Production Cross Sections Of Nuclides Research Articles

Comprehensive estimation of nuclide production cross sections using a phenomenological approach

Comprehensive estimation of nuclide production cross sections using a phenomenological approach

Measurement of nuclide production cross sections for GeV-region proton-induced reactions on [formula omitted]Mg, [formula omitted]Si, [formula omitted]Fe, [formula omitted]Cu, and [formula omitted]Zn

Nuclide production cross sections for proton-induced reactions on natMg, natSi, natFe, natCu, and natZn at several GeV were measured using an activation technique at Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex. The aggregate results of 250 cross sections were successfully acquired. The cross sections of the natFe(p,X)44mSc, natZn(p,X)22Na, natZn(p,X)28Mg, natZn(p,X)48Sc, and natZn(p,X)69mZn reactions were acquired for the first time. The cross sections of the natFe(p,X)46Sc, natFe(p,X)52Fe, natCu(p,X)43Sc, natCu(p,X)48Sc, natCu(p,X)58Co, and most of the natZn(p,X) reactions above about 1 GeV were firstly measured. The data obtained in this study were compared with the results from nuclear reaction models in PHITS and the data retrieved from Japanese Evaluated Nuclear Data Library High Energy file 2007 (JENDL/HE-2007). As the nuclear reaction models, Liège IntraNuclear Cascade, two versions of JAERI Quantum Molecular Dynamics, and Jet AA Microscopic Transport Model coupled with an evaporation process were applied. Among all of the models, INCL/GEM, JENDL/HE-2007, and JAM/GEM generally showed the good agreement.

Measurement of nuclide production cross sections for proton-induced reactions on [formula omitted]Ti and 93Nb at 0.8 and 3.0 GeV

The nuclide production cross sections for proton-induced reactions on natTi and 93Nb at 0.8 and 3.0 GeV were measured using an activation technique at Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex. A total of 27 and 94 nuclide production cross sections for the natTi(p,X) and 93Nb(p,X) reactions were obtained, respectively. Cross sections of the natTi(p,X)44Sc, 93Nb(p,X)52Mn, 93Nb(p,X)69mZn, 93Nb(p,X)82mRb, 93Nb(p,X)85mY, 93Nb(p,X)87mY, 93Nb(p,X)90mY, 93Nb(p,X)91mNb, 93Nb(p,X)92mNb, and 93Nb(p,X)93mMo reactions were successfully measured for the first time. In addition, the cross sections of the natTi(p,X)46Sc, 93Nb(p,X)73As, 93Nb(p,X)85Y, and 93Nb(p,X)87Y reactions above about 1 GeV were firstly measured. The present data were compared with the results from nuclear reaction models in PHITS and data retrieved from Japanese Evaluated Nuclear Data Library High Energy file 2007 (JENDL/HE-2007). As the nuclear reaction models, Liège IntraNuclear Cascade (INCL), two versions of JAERI Quantum Molecular Dynamics, and Jet AA Microscopic Transport Model coupled with an evaporation process were applied. The prediction accuracy of JENDL/HE-2007 was the best for the 7Be production cross section of both targets. As an overall trend, underestimation of INCL and all of the models were confirmed for the natTi(p,X) and 93Nb(p,X) reactions, respectively.

Nuclide production cross sections in proton-induced reactions on Bi at GeV energies

Proton-induced nuclide production cross sections for Bi at incident energies of 0.4, 1.5, and 3.0 GeV are measured with the activation method using the proton beams accelerated from the Rapid-Cycling Synchrotron of the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC). A total of 127 cross-section data are obtained. The measured data are compared with two types of Monte Carlo-based spallation models (i.e. INCL++ coupled with ABLA07 and INCL4.6 coupled with GEM), and the evaluated nuclear data library, JENDL/HE-2007. The result showed that INCL++/ABLA07 overall agrees with the experimental data, whereas INCL4.6/GEM underestimates the production of fission fragments.

Measurement of nuclide production cross sections for proton-induced reactions on [formula omitted]Ni and [formula omitted]Zr at 0.4, 1.3, 2.2, and 3.0 GeV

Nuclide production cross sections for proton-induced reactions on natNi and natZr at incident energies of 0.4, 1.3, 2.2, and 3.0 GeV were measured by the activation method at Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC). In total, 24 and 43 residual nuclides were measured for the natNi and natZr targets, respectively. Among them, the cross sections of the following reactions were measured for the first time: natZr(p,x)28Mg, natZr(p,x)42K, natZr(p,x)43K, natZr(p,x)44gSc, natZr(p,x)55Co, natZr(p,x)69mZn, and natZr(p,x)93Y reactions. To examine the prediction capabilities, the measured data were compared with the spallation reaction models in PHITS (INCL4.6, Bertini, and JAM as intranuclear cascade models, and GEM as an evaporation model), INCL++/ABLA07, semi-empirical calculation code SPACS, and the JENDL/HE-2007 library. From the evaluation introducing the mean square deviation factor, the best reproducibility was exhibited by the JENDL/HE-2007 library for natNi and INCL++/ABLA07 for natZr.

Measurement of nuclide production cross sections for proton-induced reactions on Mn and Co at 1.3, 2.2, and 3.0 GeV

Nuclide production cross sections for proton-induced reactions on Mn and Co at incident energies of 1.3, 2.2, and 3.0 GeV were measured by the activation method at the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC). In total, 143 production cross sections of reaction products with half-lives ranging from 1.8 h to 2.6 yr were obtained. Among them, the cross sections of 55Mn(p,x)38S, 55Mn(p,x)41Ar, and 59Co(p,x)38S reactions were measured for the first time. The stable proton beam and well-established beam profile-motoring system contributed to the reduction of the systematic uncertainties to typically less than 5%, which was better than those of the previous data (typically ∼10%). To examine the prediction capabilities of spallation reaction models and evaluated nuclear data library, the measured data were compared with the spallation reaction models in PHITS (INCL4.6, Bertini, and JAM as intranuclear cascade models, and GEM as an evaporation model), INCL++/ABLA07, and the JENDL/HE-2007 library. The comparison of the mean square deviation factors indicated that both INCL4.6/GEM and JENDL/HE-2007 showed better agreement with the measured data than the others.

Nuclide production cross sections from irradiation of thorium by 438 MeV protons and a comparison to fluka and geant4 simulations

Thorium targets were irradiated with 438-MeV protons, resulting in spallation and high-energy fission reactions. The measured production cross sections of 38 nuclides in the mass range 83 to 233 are reported. These cross-section data are useful for validating nuclear interaction models and are compared to simulated cross sections calculated using three different Monte Carlo packages, fluka (version 2011.2x.7), geant4 (version 10.6, with the Liege intranuclear cascade model and the abla version 3.1 evaporation code), and geant4 (version 10.6, with the binary cascade model). These data are also useful for estimating radionuclide production yields following an irradiation, in particular for the production of $^{225}\mathrm{Ac}$, a radionuclide of currently heightened interest in nuclear medicine for the treatment of cancer. For most nuclides reported, the measured, literature, and simulated cross-section values agree within a factor of 2.

Measurement of nuclide production cross section for lead and bismuth with proton in energy range from 0.4 GeV to 3.0 GeV

For the Accelerator-Driven nuclear transmutation System (ADS), nuclide production yield estimation in a lead-bismuth target is important to manage the target. However, experimental data of nuclide production yield by spallation and high-energy fission reactions are scarce. In order to obtain the experimental data, an experiment in J-PARC using natPb and 209Bi samples were carried out. The samples were thin foils with about 0.1 mm thick and 25 mm × 25 mm square and were irradiated with protons at kinematic energy points of 0.4GeV, 2.2GeV, and 3.0 GeV. After the irradiation, the nuclide production cross section was determined by spectroscopic measurement of decay gamma-rays from the samples with HPGe detectors. In this paper, 14 nuclide production cross sections for lead and bismuth were obtained. They were compared with the calculated cross sections with various models and the evaluated one.

Cross sections for nuclide production in proton- and deuteron-induced reactions on 93Nb measured using the inverse kinematics method

Isotopic production cross sections were measured for proton- and deuteron-induced reactions on 93 Nb by means of the inverse kinematics method at RIKEN Radioactive Isotope Beam Factory. The measured production cross sections of residual nuclei in the reaction 93 Nb + p at 113 MeV/u were compared with previous data measured by the conventional activation method in the proton energy range between 46 and 249 MeV. The present inverse kinematics data of four reaction products (90 Mo, 90 Nb, 88 Y, and 86 Y) were in good agreement with the data of activation measurement. Also, the model calculations with PHITS describing the intra-nuclear cascade and evaporation processes generally well reproduced the measured isotopic production cross sections.

Experimental evaluation of the nuclide production cross sections for 50-GeV protons in copper

A thin target composed of copper and aluminum foils was placed in the accelerator vacuum tube and irradiated with circulating 50-GeV protons. The number of protons that hit the target during the accelerator run was determined by the activation of the monitor aluminum foil, and the radionuclide activities in each foil were measured. A set of the radionuclide production cross sections in 50-GeV proton interactions with copper nuclei were evaluated.

Measurements of nuclide yields in neutron-induced fission of natural uranium for SPIRAL2

Cross-sections for nuclide production in fast-neutron induced fission of natural uranium are part of the input for predictions of yields of neutron-rich nuclides obtainable at Radioactive Ion Beam facilities. We first describe the neutron spectra produced according to the scheme once envisaged for SPES (protons on an enriched 13C target) and the one adopted for SPIRAL2 (deuterons on natural carbon), which both have been measured at JYFL. We then present the measurements of Z-splits in isobaric chains performed at IGISOL. When coupled with the fission cross-section and A-splits for the relevant neutron spectrum, they allow estimates of nuclide cross-sections. It looks that calculations, even those based on modern libraries, are too optimistic by about a factor of two.

Verification of high-energy transport codes on the basis of activation data

Nuclide production cross sections measured at ITEP for the targets of nat-Cr, 56-Fe, nat-Ni, 93-Nb, 181-Ta, nat-W, nat-Pb, 209-Bi irradiated by protons with energies from 40 to 2600 MeV were used to estimate the predictive accuracy of several popular high-energy transport codes. A general agreement of the ITEP data with the data obtained by other groups, including the numerous GSI data measured by the inverse kinematics method was found. Simulations of the measured data were performed with the MCNPX (Bertini and ISABEL options), CEM03.02, INCL4.2+ABLA, INCL4.5+ABLA07, PHITS, and CASCADE.07 codes. Deviation factors between the calculated and experimental cross sections have been estimated for each target and for the whole energy range covered by our measurements. Two-dimensional diagrams of deviation factor values were produced for estimating the predictive power of every code for intermediate, not measured masses of nuclei-targets and bombarding energies of protons. Further improvements of all tested here codes are recommended. In addition, new measurements at ITEP of nuclide yields from a 208-Pb target irradiated by 500 MeV protons are presented. A good agreement between these new data and the GSI measurements obtained by the inverse kinematics method was found

Experimental study of fragmentation products in the reactions112Sn+112Snand124Sn+124Snat 1AGeV

Production cross-sections and longitudinal velocity distributions of the projectile-like residues produced in the reactions 112Sn + 112Sn and 124Sn + 124Sn both at an incident beam energy of 1 AGeV were measured with the high-resolution magnetic spectrometer, the Fragment Separator (FRS) of GSI. For both reactions the characteristics of the velocity distributions and nuclide production cross sections were determined for residues with atomic number Z $\geq$ 10. A comparison of the results of the two reactions is presented.

Measurement and simulation of the cross sections for nuclide production in 56Fe and natCr targets irradiated with 0.04- to 2.6-GeV protons

The cross sections for nuclide production in thin 56Fe and natCr targets irradiated by 0.04–2.6-GeV protons are measured by direct γ spectrometry using two γ spectrometers with the resolutions of 1.8 and 1.7 keV for the 60Co 1332-keV γ line. As a result, 649 yields of radioactive residual product nuclei have been obtained. The 27Al(p, x)22Na reaction has been used as a monitor reaction. The experimental data are compared with the MCNPX (BERTINI, ISABEL), CEM03.02, INCL4.2, INCL4.5, PHITS, and CASCADE07 calculations.

Measurement and simulation of the cross sections for nuclide production in 93Nb and natNi targets irradiated with 0.04- to 2.6-GeV protons

The cross sections for nuclide production in thin 93Nb and natNi targets irradiated by 0.04- to 2.6-GeV protons have been measured by direct γ spectrometry using two γ spectrometers with the resolutions of 1.8 and 1.7 keV in the 60Co 1332-keV γ line. As a result, 1112 yields of radioactive residual nuclei have been obtained. The 27Al(p, x)22Na reaction has been used as a monitor reaction. The experimental data have been compared with the MCNPX (BERTINI, ISABEL), CEM03.02, INCL4.2, INCL4.5, PHITS, and CASCADE07 calculations.

Measurement and simulation of the cross sections for nuclide production in natW and 181Ta targets irradiated with 0.04- to 2.6-GeV protons

The cross sections for nuclide production in thin natWand 181Ta targets irradiated by 0.04–2.6-GeV protons have been measured by direct γ spectrometry using two γ spectrometers with the resolutions of 1.8 and 1.7 keV in the 60Co 1332-keV γ line. As a result, 1895 yields of radioactive residual product nuclei have been obtained. The 27Al(p, x)22Na reaction has been used as a monitor reaction. The experimental data have been compared with the MCNPX (BERTINI, ISABEL), CEM03.02, INCL4.2, INCL4.5, PHITS, and CASCADE07 calculations.

Production of residual radioactive nuclei in thin 209Bi, natPb, 206Pb, 207Pb, and 208Pb targets bombarded with 0.04–2.6 GeV protons

The results of the experimental measurement and numerical simulation of the cross sections for residual radioactive nuclei production in thin 209Bi, natPb, 206Pb, 207Pb, and 208Pb targets bombarded with protons in the energy range from 0.04 to 2.6 GeV are reported. The nuclide production cross sections were measured using γ spectrometry with a high-resolution Ge detector. The experimental data include a total of 5972 reaction cross sections at 11 proton energy values. The results are compared to the data from other laboratories reported in 80 papers. The model calculations were carried out using eight simulation code packages: LAHET, INCL4 + ABLA, CEM03, LAQGSM + GEM2, CASCADE, CASCADE-2004, CASCADO, and LAHETO. A detailed analysis of discrepancies between the measured and calculated data is presented.

Present Status of JENDL Photonuclear Data File

Evaluation task of photonuclear reaction cross sections is in progress as an activity under JNDC Photonuclear Data File Compilation Sub-Working Group. The goal of this working group is to construct an evaluated photonuclear reaction data file. The evaluated data is stored using ENDF-6 high-energy format. The data file contains absorption, particle production and nuclide production cross sections up to 140 MeV, which is approximately corresponding to the threshold energy of (γ, π) reactions. In addition, energy-angle double differential cross sections of emitted particles are stored. Theoretical evaluation as well as experimental data evaluation are employed. Nuclear model calculation based on pre-equilibrium and evaporation model is carried out and reproduce experimental data quite well. Evaluation for D, 9Be, 12C, 14N, l6O, 23Na, 24,25,26Mg, 27Al, 28,29,30Si, 40,48Ca, 46,48Ti, 51V, 52Cr, 55Mn, 54,56Fe, 59Co, 58, 60Ni, 63, 65Cu, 64Zn, 90Zr, 93Nb 92,94,96,98,100Mo, 133Cs 181Ta 182,184,186W, 197Au 206,207, 208Pb 209Bi and 235,238U have been completed.

Cross sections for nuclide production in 1 GeV proton-irradiated208Pb

114 cross sections for nuclide production in a 1.0 GeV proton-irradiated thin 208Pb target have been measured by the direct gamma spectrometry method using a high-resolution Ge detector. The gamma spectra were processed by the GENIE-2000 code. The ITEP-developed SIGMA code was used together with the PCNUDAT nuclear decay database to identify the gamma lines and to determine the cross sections. The 27Al(p,x)22Na reaction was used to monitor the proton flux. Results of a feasibility study of the auxiliary 27Al(p,x)24Na and 27Al(p,x)7Be monitor reactions in the 0.07-2.6 GeV proton-energy range are presented as well. Most of the experimental data have been analyzed by the LAHET (with ISABEL and Bertini options), CEM95, CEM2k, INUCL, CASCADE, CASCADE/INPE, and YIELDX codes that simulate hadron-nucleus interactions.

Measurement of Activation Reaction Rate Distributions in a Lead Assembly Bombarded with 500-MeV Protons

Reaction rate distributions of various activation detectors such as the natNi(n,x)58Co, 197Au(n,2n)196Au, and 197Au(n,4n)194Au reactions were measured to study the production and the transport of spallation neutrons in a lead assembly bombarded with protons of 500 MeV. The measured data were analyzed with the nucleon-meson transport code NMTC/JAERI combined with the MCNP4A code using the nuclide production cross sections based on the JENDL Dosimetry File and those calculated with the ALICE-F code. It was found that the NMTC/JAERI-MCNP4A calculations agreed well with the experiments for the low-energy-threshold reaction of natNi(n,x)58Co. With the increase of threshold energy, however, the calculation underestimated the experiments, especially above 20 MeV. The reason for the disagreement can be attributed to the underestimation of the neutron yield in the tens of mega-electron-volt regions by the NMTC/JAERI code.