Number Of Adaptation Strategies Research Articles

Numerical homogenization by an adaptive Fourier spectral method on non-uniform grids using optimal transport

This article focuses on the computation of the solutions to periodic cell problems that arise in a number of homogenization schemes. Formulated in terms of a generic constitutive relation, encompassing the linear and non-linear cases, a model problem is intended to be discretized on a Fourier-basis and solved using a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)-based iterative scheme. Such a spectral method, which makes use of a uniform grid and global basis functions, has inherent limitations for correctly capturing any localized features of the solution, such as singularities or discontinuities. An adaptive method is proposed here to overcome these shortcomings. It relies on the introduction of a non-homogeneous bijective mapping between the original physical domain and a computational domain, where the Fourier spectral method will be used to solve a transformed problem. This makes it possible both to discretize the original equations on a non-uniform grid, concentrating grid points where necessary to increase computational accuracy, and to maintain the use of standard FFT schemes. To compute the mapping, an approach based on optimal transport is proposed and a numerical scheme based on FFT tools is described. A number of adaptive strategies are then discussed, either based on a priori material-based considerations, or a posteriori using a preliminary solution. The properties of the transported problem in the computational domain are described and the applicability, up to minor modifications, of a number of standard iterative schemes is discussed. A set of numerical examples is included to assess the performances of the method, both in the case of linear conductivity and for a strongly non-linear elastoplastic problem, evaluating its results both qualitatively with full-field comparisons and quantitatively with error measurements relatively to the number of iterations, the discretization and the original material contrast. Overall, these results show that, for a given discretization and compared with a computation on a regular grid, a systematic gain in accuracy is obtained using the adaptive method on a non-uniform grid.

Linking Climate Change Awareness, Climate Change Perceptions and Subsequent Adaptation Options among Farmers

Several studies have reported farmers’ perceptions of climate change, but there is inadequate knowledge available on the farm households’ climate change awareness (CCA) in Pakistan. This study was undertaken to assess farmers’ CCA. For this purpose, the study collected the data from southern and central Punjab, Pakistan, through a purposively multistage random sampling technique. Binary logit and odds ratio were used to analyse the data. The analysis of the study shows that the majority of respondents were aware of climate change but had differing perceptions of climate change. This research showed that 70.8% of farmers are aware of climate change and reported their awareness level on winter and summer rainfall and temperature, the growing season length (GSL) of crops, the sea level rise, and the causes of climate changes and conceptual understanding of it while persistently denying climate change. However, many farmers did not perceive decreasing winter (48%) and summer (31.2%) precipitation, the majority of the farmers could not perceive in the GSL of summer (63.2%) and winter (64.4%) crops, while few did not notice increased winter (36.4%) and summer (33.6%) temperature, respectively. Financial and non-financial factors such as education (1.16), experience (1.07), distance to markets (1.07), non-agricultural income (2.83), access to agricultural credit (0.29) and marketing of produce (6.10), access to extension services (3.87) and the number of adaptation strategies (1.30) were pointedly related to farm households’ CCA. These odds values in the parenthesis show that the likelihood of CCA increases/decreases as these determinants increase. Moreover, the results of the study show that CCA is a significant predictor of adaptation to climate change. Main adaptation strategies opted for by farmers include changing crop variety and type, changing planting dates, tree plantation, increasing/changing fertilizer, soil and water conservation, off-farm income and diversification. Further, the study finds that some farmers did not perceive climate change as it takes time to be visible, but they are aware of climate change. Therefore, there is a need to reshape the households’ perception of climate change and enhance farmers’ CCA through existing extension services.

Lived experience of Jordanian front-line healthcare workers amid the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative study

ObjectivesThis study aimed to explore the lived experience of Jordanian front-line healthcare workers (FHCWs), including their experienced challenges and adaptations amid the COVID-19 pandemic.DesignA phenomenological qualitative design was used to...

Impact of climate change on water resources and crop yield in the Middle Egypt region

Abstract Egypt's water resources are already limited. Moreover, climate change will put greater pressure on these resources. This research aims to assess the impact of climate change on the water demands for one of the most important Egyptian food crops which is the wheat crop. In addition, a number of adaptation strategies were tested to mitigate the negative impact of climate change on wheat productivity and its water relations. The current study was carried out in the Middle Egypt region. Two models were used, the first is the climate model (MAGICC/SCENGEN), which is used to simulate the impact of global greenhouse gas emissions on the rate of rise in temperature at the regional level. The second is the irrigation model (CROPWAT8.0), which is used to simulate the irrigation water requirements under current and likely climate change conditions. The results indicated that the increase in greenhouse gas emissions will cause the temperature to rise over the study area by about 2.12 °C in 2050 and 3.96 °C by 2100. As a result, the irrigation water needs for wheat crop are likely to increase by 6.2 and 11.8% in 2050 and 2100, respectively. In addition, wheat productivity will decline by 8.6 in 2050 and 11.1% in 2100.

Determinants of climate change adaptation strategies in the coastal zone of Bangladesh: implications for adaptation to climate change in developing countries

Considering the growing threats of climate change, in addition to mitigation strategies, it is highly and equally critical to understand the socio-economic determinants of climate adaptation in order to develop climate adaptation policies. This study makes a first attempt to explore the determinants of adaptation to climate change and choices of adaptation strategies at a larger spatial scale of the south-west coastal areas in Bangladesh, which is one of the most climate-vulnerable regions in the world. We employ both qualitative and quantitative approaches in order to examine farmers’ perception of climate risks, determinants and choices of adaptation strategies to climate change in six coastal districts of Bangladesh. Farmers are adapting to these situations using their knowledge and experience. The study reveals that a number of adaptation strategies have been taken to reduce the negative impacts of climate change. These adaptation strategies are categorized into four groups: crop management, water management, land management, and income diversification. Availability of inputs, high production cost, agricultural extension service, and proper adaptation knowledge and experiences were noted as the main non-climatic challenges, as well as different climatic factors in agricultural adaptation strategies. Statistical analysis indicates that the different socio-economic determinants of farmers significantly influence their choices of adaptation to climate change. Farmers adopt these adaptations mostly autonomously rather than on the advice of government. This study could be useful for developing national adaptation policies in Bangladesh and other similar developing countries.

Adaptation and resilience of commercial fishers in the Northeast United States during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Commercial fisheries globally experienced numerous and significant perturbations during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic, affecting the livelihoods of millions of fishers worldwide. In the Northeast United States, fishers grappled with low prices and disruptions to export and domestic markets, leaving many tied to the dock, while others found ways to adapt to the changing circumstances brought about by the pandemic. This paper investigates the short-term impacts of the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic (March-June 2020) on commercial fishers in the Northeast U.S. to understand the effects of the pandemic on participation in the fishery and fishers’ economic outcomes, using data collected from an online survey of 258 Northeast U.S. commercial fishers. This research also assesses characteristics of those fishers who continued fishing and their adaptive strategies to the changing circumstances. Analysis of survey responses found the majority of fishers continued fishing during the early months of the pandemic, while a significant number had stopped fishing. Nearly all reported a loss of income, largely driven by disruptions of export markets, the loss of restaurant sales, and a resulting decline in seafood prices. Landings data demonstrate that while fishing pressure in 2020 was reduced for some species, it remained on track with previous years for others. Fishers reported engaging in a number of adaptation strategies, including direct sales of seafood, switching species, and supplementing their income with government payments or other sources of income. Many fishers who had stopped fishing indicated plans to return, suggesting refraining from fishing as a short-term adaptation strategy, rather than a plan to permanently stop fishing. Despite economic losses, fishers in the Northeast U.S. demonstrated resilience in the face of the pandemic by continuing to fish and implementing other adaptation strategies rather than switching to other livelihoods.

How does age-related macular degeneration affect real-world visual ability and quality of life? A systematic review

ObjectivesTo review systematically the evidence of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) affecting real-world visual ability and quality of life (QoL). To explore trends in specific topics within this body of the...

Evaluating climate adaptation strategies on agricultural production in the Siminehrud catchment and inflow into Lake Urmia, Iran using SWAT within an OECD framework

Lake Urmia (LU) is an internationally-registered protected area that has declined steeply since 1995. One main cause for the decline has been attributed to climate change. The simulation and evaluation of the potentially negative effects of climate change and formation of adaption measures are essential to saving the lake. An integrated modeling framework is required to allow linkage and integration of climate models with basin and field scale models. The present study applied the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model with the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) framework (1994) for definition and assessment of climate change adaptation strategies. Siminehrud catchment is a major sub-basin of LU basin and was selected to explore the methodology. The results of simulations show that the catchment inflow into the lake could decrease up to 30% and agriculture production up to 50%. A number of adaptation strategies were examined and it was found that revision of cropping patterns is the best measure to mitigate the negative effect of climate change; however, none of the strategies proposed thus far will maintain the long-term average inflow into the lake at the current fig. of 570 MCM. The results demonstrated the ability of SWAT to link with the OECD framework and perform the required simulations and estimations of relevant indicators.

Self‐reported Resilience of European Farms With and Without the CAP

AbstractFirms are able to survive only if they adapt appropriately in response to disturbances. The ability of a farm to continue after a disturbance is defined as resilience. To analyse the resilience of EU farms we explore exit and the number of adaptation strategies that farmers follow under two scenarios. The current CAP will be continued in the base scenario, while it will be abolished in scenario 2. The outcomes show that under both scenarios large, more specialised farms with young farm heads are most resilient, and small more diversified farms headed by old farmers are least resilient.

It's not all doom and gloom for teenage mothers – exploring the factors that contribute to positive outcomes

This biographical qualitative study explored the factors that contributed to positive outcomes for 11 UK respondents who were teenage mothers. A number of adaptation strategies and protective factors were found to be contributory factors to positive outcomes in a number of areas of the respondents and their children's lives. These strategies began with a rejection of the common negative stereotypes associated with teenage pregnancy and a very strong resistance to perceiving their pregnancies as an adversity. Their strong desire to be role models for their children had given them the momentum to pursue educational and career goals, because they have someone else for whom they have responsibility. The findings strengthen the growing consensus that an early pregnancy, despite its many reported adverse consequences, can lead to positive outcomes for both mother and child in the presence of the right protective factors and adaptation strategies.

Environmental history of the Trapananda Archipelagos (Northern Patagonia, Chile): challenges for the conservation of the blue whale

The reappearance of the blue whale in southern Chile in 2003has meant a number challenges for national conservation policies. It is alsocreated an opportunity to re-think the history of the southern seas and thatof the Aysen coastline in particular. The social landscape of this coastlineis characterized by poverty and passage between two well known regionChiloe and Austral Patagonia. This is an extreme environment in whichinhabitants have developed a number of adaptive strategies linked to forestand marine systems. These strategies are well documented in the historical,archaeological and ethnographic records which we will gather in order toreconstruct the environmental history of the region. Archaeo-historical recordsevidenced canoes were vital for the first inhabitants of this area. Theirrelationship with nature was based on the extensive used of resources whichin turn facilitated their integration to the local landscape characterized bythe abundance of archipelagos. This relationship was modified after a numberof historical processes unchained after the inclusion of this area to thenational economy plans. These processes promoted continuous waves ofsettlement into the region, mainly to the coastline of Aysen, modifying thetraditional adaptive strategies and promoting an intensive and abusive usedof this intrinsically labile and non-renewable landscape. The opportunity tocompile the environmental history of this area and contribute to its protectionalong with the blue whale is the challenge we present here.

Climate Change Adaptation Planning for Biodiversity Conservation: A Review

Climate change has been linked to well-documented changes in physiology, phenology, species distributions, and in some cases, extinction. Projections of future change point to dramatic shifts in the states of many ecosystems. Accommodating these shifts to effectively conserve biodiversity in the context of uncertain climate regimes represents one of the most difficult challenges faced by conservation planners. A number of adaptation strategies have been proposed for managing species and ecosystems in a changing climate. However, there has been little guidance available on integrating climate change adaptation strategies into contemporary conservation planning frameworks. The paper reviews the different approaches being used to integrate climate change adaptation into conservation planning, broadly categorizing strategies as continuing and extending on “best practice” principles and those that integrate species vulnerability assessments into conservation planning. We describe the characteristics of a good adaptation strategy emphasizing the importance of incorporating clear principles of flexibility and efficiency, accounting for uncertainty, integrating human response to climate change and understanding trade-offs. CitationWatson, J. E. M., M. Rao, A.-L. Kang, et al., 2012: Climate change adaptation planning for biodiversity conservation: A review. Adv. Clim. Change Res., 3(1), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2012.00001. Editor’s notesBiodiversity provides basic needs for livelihoods and development of human beings. China, as one of countries with richest biodiversity in the world, contains 17 globally significant biodiversity hotspots. It was observed that climate change has impacted the biodiversity more or less from physiological, phonological and species level, to ecosystem level, and in some cases extinction of species. With the increasing climate change, the biodiversity subject to be more significantly impacted and human intervention is expected to amplify the impacts. Climate change is believed to be one of key threats of the biodiversity conservation. What kinds of cost-effective strategies and measures may be taken to allow biodiversity to adapt climate change impacts is a great challenge in China. This special issue invited three authors to share actions and experiences on the adaptation of biodiversity to climate change, including a case study, a review of adaptation planning and an introduction of national strategy and research developments. The editors hope these articles can provide useful information for the biodiversity conservation under climate change in China.

Understanding the impact of climate change on Scottish tourism

Scottish tourism is forecasted to grow by 50 per cent over the next 10 years but one of the factors that may hinder or facilitate that growth is climatic change. Indeed, many people are now starting to question the impact of such significant growth on the planet. Therefore, this paper assesses the impact of climate change on Scottish tourism in order that policy makers can separate the facts from the myths. The dimensions of climate change such as CO2 emissions, temperature, rainfall, storms, and wind speed are discussed and the implications for Scottish tourism are mapped. Those implications may include the introduction of CO2 allowances for all travellers, more wind farms in rural locations impacting on film tourism or the grouse species disappearing from Scotland. The paper concludes with a number of adaptation strategies that Scottish tourism agencies and business could adopt to mitigate climate change. The importance of this paper lies in understanding how climate change could impact upon a specific destination, in this case Scotland, and in providing a micro analysis of that impact.

Coping During Inpatient Stroke Rehabilitation: An Exploratory Study

The emotional impact of surviving a stroke has not received the same attention as physical aspects. This is particularly true regarding how stroke survivors cope during inpatient rehabilitation. This study examined the coping strategies used by stroke survivors undergoing inpatient rehabilitation and the relationships between demographic or clinical variables and coping behaviors. This case series examined 16 acute stroke survivors via standardized assessments and a medical records review completed during the first week of inpatient rehabilitation. Stroke survivors used combinations of multiple coping strategies. All stroke survivors used a higher number and frequency of adaptive rather than maladaptive strategies. Women used a higher number of adaptive strategies. Stroke survivors with depression used maladaptive coping strategies more frequently, whereas those presenting with a greater number and severity of comorbidities used adaptive coping strategies more frequently. Stroke survivors with higher levels of coping self-efficacy used the strategies of active coping and positive reframing more frequently. Based on these results, it is recommended direct-care providers place greater emphasis on objectifying the emotional consequences of stroke. Further research is recommended regarding understanding the relationship between coping and outcomes.

Forest ecosystem climate change impact assessment and adaptation strategies for Pakistan

CR Climate Research Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsSpecials CR 12:195-203 (1999) - doi:10.3354/cr012195 Forest ecosystem climate change impact assessment and adaptation strategies for Pakistan K. M. Siddiqui1,*, Iqbal Mohammad2, Mohammad Ayaz2 1House No. 454B, Street 11, F-10/2, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan 2Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan *E-mail: khalid_m@geocities.com ABSTRACT: A study was carried out to determine the impact of climate change on natural forest ecosystems in Pakistan assuming a 0.3°C rise in temperature and a precipitation change of 0, +1 and -1% decade-1 with 1990 as the base year. The current atmospheric CO2 concentration of 350 ppmv was assumed to increase to 425 ppmv in 2020, 500 ppmv in 2050 and 575 ppmv in 2080. The BIOME3 model was used for computer simulation of 9 dominant plant types, or biomes. Of these, 3 biomes (alpine tundra, grassland/arid woodlands and deserts) showed a reduction in their area, and 5 biomes (cold conifer/mixed woodland, cold conifer/mixed forests, temperate conifer/mixed forests, warm conifer/mixed forests, and steppe/arid shrub lands) showed an increase in their area as a result of climate change. Enhanced CO2 concentration in the atmosphere appeared to have a pronounced effect on the biomes' area. Net primary productivity exhibited an increase in all biomes and scenarios. However, there is a possibility of forest dieback occurring and of time lag before the dominant plant types have enough time to adjust to changed climate and migrate to new sites. In the intervening period, they would be vulnerable to environmental and socio-economic disturbances (e.g. erosion, deforestation, and land-use changes). Thus, the overall impact of climate change on the forest ecosystems of Pakistan could be negative. A number of adaptation strategies are proposed to cope with climate change impacts on forest ecosystems. KEY WORDS: Biome · Forest · Ecosystem · Climate change · Dominant plant type · Net primary productivity · Adaptation Full text in pdf format PreviousNextExport citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in CR Vol. 12, No. 2-3. Online publication date: August 27, 1999 Print ISSN: 0936-577X; Online ISSN: 1616-1572 Copyright © 1999 Inter-Research.

Afro-American Adaptive Strategies: The Visiting Habits of Kith and Kin Among Black Norfolkians During the First Great Migration

This article contends that contrary to what was thought at the time, the migration of large numbers of Afro-Americans to urban areas during the First Great Migration (1900–1920) failed in many instances to cause the severing of affective bonds of kinship and friendship. Instead blacks devised a number of adaptive strategies that enabled them to maintain contact with those deemed important The present findings also reveal the complex nature of the migratory process and the central role played by women in maintaining family and friendship ties despite geographic separation.

Afro-American Adaptive Strategies: the Visiting Habits of Kith and Kin Among Black Norfolkians During the First Great Migration

This article contends that contrary to what was thought at the time, the migration of large numbers of Afro-Americans to urban areas during the First Great Migration (1900- 192 0) failed in many instances to cause the severing of affective bonds of kinship and friendship. Instead, blacks devised a number of adaptive strategies that enabled them to maintain contact with those deemed important. The present findings also reveal the complex nature of the migratory process and the central role played by women in maintaining family and friendship ties despite geographic separation.

Post-hoc selection of covariates in randomized experiments

Monte Carlo methods are used to compere a number of adaptive strategies for deciding which of several covariates to incorporate into the analysis of a randomized experiment.Sixteen selection strategies in three categories are considered: 1)select covariates correlated with the response, 2)select covariates with means differing across groups, and 3)select covariates with means differing across groups that are also correlated with the response. The criteria examined are the type I error rate of the test for equality of adjusted group means and the variance of the estimated treatment effect. These strategies can result in either inflated or deflated type I errors, depending on the method and the population parameters. The adaptive methods in the first category some times yieldpoint estimates of the treatment effect more precise than estimators derive dusing either all or none of the covariates.