the construction of a scale of public services that provides a new mode of investigating and evaluating the quality of a range of services. The findings reveal that size of government is positively related to the perceived quality of public services. No significant relationship is found between the number of administrative units in a locality and citizens' perceived quality of services. However, the number of administrative units per capita is significantly and negatively related to quality of services. The findings suggest the consequences that might occur when policy makers decide to reorganize or alter the size of governmental units in response to public pressure for budgetary restraint. Namely, smaller public labor forces and more administrative units per capita would be likely to lower the public's perception of quality in public services.

Population Distribution and the Agricultural Regions of 'Iraq

for 'Iraq. Computation of revised results has been delayed by the time needed to train a staff and to obtain machinery; publication, by congestion in the Government Press at Baghdad. For the present article, revised results were obtained in manuscript from the Census Department for all except four of the liwas. For the remainder, provisional results were used. Separate totals were obtained for liwas, for qadhas (to the number of three or four in each liwa), and nahirs (or subdistricts, generally two to four in a qadha). The number of administrative units plotted-i.e. the number of nahirs-is i65. In addition to the population tables for administrative divisions, separate returns for towns exceeding 3000 were obtained, and where necessary were subtracted from the totals for nahirs to compute the sedentary rural population. The i : i,ooo,ooo Map of 'Iraq (in Arabic) was used as base. This is published by the Survey Department, Baghdad, in four sheets, and shows communications, administrative centers, and the boundaries of the liwas. From the series of liwa maps on larger scales (I 250,000 and I :500,000) published by the same authority (in Arabic), boundaries of qadhas and nahirs were transferred to the base map. The distribution of dots denoting sedentary rural population conforms to villages on the liwa maps, which provide a means of reference to most permanent settlements in the country. The symbols denoting nomad population within the liwas of Mosul, Dulaim, and Karbala have been conventionally located in the midst of the areas within these liwas that are without permanent settlement. Towns of 3000-5000 are shown conventionally by a square appropriate to a population of

A General Administrative Staff to Aid the President

more difficult today than at any other time in our history. Top administration in any enterprise, whether public or private, becomes more complex as the scope of activities and the size of the organization necessary to accomplish them increase. In the federal government, since the economic depression of the early thirties and especially since the beginning of World War II, the scope and complexity of activities and the number of organizational units created to carry them out have expanded to an extent unparalleled in private industry or in other governments here or abroad. At the apex of this vast number of administrative units is the President, who, under the Constitution, is the responsible chief executive. In addition to his responsibilities for administrative management, he is commander-in-chief of the armed forces, chief of state in the conduct of foreign relations, national political leader, and national ceremonial head. It is obvious that the President's time must be carefully distributed and that assistance to him in the performance of each of these duties should be carefully organized. Yet, in spite of the importance of the role of the President in administrative management, insufficient attention has been devoted to this subject.'

A Study of the Professional Activities of Elementary-School Principals. I

After the results presented in Part I of this article were obtained and reported to the principals interested in the study, it was decided to undertake three types of work-(i) to effect a reorganization of the administrative program of the principal which would relieve him of many of the activities occupying his time; (2) to determine what activities could be delegated and to what agents or agencies without weakening the system; and (3) to measure the results of such a plan by securing more daily diaries from those principals who knew the results of the study and who had tried out the proposed plan long enough to effect a distribution of their time in favor of the improvement of the learning activities. A careful plan was made for the reorganization of the school so as to form a number of administrative units to which certain duties could be delegated; the duties possible of delegation were carefully listed and assigned to the several units; and the new plan was put into practice from January to June, after which the principals kept another set of diaries and submitted them for evaluation. The re-