Number Of Acute Respiratory Infections Research Articles

Weekly Vitamin D Supplementation to Prevent Acute Respiratory Infections in Young Children at Different Latitudes: A Randomized Controlled Trial

To evaluate the effectiveness of weekly vitamin D supplementation in reducing the number of acute respiratory infections (ARI) in preschool children. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in 303 children aged 1.5-3.5years from 2014 to 2105 in 3 Chilean cities at different latitudes: Santiago (33°S, n=101), Talcahuano (37°S, n=103), and Punta Arenas (53°S, n=99). Participants were allocated (1:1:1) to receive placebo, cholecalciferol (vitamin D3 (VD3)) 5600 IU/week (low-dose), or 11 200 IU/week (high-dose) for 6months. Primary outcome was parent-reported number of ARI; secondary outcomes included number of ARI hospitalizations, change of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and LL-37/cathelicidin levels, and adverse events. The mean age of participants was 26±6months; 45% were female. Baseline 25(OH)D was 24.9±6.1ng/ml, with 23% having 25(OH)D<20ng/ml. No significant baseline clinical or laboratory differences were observed among groups. Overall, 64% (n=194) completed study participation, without baseline differences between subjects lost to follow-up vs those completing participation or differences in completion rates across groups. After 6months, a dose-dependent increase in serum 25(OH)D was observed from the VD3 intervention (P<.001), with a higher proportion of subjects ending the trial with 25(OH)D<20ng/ml in the placebo group (30.8%) vs the low-dose (7.4%) and high-dose groups (5.1%). However, no group differences were observed in number of ARI (P=.85), ARI hospitalizations (P=.20), LL-37/cathelicidin change (P=.30), or adverse events (P=.41). While weekly VD3 supplementation, in doses equivalent to 800 IU and 1600 IU daily, was associated with improved 25(OH)D levels in preschoolers, we did not find a reduced number of ARI in this sample.

Feasibility of wearable sensor signals and self-reported symptoms to prompt at-home testing for acute respiratory viruses in the USA (DETECT-AHEAD): a decentralised, randomised controlled trial

Early identification of an acute respiratory infection is important for reducing transmission and enabling earlier therapeutic intervention. We aimed to prospectively evaluate the feasibility of home-based diagnostic self-testing of viral pathogens in individuals prompted to do so on the basis of self-reported symptoms or individual changes in physiological parameters detected via a wearable sensor. DETECT-AHEAD was a prospective, decentralised, randomised controlled trial carried out in a subpopulation of an existing cohort (DETECT) of individuals enrolled in a digital-only observational study in the USA. Participants aged 18 years or older were randomly assigned (1:1:1) with a block randomisation scheme stratified by under-represented in biomedical research status. All participants were offered a wearable sensor (Fitbit Sense smartwatch). Participants in groups 1 and 2 received an at-home self-test kit (Alveo be.well) for two acute respiratory viral pathogens: SARS-CoV-2 and respiratory syncytial virus. Participants in group 1 could be alerted through the DETECT study app to take the at-home test on the basis of changes in their physiological data (as detected by our algorithm) or due to self-reported symptoms; those in group 2 were prompted via the app to self-test only due to symptoms. Group 3 served as the control group, without alerts or home testing capability. The primary endpoints, assessed on an intention-to-treat basis, were the number of acute respiratory infections presented (self-reported) and diagnosed (electronic health record), and the number of participants using at-home testing in groups 1 and 2. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04336020. Between Sept 28 and Dec 30, 2021, 450 participants were recruited and randomly assigned to group 1 (n=149), group 2 (n=151), or group 3 (n=150). 179 (40%) participants were male, 264 (59%) were female, and seven (2%) identified as other. 232 (52%) were from populations historically under-represented in biomedical research. 118 (39%) of the 300 participants in groups 1 and 2 were prompted to self-test, with 61 (52%) successfully completing self-testing. Participants were prompted to home-test more frequently due to symptoms (41 [28%] in group 1 and 51 [34%] in group 2) than due to detected physiological changes (26 [17%] in group 1). Significantly more participants in group 1 received alerts to test than did those in group 2 (67 [45%] vs 51 [34%]; p=0·047). Of the 61 individuals who were prompted to test and successfully did so, 19 (31%) tested positive for a viral pathogen-all for SARS-CoV-2. The individuals diagnosed as positive for SARS-CoV-2 in the electronic health record were eight (5%) in group 1, four (3%) in group 2, and two (1%) in group 3, but it was difficult to confirm if they were tied to symptomatic episodes documented in the trial. There were no adverse events. In this direct-to-participant trial, we showed early feasibility of a decentralised programme to prompt individuals to use a viral pathogen diagnostic test based on symptoms tracked in the study app or physiological changes detected using a wearable sensor. Barriers to adequate participation and performance were also identified, which would need to be addressed before large-scale implementation. Janssen Pharmaceuticals.

CLINICAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF BRONCHIAL ASTHMA WITH ATOPIC DERMATITIS IN CHILDREN

This article presents the results of a clinical and immunological examination of 68 children with allergic bronchial asthma and 22 children with atopic dermatitis. The purpose of the work is to determine the concentrations of IgA, IgM, IgG to identify clinical and immunological features in the blood serum of children with allergic asthma and AD and to identify clinical and immunological features in groups of these patients. Methods. At the allergy department of the VDOCH, 68 children with allergic asthma and 22 children with AD aged from 4 to 14 years (of which 53 boys and 37 girls) were examined. All children were examined clinically and laboratory (complete blood count, general urine test, biochemical blood test, nasal swab for eosinophils, stool test for helminth eggs, scraping for enterobiasis), and a carefully collected medical history. Results and conclusions: Taking into account the number of acute respiratory infections in the history, we identified significant differences in these groups of patients (p = 0.017). The concentrations of IgA, IgM, IgG in the blood serum of the examined patients were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We found that 33.8% of children with asthma and 36.4% of children with atopic dermatitis have low IgA levels. We also determined low IgG concentrations in more than half of the examined patients both in the group with bronchial asthma and in the group with atopic dermatitis (58.8% and 59.1%, respectively), which, in combination with low levels of other immunoglobulins, can be regarded as transient immunodeficiency in children.

Prognosis of the risk progression of post-inflammatory pneumofibrosis in children with chronic nonspecific lung diseases

Introduction. Pneumofibrosis (PF) is a morphological outcome of acute and chronic lung diseases, the progression of which leads to organ deficiency.Aim. Development of a prognostic algorithm for assessing the risk of progression of post-inflammatory PF in children with chronic nonspecific lung diseases (CNSLD).Materials and methods. The examination of 52 children with CNSLD with focal post-inflammatory PF was conducted, of which 26 children with progressive PF and 26 children with non-progressive PF. The children were selected according to the “case-control” scheme. The patients had a dynamic clinical and laboratory examination with multispiral computed tomography of the lungs. Determination of the “zero” genotypes of the detoxification genes GSTM1, GSTT1 was carried out by means of polymerase chain reaction. The odds ratio indicator was used to assess the relative risk.Results. Based on the analysis of medico-social, clinical characteristics and genetic polymorphism, an individual prognostic algorithm for the risk of progression of post-inflammatory PF in children with CNSLD was developed. The algorithm includes the calculation of the total score (TS) of 7 medical and social indicators (living in an urban area; the presence of passive smoking; the duration of a pulmonological history of 4-9 years; the presence of congenital lung malformation; the number of acute respiratory infections (ARI) 4 or more times/year; the duration of ARI 11 days or more; taking antibiotics for more than 3 once/year) and the presence of deletions in the detoxification genes GSTM1 and GSTT1. With a value of TS 6.97 or more, a high risk of progression of PF is predicted, with TS 3.47-6.96 points, a moderate risk of progression of PF is diagnosed, with TS 3.46 or less points, a minimal risk of progression of PF.Conclusion. The proposed algorithm allows predicting the risk of progression of post-inflammatory PF in children with CNSLD at the stage of early diagnosis and will prevent the spread of the process in the lungs with the help of preventive measures and preventive therapy, which will increase the duration and improve the quality of life of the patient.

T cell repertoire breadth is associated with the number of acute respiratory infections in the LoewenKIDS birth cohort

We set out to gain insight into peripheral blood B and T cell repertoires from 120 infants of the LoewenKIDS birth cohort to investigate potential determinants of early life respiratory infections. Low antigen-dependent somatic hypermutation of B cell repertoires, as well as low T and B cell repertoire clonality, high diversity, and high richness especially in public T cell clonotypes reflected the immunological naivety at 12 months of age when high thymic and bone marrow output are associated with relatively few prior antigen encounters. Infants with inadequately low T cell repertoire diversity or high clonality showed higher numbers of acute respiratory infections over the first 4 years of life. No correlation of T or B cell repertoire metrics with other parameters such as sex, birth mode, older siblings, pets, the onset of daycare, or duration of breast feeding was noted. Together, this study supports that—regardless of T cell functionality—the breadth of the T cell repertoire is associated with the number of acute respiratory infections in the first 4 years of life. Moreover, this study provides a valuable resource of millions of T and B cell receptor sequences from infants with available metadata for researchers in the field.

Prototype design of urban monitoring on several gaseous pollutants using low-cost electrochemical sensors

Monitoring atmospheric gaseous pollutants in urban areas is increasingly essential to anticipate poor urban air quality and the increasing number of acute respiratory infections caused by air pollution. Usually, the monitoring of air pollution is conducted by the government and scientists by using accurate and expensive instruments. However, this instrument’s high-cost installation and maintenance limited the number of monitoring stations that can be placed. It makes it hard to identify the pollutant’s local source, especially on an urban scale. Hence, this study designed alternative techniques to monitor several gaseous pollutants using the Low-cost Air Quality System (LAQS). LAQS has enormous potential to be a reference station’s supporting tool and increase the resolution of air pollution monitoring systems. A custom-made low-cost electrochemical sensor was used in this study to detect several gaseous pollutants, including ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and carbon monoxide (CO), together with temperature and relative humidity measurements. The system was also equipped with a data logger and 4G module for data storage and transmission, respectively. In the first stage, two scenarios were employed, including its examination inside and outside the room before co-location.

Experience in the phytotherapy use for rehabilitation of adolescents with recurrent respiratory diseases

Introduction. The state of modern Russian adolescents health is characterized by negative trends such as high level of morbidity, largely due to recurrent acute respiratory diseases (ARI). Recurrent acute respiratory infections negatively affect the health of adolescents, contributing to the development of chronic infection foci, having a negative impact on their physical development and psychoemotional status. Many approaches have been proposed for the rehabilitation of adolescents with recurrent acute respiratory infections, but in recent years phytotherapy has attracted the attention of researchers.Aim. The study is to analyze the experience of using phytotherapy in the rehabilitation of adolescents with recurrent respiratory diseases.Materials and methods. 124 adolescents aged 13–18 years with recurrent acute respiratory infections were examined. The control group consisted of 50 conditionally healthy adolescents. The artificial colonization of buccal epithelial cells, anti-adhesive activity of saliva and level of psychic adaptation were determined. In addition to the generally accepted measures, the herbal medicine was included in the rehabilitation complex for 51 adolescents. Statistical processing of the obtained data was carried out using the SPSS 12.0 program.Results. A decrease in oral mucosa adaptive stability in adolescents with recurrent respiratory diseases during the period of clinical well-being was found – such as decrease of anti-adhesive activity of saliva, increase artificial colonization of buccal epithelial cells index. The prevalence of persons with psychic desadaptation among adolescents with recurrent acute respiratory infections was revealed. The positive clinical effect of the herbal medicine in improving the health of adolescents with recurrent respiratory infections, manifested by the end of the course of therapy by an increase in the adaptive resistance of the oral mucosa in the most of patients, and at the follow-up period of 6 months – an increase in the immune resistance and psychic adaptation.Conclusions. The use of herbal medicine effectively restores the reserves of oral cavity mucosal protection, psychic adaptation and reduces the number of acute respiratory infections. The drug has good tolerability and can be recommended for use in a complex of recreational activities for adolescents with recurrent respiratory diseases.

Vaccination With Oral Polio Vaccine Reduces COVID-19 Incidence.

BackgroundEffective response to emerging pandemic threats is complicated by the need to develop specific vaccines and other medical products. The availability of broadly specific countermeasures that could be deployed early in the pandemic could significantly alter its course and save countless lives. Live attenuated vaccines (LAVs) were shown to induce non-specific protection against a broad spectrum of off-target pathogens by stimulating innate immune responses. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of immunization with bivalent Oral Poliovirus Vaccine (bOPV) on the incidence of COVID-19 and other acute respiratory infections (ARIs).Methods and FindingsA randomized parallel-group comparative study was conducted in Kirov Medical University. 1115 healthy volunteers aged 18 to 65 were randomized into two equal groups, one of which was immunized orally with a single dose of bOPV “BiVac Polio” and another with placebo. The study participants were monitored for three months for respiratory illnesses including COVID-19. The endpoint was the incidence of acute respiratory infections and laboratory confirmed COVID-19 in both groups during 3 months after immunization. The number of laboratory-confirmed cases of COVID-19 was significantly lower in the vaccinated group than in placebo (25 cases vs. 44, p=0.036). The difference between the overall number of clinically diagnosed respiratory illnesses in the two groups was not statistically significant.ConclusionsImmunization with bOPV reduced the number of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases, consistent with the original hypothesis that LAVs induce non-specific protection against off-target infections. The findings are in line with previous observations of the protective effects of OPV against seasonal influenza and other viral and bacterial pathogens. The absence of a statistically significant effect on the total number of ARIs may be due to the insufficient number of participants and heterogeneous etiology of ARIs. OPV could be used to complement specific coronavirus vaccines, especially in regions of the world where the vaccines are unavailable, and as a stopgap measure for urgent response to future emerging infections. Clinical trial registration number NCT05083039 at clinicaltrals.gov https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05083039?term=NCT05083039&draw=2&rank=1

Symptom Burden and Factors Associated with Acute Respiratory Infections in the First Two Years of Life-Results from the LoewenKIDS Cohort.

Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are the most common childhood illnesses worldwide whereby the reported frequency varies widely, often depending on type of assessment. Symptom diaries are a powerful tool to counteract possible under-reporting, particularly of milder infections, and thus offer the possibility to assess the full burden of ARIs. The following analyses are based on symptom diaries from participants of the German birth cohort study LoewenKIDS. Primary analyses included frequencies of ARIs and specific symptoms. Factors, which might be associated with an increased number of ARIs, were identified using the Poisson regression. A subsample of two hundred eighty-eight participants were included. On average, 13.7 ARIs (SD: 5.2 median: 14.0 IQR: 10–17) were reported in the first two years of life with an average duration of 11 days per episode (SD: 5.8, median: 9.7, IQR: 7–14). The median age for the first ARI episode was 91 days (IQR: 57–128, mean: 107, SD: 84.5). Childcare attendance and having siblings were associated with an increased frequency of ARIs, while exclusive breastfeeding for the first three months was associated with less ARIs, compared to exclusive breastfeeding for a longer period. This study provides detailed insight into the symptom burden of ARIs in German infants.

Longitudinal Changes in Early Nasal Microbiota and the Risk of Childhood Asthma

To explore the association between longitudinal changes in early nasal microbiota and the risk of developing asthma.In the study, researchers included 704 children (aged 0 to 7 years old) born in the Hospital District of Southwest Finland between January 2008 and April 2010.This was a prospective, population-based birth cohort study. Children with a qualified baseline nasal microbiota sample at 2 months old and at least 1 follow-up sample were included in the analysis. Samples were collected by using nasal and nasopharyngeal swabs. The nasal microbiota were tested by using 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. An unsupervised machine learning approach was used to identify mutually exclusive, longitudinal nasal microbiota profiles. Changes in profiles between the ages of 2 to 13 months and 2 to 24 months were examined. The profile with persistent Moraxella dominance was used as the reference group because this was the largest group, a finding also supported by the literature. The primary outcome was the risk of physician-diagnosed asthma at the ages of 6.5 to 7.5 years old. The secondary outcome was the number of acute respiratory infections (ARIs) during 13 to 24 months of age. The association of the microbiota longitudinal profiles with the risk of developing asthma and rate of ARIs was measured by using multivariable logistic regression and negative binomial models.Of the 704 children in the analytic cohort, 57 (8%) developed asthma. Across all samples, the nasal airway microbiota was dominated by Moraxella, which generally increased with age. During age 2 to 13 months, 4 distinct longitudinal nasal microbiota profiles were identified: (1) persistent Moraxelladominance profile (reference group), (2) Streptococcus to Moraxella transition profile, (3) persistent Dolosigranulum and Corynebacteriaceae dominance profile, and (4) persistent Moraxella sparsity profile. During 2 to 24 months of age, an additional distinct longitudinal nasal microbiota profiles was identified: (5) a mixed longitudinal pattern profile. Overall, children with a persistent Moraxella sparsity profile were at a significantly higher risk of developing asthma (adjusted odds ratio: 2.74; 95% confidence interval: 1.20 to 6.27 for those in this profile at 2 to 13 months of age, which persisted in the 2 to 24 month profile) and had significantly higher incidence rates of ARIs (incidence rate ratio: 1.16; 95% confidence interval: 1.01 to 1.32, from 13 to 24 months of age).In this study, researchers found that, compared with the reference group (Moraxella dominant profile), children with an altered longitudinal nasal microbiota pattern (Moraxella sparsity profile) during early childhood had a higher risk of developing asthma and ARIs.This is the first study to reveal an association between longitudinal changes in early airway microbiota and later development of childhood asthma. Further efforts to develop primary prevention strategies aimed at modifying the microbiota may help to lower the incidence of childhood asthma and ARIs.

Soap versus sanitiser for preventing the transmission of acute respiratory infections in the community: a systematic review with meta-analysis and dose–response analysis

ObjectiveTo compare the effectiveness of hand hygiene using alcohol-based hand sanitiser to soap and water for preventing the transmission of acute respiratory infections (ARIs) and to assess the relationship between...

Faktor yang memengaruhi Perilaku Masyarakat Pencegahan Penyakit ISPA di Puskesmas Madat Kabupaten Aceh Timur

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) is one of the most infectious diseases and causes of death in children in developing countries. Based on the researchers' initial survey, it was found that the number of ARIs in Madat Community Health Center was 1971 people&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;. The &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;purpose of this study is to determine the factors associated with the implementation of the behavior of prevention of ISPA in infants in Madat District Health Center, East Aceh. T&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;he research design used in this study was Cross Sectional. The population in this study were 362 people and samples taken by accidental sampling were as many as 52 people. Data collection methods are primary data and secondary data. Data analysis used is binary logistic regression test.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;T&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;he results showed that knowledge had a sig-p value of 0.010 &amp;lt;0.05, sig-p ventilation 0.002 &amp;lt;0.05 and health services had a sig-p value of 0.010 &amp;lt;0.05. Based on the overall influencing factors, the most dominant factor affecting ARI is ventilation with a B value (4,489).&lt;/em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt; T&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;he conclusion in this study is that there is the influence of knowledge, ventilation and health services with the application of community behavior in the prevention of ARI, while the variables of occupancy density and family history of women do not have an influence on community behavior in the prevention of ARI.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Keywords: behavior factors, disease prevention, acute respiratory, ISPA&lt;/em&gt;

Mechanical Insufflation-Exsufflation With Oscillations in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis With Home Ventilation via Tracheostomy.

Mechanical insufflation-exsufflation (MI-E) applied via tracheostomy tubes in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) who are on home mechanical ventilation via tracheostomy is an effective procedure for respiratory secretion management. Nonetheless, tenacious secretions may remain and increase the risk of respiratory infections. The aim of this study was to determine whether adding oscillations to MI-E could reduce the rate of respiratory infections and the need for bronchoscopy to remove secretions in patients with ALS on home mechanical ventilation via tracheostomy. This was a 2-y, prospective, crossover study. Subjects were treated with conventional MI-E and MI-E with oscillations for 2 alternate 6-month periods. Data were collected on episodes of respiratory infections, hospital admission, and number of bronchoscopy procedures. In the 19 ALS subjects enrolled, the median (interquartile range [IQR]) number of acute respiratory infections per subject was 1.0 (0.5-2.0) in the MI-E period and 0.0 (0.0-2.0) in the MI-E plus oscillations period (P = .92). The median (IQR) number of hospital stays was 0.0 (0.0-1.0) in the MI-E period and 0.0 (0.0-1.0) in the MI-E plus oscillations period (P = .80). The median (IQR) number of bronchoscopies per subject was 0.0 (0.0-1.0) in MI-E period and 0.0 (0.0-0.5) in the MI-E plus oscillations period (P = .26). MI-E plus oscillations treatment had no impact on the risk of respiratory infections (odds ratio 3.71, 95% CI 0.81-16.84, P = .09) or the need for bronchoscopy (odds ratio 2.70, 95% CI 0.44-16.68, P = .29). Adding oscillations to MI-E therapy in subjects with ALS on home mechanical ventilation via tracheostomy did not decrease the risk of respiratory infections, hospital admission, or need for bronchoscopy.

PREDICTION MODEL FOR THE NUMBER OF ARI CASES IN CHILDREN IN SURABAYA USING ARIMA METHOD

Forecasting is an important element in planning decision-making related to estimating future events. Forecasting techniques that are often developed and used today are the Time Series. Time series is a measurement of events through the stages of time in hours, days, months, and years format. This research uses the ARIMA time series method. The ARIMA method is used to model acute respiratory infections (ARI) in children. The best model is determined using the smallest error through the Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). The study aims to predict the number of ARI cases in children in Surabaya. This research is an unobtrusive/nonreactive research. The researcher conditioned the subjects to not being aware that the subject is being studied and therefore, left the subject uninterrupted. The data used was the number of ARI cases in children from January 2014 to December 2018. The data was obtained from the monthly report of the Health Information System Unit (HIS) of the Surabaya Health Office. The conclusion from this study showed that the ARIMA method obtained the best model results, namely ARIMA (2,1,2) with a MAPE value of 15.024. Forecasting results fluctuated and a downward trend in the case of ARI children in Surabaya. In certain months, the number of acute respiratory infections has increased significantly, including in February and March.

Hypertrophy of palatine tonsils - possible treatment approaches

To evaluate the effectiveness of different approaches to the treatment of patients with hypertrophy of the palatine tonsils (HPT). 90 children with HPT of II-III degree and 20 healthy children (group 1) aged from 3 to 7 years were included in the study. Children with HPT were divided into three groups: group 2 - children who underwent tonsillotomy (n=30), group 3 - children who underwent conservative treatment, including only topical use of Polyoxidonium (n=30), group 4 - children who underwent complex treatment (tonsillotomy with subsequent local use of Polyoxidonium), (n=30). The severity of nasal breathing disturbances on a visual analogue scale, the average number of acute respiratory viral infections 6 months before and after treatment, the level of gene expression of antimicrobial peptides before and after treatment, the degree of hypertrophy of the palatine tonsils and spleen with an assessment of the echostructure and determination of the spleen mass coefficient using Ultrasound were evaluated in the study. In children receiving only Polyoxidonium, there was a decrease in the severity of nasal breathing disorders, a decrease in the frequency of acute respiratory viral infections, an increase in the expression of antimicrobial peptide genes compared to the initial level of these indicators. Comprehensive treatment of children with HPT (group 4) showed a significant decrease in the severity of nasal breathing disorders, a decrease in the average number of acute respiratory infections within 6 months, an increase in the expression of antimicrobial peptide genes compared to children who underwent only tonsillotomy (group 2) or only conservative therapy (group 3). It is proved that the use of Polyoxidonium in the complex treatment of HPT is clinically effective and safe.

Sistem Informasi Program Pelaporan ISPA di Kota Surabaya

Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) is a disease that occurs in many developing countries and also on the list of 10 most diseases in hospitals. This study aims to analyze the information system of ARI Reporting Program in Surabaya. Reporting on ARI cases is a surveillance of the disease. If many cases reported, it is better than only a few cases reported. This research is a descriptive study with a qualitative approach. Based on the results of the interview with the informant, it was stated that the ARI reporting program had helped in recording ARI cases that occurred in Surabaya. File formats that are still manual and not integrated with the internet (online) make sending reports longer. Even if you implement an integrated online, data entry only needs to be done once so that the same data will be stored electronically and can be sent and processed. In addition, in the excel file ARI reporting program, there are several output menus that can be used as a result of the description of ARI cases. However, the output was underutilized so that less case monitoring was implemented to reduce the number of ARI / Pneumonia cases that occurred in Surabaya. The conclusion is the ARI reporting program is very helpful in the process of data collection of ARI cases, but it would be better if they use the type of online computerization management and better utilize the graphical output of the ARI reporting program.

Sistem Informasi Program Pelaporan ISPA di Kota Surabaya

Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) is a disease that occurs in many developing countries and also on the list of 10 most diseases in hospitals. This study aims to analyze the information system of ARI Reporting Program in Surabaya. Reporting on ARI cases is a surveillance of the disease. If many cases reported, it is better than only a few cases reported. This research is a descriptive study with a qualitative approach. Based on the results of the interview with the informant, it was stated that the ARI reporting program had helped in recording ARI cases that occurred in Surabaya. File formats that are still manual and not integrated with the internet (online) make sending reports longer. Even if you implement an integrated online, data entry only needs to be done once so that the same data will be stored electronically and can be sent and processed. In addition, in the excel file ARI reporting program, there are several output menus that can be used as a result of the description of ARI cases. However, the output was underutilized so that less case monitoring was implemented to reduce the number of ARI / Pneumonia cases that occurred in Surabaya. The conclusion is the ARI reporting program is very helpful in the process of data collection of ARI cases, but it would be better if they use the type of online computerization management and better utilize the graphical output of the ARI reporting program.

Mother’s Behavior in Treating of Acute Respiratory Infections on Children Post the Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster at the Public Health Center in Wani, Donggala, Central of Sulawesi, Indonesia

Background: After disaster happened, the number of ARI (Acute Respiratory Infections) cases could dramatically increase and even ranked top. The public health center (Puskesmas) in Wani is the public health facility that has the highest number of child ARI patients in Donggala Regency after the disaster happened. The public health center handled 149 ARI cases from the total of 1,597 cases occurred. This study was aimed to find out the knowledge and behavior of mothers, facilities, health services, health worker and family support for mothers that the children suffered from ARI at the working area of Wani public health center. Methods: This study is a qualitative research using case study approach. The data were collected through in-depth interviews with 12 informants who were selected through purposive sampling technique. Results: The results of the research showed that mothers’ knowledgeable on ARI was still low due to the lack of information. Their behavior related to ARI management was good that was showed by their decision to take immediate medical treatment for their children by buying them drugs and taking them to health facilities. However, there were also mothers decided to give their children self-medication (traditional) that was performed at home by buying self-prescribed medication or even using traditional medicines. The health facilities are adequate to be utilized by the mothers. However, the role of health worker has not been maximized because of the lack of information related to ARI. Some informants got social support from their families in the form of information and emotional supports, but there were also some informants who did not get adequate support from their families. Conclusion. The low level of mothers’ knowledge and lack of social support from health workers influenced the mother’s behavior in treating of ARI on children at Wani Public Health Center.

The Incidence of Acute Respiratory Infections in Children who Have Undergone Critical Conditions in the Neonatal Period, Depending on the Severity оf Organ Dysfunction. Retrospective Cohort Study

Background: It is assumed that the severity of the multiple organ dysfunctions syndrome (MODS) in children who have experienced critical conditions in the neonatal period is a risk factor for the development of acute respiratory infections (ARI). Objective. The Aim was to study the relationship between the severities of organ dysfunctions in children who had undergone critical conditions in the neonatal period, with an ARI frequency at preschool age. Methods : The study included children with MODS, the severity of which was assessed on the NEOMOD scale (moderate dysfunction 4 points, severe 5 points). An infectious index (II) was calculated since the discharge from the hospital till the age of 7: the ratio of the number of cases ARI during the past year to the age of the child that year, and the proportion of often ill children (OIC) — the number of ARI 4, 6 and 5 cases per year at the age of 1, 1–3 and 4– 5 years respectively. Data on cases of ARI are obtained from the history of child development (form № 112/y). Results: The study included 198 children, 100 of them with severe manifestations of MODS and 98 with moderate manifestations of MODS. The groups were comparable by sex, age, social factors (age and level of education of parents), place of residence (city / village). II (median and 95% confidence interval) in children with severe and moderate manifestations of MODS under 1 year were 2 (2; 3) and 1.5 (1; 2) respectively (p=0.006); 1–2 years — 1.5 (1–2) and 1 (1– 1.5) (p=0.008); 2–3 years — 1 (0.7–1.2) and 0.7 (0.5–1) (p=0.006); 3–4 years old — 1,1 (0,8–1,3) and 0,8 (0,6–0,8) (р=0.003); 4–5 years — 0,6 (0.6–0,7) and 0,4 (0.4–0,5) (р=0.001); 5–6 years — 0.5 (0.3–0.5) and 0.3 (0.2–0.3) (p=0.001); 6–7 years — 0.3 (0.3–0.3) and 0.1 (0.1–0.3) (p=0.025). The OIC in the groups for the entire follow-up period was 60 (60%) and 42 (43%) respectively (p=0.011). Сonclusion : Severe manifestations of MODS in the neonatal period are associated with a higher susceptibility of children to ARI.

Clinical Efficacy of Pneumococcal Conjugate 13-valent Vaccine in Young Children

Objective : Our aim was to study the clinical efficacy of pneumococcal conjugate 13-valent vaccine (PCV13) in children aged less than 3 years. Methods : retrospective comparative study of the incidence of acute respiratory infections (ARI), otitis and pneumonia during the first three years of life in 184 children vaccinated with PKV13 and 186 unvaccinated peers. Results : 91 of 184 children (49.4%) were vaccinated during the 1st year of life, 61 (33.2%) — during the 2nd year, and 32 (17.4%) — during the 3rd year. Number of ARI per 1 child among children vaccinated in the 1st year of life was 5.5 times less than among unvaccinated children (0.42 and 2.31 cases); frequency of otitis during the second year of life was 6.8 times less (7.6% and 52.1%, р < 0,01), and during the third — 34.7 times less (1.1% and 38.2%, р < 0,01). All children vaccinated before the age of 1 were 6.3 times less (1.1% and 6.9%) ill with pneumonias. Additionally it was noted that number of ARI per 1 person among children, vaccinated during the 1st year of life, during the third year of life was lower than among children vaccinated later (0.42; 1.02; 2.03 respectively). There also was a significant in otitis number between children vaccinated during the first and the third years of life (1.1 and 15.6% р < 0,01). Conclusion: to reduce the incidence of ARI, otitis and pneumonia in children, it is necessary to vaccinate children with PCV13 in the age under 1 year. «Catching up» immunization of the second and third years of life is effective, but to a lesser extent.