Nozzle Orifice Size Research Articles

Numerical Investigation of Compatibility of Synthetic Natural Gas with Conventional Liquefied Petroleum Gas Burners

Nepal is seeking carbon-free alternative fuels due to environmental concerns and economic issues resulting from fossil fuel usage. Carbon-neutral SNG has the potential as an alternative to LPG gas in domestic cooking, but traditional LPG equipment may not be compatible with SNG. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) was used to study the compatibility of traditional LPG equipment with SNG, and it was found that essential optimization is needed to obtain optimal cooking conditions by SNG combustion. Engineering Equation Solver (EES) was used to determine the optimum inlet pressure for varying nozzle sizes. Based on the results of the study, it was determined that the optimal nozzle size for the selected type of burner is 1.15 mm. This particular nozzle size was found to provide better uniformity of flame temperature and complete combustion, resulting in an average temperature of 1700 K at a fuel inlet pressure of 2.75 kPa. This makes it a potentially better option for cooking compared to LPG, as it could potentially provide faster cooking times. The results were verified using the Python CANTERA model. A 40-50% increase in the nozzle orifice size from the traditional LPG nozzle orifice size is suggested for such conversions.

Optimization of operating parameters for spraying microbial (Bacillus thuringiensis and Beauveria bassiana) based bio-pesticide solutions for foliar application

Exposure to mechanical stresses developed due to different components of spraying system may cause permanent damage to the microbes of bio-pesticide solutions. To achieve maximum effectiveness of spray application, proper selection of nozzle size and operating pressure is critical. Two different classes of bio-pesticides viz. bacterial-based Bacillus thuringiensis (BBP solution) and fungal-based Beauveria bassiana (FBP solution) were evaluated for spray application by three hollow cone nozzles (1.14, 2.35 and 3.56 mm in diameter) at four operating pressures (145, 245, 345 and 445 kPa). It was observed that viability of bio-pesticide solutions increases with decrease in operating pressure and increase in nozzle size. The nozzle orifice diameter and operating pressure of the spraying system were optimized to get desired application rate, volume median diameter (VMD) and coefficient of variation (CV) of spray for maximum microbial viability of bio-pesticide solutions. The optimized values of application rate (323.94-and 325.58 L ha−1), VMD (225.88 and 231.89 µm), CV (84.49 and 85.99%) and viability (6.63 × 106 and 6.06 × 106 cfu ml−1) were obtained for BBP and FBP solutions, respectively at nozzle orifice size of 3.56 mm and 145 kPa operating pressure.

Numerical study of spray cooling with flash evaporation

This work aims to apply Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) method to establish a flash evaporation spray cooling (FESC) model to simulate the heating process and find the optimum cooling performance. The heat transfer process during FESC is studied through numerical simulation using commercial code ANSYS FLUENT. The species transport model and the discrete phase model are applied to simulate the multiphase flow and heat transfer process. The turbulence effect is included. The effects of flow rate, nozzle pressure, nozzle angle, and the nozzle orifice size on spray cooling are investigated through analyzing the final surface temperature distributions. This work revealed the mechanism of the heat transfer process in FESC by means of particle tracks and velocity magnitude distribution. The simulated results for the effect of flow rate were compared with other researchers’ previous published experimental results. The comparison shows same trend, which verified the model and the simulation result. The optimum cooling performance is found by analyzing various working conditions. The results show that high flow rate, high nozzle pressure, small nozzle angle and small nozzle orifice can improve the FESC characteristics. The detailed mechanisms of these effects under various working conditions are also discussed. Under giving working conditions, the optimum cooling performance is obtained for the condition where mass flow rate of working fluid is 2L/min, the nozzle pressure is 100MPa, the nozzle angle is 15 degrees and the orifice size of the nozzle is 1mm.

The Effect of Nozzle Body Volume on Pressure Dynamics in a PWM Sprayer System

Highlights The variability in damping ratio between different sized nozzle tips was reduced with an increase in nozzle body volume, indicating that the previous works using pressure-sensing manifolds in PWM systems may have underestimated the nozzle pressure fluctuations. Pressure sensors installed at the nozzle body and the manifolds tested exhibited a different damping ratio, suggesting a slight change in sensor location might yield different measurements of transient pressure characteristics. A minimally invasive instrumented pressure sensor at the nozzle body is needed to accurately measure nozzle pressure dynamics. Abstract. Nozzle pressure measurements in agricultural sprayers are commonly conducted by adding a manifold between the nozzle body and nozzle tip. The additional component substantially increases the internal volume of the nozzle body, which affects nozzle pressure dynamics. This research focused on the effect of nozzle body volume on pressure dynamics when operating a spray nozzle under pulse-width-modulation control. A nozzle body and two manifolds of different volumes were instrumented with embedded pressure sensors. In a static test environment, pressure data were collected at 345 kPa nominal pressure at 50% duty cycle with a variety of nozzle orifice sizes. A second-order transfer function was used to model a portion of the dynamic pressure data. The damping ratio generally decreased as the volume of the nozzle body increased due to the addition of a manifold. The variability in damping ratio with respect to nozzle orifice size was reduced when adding a manifold. The lower damping ratios when a manifold was present generally resulted in more overshoot and slower settling time. Results also showed a slightly higher damping ratio at the nozzle body than at the manifold when either manifold was added. The differences in nozzle pressure dynamics with and without the addition of a pressure sensing manifold suggest that previous studies using instrumented nozzle bodies under PWM control may have underestimated the amplitude of pressure oscillations and the time to reach equilibrium. Keywords: Agricultural Sprayers, Measurement Accuracy, Nozzle Body Volume, Pressure Dynamics, Pulse Width Modulation (PWM).

Droplet Size Distributions from Hollow-Cone Nozzles Coupled with PWM Valves

HighlightsVolumetric diameters DV0.1, DV0.5, and DV0.9 for PWM-controlled hollow-cone nozzles were investigated.Droplet sizes were influenced greatly by nozzle size, operating pressure, duty cycle, and slightly by PWM valve type.Volume fractions were reported for droplets smaller than 100 µm, between 100 and 300 µm, and greater than 300 µm.Measured droplet sizes were classified as different categories based on the ASABE standard 572.3.Abstract. Integration of variable-rate disc-core nozzles in orchard sprayers is the optimal solution to achieve precision spray applications of agrochemicals; however, little information is available on the droplet size distribution and classification for these hollow-cone nozzles. Investigations were performed for the comprehensive understanding of spray droplet size spectrum discharged from hollow-cone nozzles which were manipulated with pulse width modulation (PWM) valves to produce variable flow rates. Test variables included five disc-core hollow-cone nozzle sizes (D2-DC25, D2-DC45, D4-DC25, D4-DC45, and D5-DC25), two 10-Hz PWM valve designs, five operating pressures (276, 414, 552, 689, and 827 kPa), and 10 duty cycles (DUCs) ranging from 10% to 100% at 10% intervals. Droplet diameters were measured with a laser imaging particle system. Volumetric diameters (DV0.1, DV0.5, and DV0.9) varied greatly with the nozzle orifice size, operating pressure, and DUC, and varied slightly by PWM valve type. Higher operating pressures and larger nozzles generated droplets with more consistent size distributions across DUCs from 10% to 100%. The differences in relative spans among DUCs increased with the nozzle size increase and the operating pressure decrease. Droplet size classifications from very fine to coarse, based on ASABE 572.3 standard definitions, varied with the nozzle size and operating pressure but were similar for two PWM valve designs at all DUCs. Spray volume fractions also varied with the droplet size range, DUC and pressure. For droplets smaller than 100 µm, the volume fraction remained relatively consistent or slightly decreased as DUC increased, but increased as the pressure increased. In comparison, the fraction increased as both DUC and pressure increased for droplets between 100 and 300 µm and decreased for the portion of droplets greater than 300 µm. As a result, the discovered information would be implemented for the improvement of precision variable-rate spray systems equipped with PWM valves. Keywords: Atomization, Droplet diameter, Orchard sprayer, Precision agriculture, Variable rate.

Temperature measurements of liquid flat jets in vacuum.

Sub-μm thin samples are essential for spectroscopic purposes. The development of flat micro-jets enabled novel spectroscopic and scattering methods for investigating molecular systems in the liquid phase. However, the temperature of these ultra-thin liquid sheets in vacuum has not been systematically investigated. Here, we present a comprehensive temperature characterization using optical Raman spectroscopy of sub-micron flatjets produced by two different methods: colliding of two cylindrical jets and a cylindrical jet compressed by a high pressure gas. Our results reveal the dependence of the cooling rate on the material properties and the source characteristics, i.e., nozzle-orifice size, flow rate, and pressure. We show that materials with higher vapor pressures exhibit faster cooling rates, which is illustrated by comparing the temperature profiles of water and ethanol flatjets. In a sub-μm liquid sheet, the temperature of the water sample reaches around 268 K and the ethanol around 253 K close to the flatjet's terminus.

Droplet Size Spectrum, Activation Pressure, and Flow Rate Discharged from PWM Flat-Fan Nozzles

HighlightsDroplet sizes, activation pressures acting on nozzle orifices, and flow rates were investigated.Droplet sizes varied with duty cycles, nozzle orifice sizes, and PWM solenoid valve manufacturers.Activation pressures decreased as duty cycles decreased and increased as nozzle orifice sizes decreased.Flow rates increased with increases in both duty cycles and nozzle orifice sizes.Abstract. Pulse width modulated (PWM) spray systems can produce variable spray rates for precision applications of pesticide and fertilizer; however, there are also concerns over their spray performance stability. Droplet size distributions, activation pressures acting on nozzle orifices, and flow rates discharged from nozzles were investigated for test combinations of ten PWM duty cycles (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100%), six flat-fan nozzles with different orifice sizes (XR8001, XR8002, XR8003, XR8004, XR8005, and XR8006), and two PWM solenoid valves from two different manufacturers. Test results showed that the droplet size distribution, activation pressure, and flow rate varied with the duty cycle, nozzle orifice size, and PWM solenoid valve source. For XR8001 and XR8002 nozzles, droplet sizes did not vary significantly with all duty cycles from 10% to 100%. To obtain relatively consistent droplet size distributions, XR8003 and XR8004 nozzles required PWM duty cycles of at least 20%, while XR8005 and XR8006 nozzles required duty cycles of 30% or greater. The activation pressure directly on nozzle orifices increased as the duty cycle increased but decreased as the nozzle orifice size increased. In addition, the same nozzles coupled with PWM solenoid valves from two different manufacturers discharged different flow rates for the same duty cycle in the range of 10% to 90%. Therefore, careful selection of PWM solenoid valves for different orifice nozzles operated at different duty cycles was necessary to achieve consistent variable-rate spray performances. Keywords: Droplet diameter, Variable rate, PWM solenoid valve, Pesticide, Fertilizer, Precision farming.

MODIFICATION OF THE SPALART–ALLMARAS MODEL FOR HEMOLYTIC SHEAR FLOW SIMULATION WITH PIV EXPERIMENT

Hemolysis in blood-contacting devices severely affects the health of users, and computation fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation is a crucial method for hemolysis analysis. Medical equipment has high requirements for simulation accuracy. Modification of the turbulence model is one of the most effective ways to improve efficiency. In this study, we designed nozzle models to simulate hemolytic shear flow, varying the degree of shear flow through different nozzle orifice sizes. The study acquires microscopic flow results through Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) experiments, and the Sparlart–Allmaras (S–A) model was modified based on the experimental results. In the study, we obtained the influence characteristics of the model coefficients on the simulation results and completed the accuracy correction. The results showed that the model coefficient [Formula: see text] has the most significant effect on the simulation results. Correcting [Formula: see text] to about 200% of the standard value can significantly improve the simulation accuracy, and the high shear flow intensity corresponds to a slightly lower correction value. The model modification eliminates the simulation error in the high-speed area, and the comparison results show that it is superior to the standard turbulence model.

Spray Characteristics of Rotary Micro Sprinkler Nozzles Used in Orchard Pesticide Delivery

HighlightsDroplet sizes were determined for rotary micro sprinkler nozzles used in solid set canopy delivery systems.An empirical multiple-variable model was developed to predict volume median diameters in spray patterns.Sprinkler nozzles produced medium to coarse droplets to minimize pesticide drift in orchards and trellised systems.Droplet size information can be used to select optimal nozzles for either irrigation or pesticide delivery systems.Abstract. Rotary micro sprinkler nozzles can be used for both irrigation and pesticide applications in orchard systems, but little to no information is available on their droplet size distributions. In this study, the droplet size distributions were investigated and described for rotary micro sprinkler nozzles with five different orifice diameters. A particle/droplet laser image analysis system was used to measure droplet spectra at two pressures (207 and 310 kPa) and two radial distances (0.25 and 0.85 m) from the sprinkler nozzle center. Nozzle orifice sizes, rotational speeds, and flow rates were also measured. Droplet sizes varied with the orifice size, operating pressure, and sampling location. Spiral-shaped spray patterns formed due to the spinning discharge port, within which droplet densities varied with location, orifice diameter, and operating pressure. The volume medium diameters (Dv0.5) for green-black, orange-blue, black-black, blue-black, and red-gray nozzles were respectively 317, 338, 379, 352, and 218 µm at 207 kPa and 283, 250, 283, 270, and 222 µm at 310 kPa. An empirical multiple-variable regression model was developed to predict Dv0.5 in the spray patterns discharged from the nozzles. Test results demonstrated that the rotary micro sprinkler nozzles produced medium to coarse droplets that could be used to minimize spray drift while maintaining efficacy in orchard pesticide applications. Keywords: Chemical application, Droplet size, Irrigation, Rotary nozzle, Spray drift reduction.

Evaluation of spray pattern uniformity using three unique analyses as impacted by nozzle, pressure, and pulse-width modulation duty cycle.

The increasing popularity of pulse-width modulation (PWM) sprayers requires that application interaction effects on spray pattern uniformity be completely understood to maintain a uniform overlap of spray, thereby reducing crop injury potential and maximizing coverage on target pests. The objective of this research was to determine the impacts of nozzle type (venturi vs. non-venturi), boom pressure, and PWM duty cycle on spray pattern uniformity. Research was conducted using an indoor spray patternator located at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln in Lincoln, NE, USA. Coefficient of variation (CV), root mean square error (RMSE), and average percent error (APE) were used to characterize spray pattern uniformity. Generally, across nozzles and pressures, the duty cycle minimally impacted the CV of spray patterns. However, across nozzles and duty cycles, increasing pressure decreased CV values, resulting in more uniform spray patterns. The RMSE values typically increased as pressure and duty cycle increased across nozzles. This may be the result of a correlation between RMSE values and flow rate as RMSE values also increased as nozzle orifice size increased. Generally, APE increased as the duty cycle decreased across nozzles and pressures with significant increases (40%) caused by the 20% duty cycle. Within non-venturi nozzles, increasing pressure reduced APE across duty cycles, while venturi nozzles followed no such trend. Overall, results suggest PWM duty cycles at or above 40% minimally impact spray pattern uniformity. Further, increased application pressures and the use of non-venturi nozzles on PWM sprayers increase the precision and uniformity of spray applications. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

Mechanism of Temperature’s Acting on Electro-Hydraulic Servo Valve

To understand temperature's influence on the electro hydraulic servo valve, a theoretical model of describing the detailed mechanism is necessary. For a servo valve experiencing actual working conditions, the temperature variation acts on the performance of the torque motor, which results from drifts of the air gaps' thicknesses, the permanent magnets' reluctances, and the polarization magnetomotive force. And with the temperature variation, the nozzle orifice's size and its flow coefficient also change, which will act on the performance of the valve's pilot hydraulic amplifier. Furthermore, the mechanical characteristics, including the stiffness of the spring tube, the stiffness of the feedback rod and the armature's arm of force, are also related to temperature. Then, considering all these factors, a comprehensive temperature influencing model, referred to as the temperature-induced angular drift model (TAD), is constructed. With fluid, structure and electromagnetic field integrated, this theoretical model reflects complexity of the system and can be characterized by a ninth-order equation with nonlinear time-variant coefficients. On this basis, the routes by which temperature affects the servo valve's control accuracy are investigated. Calculations show that when the temperature ranges from 20°C to 270°C, the valve's control error will exceed 15% of the expected output. Among the temperature's acting routes, the flow coefficient is dominant, the nozzle orifice's diameter and the magnetomotive force are secondary, and others are insignificant. An experiment shows that the TAD model correctly predicts the tendency of the control error caused by temperature's rise, and it will aid in optimizing the servo valve's temperature performance.

Effect of working pressure, fluid temperature, nozzle type and nozzle orifice size, on spray characteristics using viscous feed additive DL-2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)-butanoic-acid

Liquid ingredients in livestock feed are often added by spraying through commercial agricultural nozzles to a powdery matrix of mash feed. Homogenously distributing these ingredients is of utmost importance to achieve the required quality. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of working pressure, fluid temperature, and nozzle type and orifice size on droplet diameter distributions and spray area, which may influence liquid applications on feed. Optical diagnostics methods were used to study droplet size distributions and spray morphologies. DL-2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)-butanoic acid, a common liquid additive, was chosen for this study. The spray droplet size distribution was coarser with conditions of low temperature and/or low pressure, while it was finer with high pressure and/or high temperature in a nonlinear way, sometimes giving bimodal distributions. The spray angle decreased strongly with temperature and/or pressure. Flat fan nozzles in this study produced sprays with greater maximum spray angle than the tested full cone nozzle but also with less regular droplet distributions. This work shows the effect that working parameters, and nozzle configuration have on spray morphology, particularly spray angle and volumetric droplet size distributions, and helps in the choice regarding these characteristics to improve spray applications for livestock feed manufacturing.

Droplet deposition and spatial drift distribution characteristics of aerial spraying based on the determination of effective swath

Abstract: In order to accurately explore the droplets distribution characteristics on the ground and space during the aerial spray process, a single-pass application test based on the determination of effective swath by a Bell206L4 helicopter was carried out. The accurate effective swath width of the helicopter spray operation was obtained, and the cumulative and spatial drift characteristics of droplet deposition when the helicopter used different aerial nozzles under natural environment were systematically analyzed. The results showed that the average effective swath width of three different types of nozzle were 25.3 m (CP02), 29.7 m (CP03) and 29.3 m (CP04) with an average flight altitude of 11 m and velocity of 17 m/s. The average deposition volume in the effective swath area of each sampling line was in the range of 1.208-2.735 ?L/cm 2 . Most of the droplets in each application were concentrated near the route and the adjacent locations of the effective swath area. In addition, the droplets with small size were trend to drift, and the increased nozzle orifice size was beneficial to reduce drift. In terms of spatial drift distribution, small-sized droplets usually gathered in the upper space, larger-sized droplets were easy to gather in the middle space, and the medium-sized droplets were trend to gather in the lower space. The research results were helpful to optimize the spray plan and provide reference for precision aerial application. Keywords: aerial spray, droplet deposition, spatial drift, effective swath, helicopter, precision agricultural DOI: 10.33440/j.ijpaa.20210401.145 Citation: Yao W X, Guo S, Yu F H, Du W, Meng Y H, Wang J, Chen P C, et al. Droplet deposition and spatial drift distribution characteristics of aerial spraying based on the determination of effective swath. Int J Precis Agric Aviat, 2021; 4(1): 36–43.

Effect of nozzle orifice diameter on diesel spray tip penetration according to various spray models for CFD simulation with widely varying back pressure

CFD simulations of spray tip penetration with the standard KIVA3V, ‘original gas jet’ and ‘Normal gas jet profile with breakup length formula’ (NGJBL) spray models were performed to investigate the effects of nozzle orifice size and ambient gas density combinations on the spray penetration. The accuracy of the CFD simulation results was estimated by comparing them with available experimental data. The ambient gas density was varied in 12 kg/m3 intervals from 12 to 69 kg/m3 for each nozzle orifice diameter. The nozzle orifice diameters used were 119, 140, 183 and 206 mm. A total of 20 cases in the CFD simulations were considered with combinations of the 4 nozzle orifice diameters and 5 ambient gas densities. CFD simulations with the NGJBL spray model were more accurate than those with either the standard KIVA3V or gas jet spray models as the nozzle orifice diameter and ambient gas density was increased. The NGJBL and original gas jet model is more effective in predicting the spray tip penetration near the nozzle tip region.

Developing the USDA ARS Spray Nozzle Models for Rotary Wing Applications

Abstract. Optimizing aerial spray applications requires proper setup of the sprayer system, particularly with respect to nozzle selection and operation, which significantly affects spray deposition, product efficacy, and spray drift. Droplet size from an aerial application is a function of the combination of nozzle type, nozzle orifice size, spray pressure, orientation angle, and airspeed of the aircraft. A set of computational models for 14 commonly-used aerial application nozzles were developed and released for use by applicators. These models allow applicators to determine the droplet size characteristics associated with their specific nozzle and operational setup, determining the proper combination of orifice, pressure, orientation, and airspeeds from 22 to 54 m/s (50 to 120 mph), which are commonly-associated with applications made from rotary wing aircraft (i.e., helicopters). Both spreadsheet and smartphone user interfaces are available for applicators to use to ensure that their application conforms to the legal droplet size requirements specified on an agrochemical product label. Keywords: Aerial application, Atomization, Droplet size, Droplet size models, Spray nozzles.

Effects of Nozzle Selection and Ground Speed on Efficacy of Liberty and Engenia Applications and Their Implication on Commercial Field Applications

Sprayer applicator–controlled variables, such as nozzle selection and ground speed, will become increasingly important for making labeled POST applications of dicamba in next-generation cropping systems. Typically, nozzle orifice sizes and ground speeds differ greatly between small-plot research applications, from which efficacy recommendations are made, and commercial field applications. However, little research has been conducted to compare applications made with backpack sprayers and tractor sprayers. Thus, a field experiment was conducted in 2013 and 2014 at the Northeast Research and Extension Center in Keiser, AR. Tank mixtures of Engenia™ (N, N-Bis-(aminopropyl) methylamine form of dicamba), Liberty (glufosinate-ammonium), and Liberty + Engenia were applied with TeeJet XR, TT, AIXR, AI, and TTI nozzles at 5 km h−1and 20 km h−1. Two nozzle sizes (110015 and 11006 rated at 0.58 L min−1and 2.27 L min−1at 276 kPa, respectively) were used to keep spray volume constant at 141 L ha−1, whereas ground speed was varied. Weed control ratings were typically lower at 5 km h−1than at 20 km h−1. For example, Palmer amaranth control 4 WAT in 2013 with glufosinate and the TTI nozzle was 89% at 5 km h−1and 96% at 20 km h−1. More differences between speeds were observed for the coarser nozzles, such as the TTI and AI, as opposed to finer nozzles, such as the XR and TT. Results from this research suggest increasing orifice size increases droplet size and that other factors related to applications at faster speeds (e.g., higher droplet velocity, disruption of the crop canopy) may influence the efficacy of herbicide applications. However, increasing ground speed is not a recommended means for increasing efficacy of herbicide applications.

Effect of CNC Lathe Machining Performance by Varying Coolant Nozzle Diameter

Background/Objectives: The cutting temperature is important in machining process. The temperature is a most common effect base on cutting parameters such as cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut. Optimization of the cutting parameter can also reduce of heat temperature. This way can reduce cost and also can produce a good quality of production. Method/Statistical Analysis: In this study focus on effect of machining the aluminum alloy AL6061 by using a various diameter coolant nozzle during CNC lathe process of its inherent advantages. Hence, it also studies the effect of cutting temperature to the surface roughness and dimensional error that will be considered with the parameters to arrive at a conclusive result. Taguchi method orthogonal array L16’ was selected as an experimental plan for turning on AL6061 by using CNC PUMA 230 turner with carbide tool insert. The L16’ array used 5 factors and 4 levels in conduct the temperature measurement. Findings: Results show that the dominant failure mode is the surface roughness and dimensional accuracy when the nozzle orifice size increases during machining of aluminum alloy AL6061. The exploration for dimensional accuracy, productivity and the optimization of cutting speed in the technical and commercial aspects of the manufacturing processes of aluminum AL6061 are discussed in oil and gas components industries for further work. Applications/Improvements: Conclusion and recommendations will suggest an enhancement to this application.

Effect of Coolant Nozzle Sizes on Turning Aluminum Alloy AL319

Background/Objectives: The paper discusses about the optimum cutting parameters with combination of various sizes of nozzle coolant to optimize the surface roughness, chips deformation and dimensional accuracy in the turning process based on the selected setting parameters. The selected cutting parameters for this study were the cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut and various diameters of nozzle coolant. Methods/Statistical Analysis: Experiments were conducted and investigated based on Design of Experiment (DOE) with Taguchi method. The research of the aggressive turning process on aluminum alloy (A319) for automotive applications is an effort to understand the high speed machining concept, which widely used in a variety of manufacturing industries especially in the automotive industry. Findings: The results show that the dominant failure mode is the surface roughness and dimensional accuracy when the nozzle orifice size increases during machining of the A319. The exploration for dimensional accuracy, productivity and the optimization of cutting speed in the technical and commercial aspects of the manufacturing processes of A319 are discussed in automotive components industries for further work. Applications/Improvements: The result of this study shows that the effectiveness and efficiency of the system can be identified and helps to solve potential problems.

The Effects of Strainer Types on Flow Characteristics of Anti-Drift

This study investigated the effects of four different strainer types on flow characteristics (orifice coefficient (k), exponent coefficient (n), individual flow rate deviation (φ) and discharge coefficient (Cd)) of different nozzle types. The volumetric flow rates of anti-drift (AD) and multi-range (LU) flat-fan nozzles of three different orifice sizes were determined at different operational pressures (1.5, 3.0, 4.0, 6.0 and 8.0 bars). In each treatment, the nozzles were used together with cup screen strainer of 50-mesh, slotted strainer, cylindrical strainers of 40-, 50-, and 80-meshes, and ball-check strainers of 50- and 80-meshes. The flow rate measurements were also obtained without strainers. The relation between the flow rate (Q) and spray pressure (P) for each nozzle combination (nozzle type, strainer type, and orifice size) was presented using the power regression model . The “k” coefficient, which is the slope of the line referring to the relation between the nozzle flow rate and spray pressure, was evaluated as a comparison parameter between the nozzle combinations. The “k” mean values of the nozzle types using with ball-check strainers were lower than those of the without strainer, cup screen, slotted and cylindrical strainers. This result showed that the volumetric flow rate decreased with respect to the other nozzle combinations operated at the same operational pressure. Thus, the deviation rate from the nominal flow rate of the nozzles used with the ball-check strainers exceeded the acceptable deviation limit of ±10%. As the “n” coefficients of the LU and AD nozzles used with cup screen, slotted, cylindrical strainers and without strainers were close to 0.50, the ball-check strainers resulted in increasing the “n” coefficient of the nozzles. The “n” coefficient of the nozzles used with the ball-check strainers of 50- and 80- meshes was determined as 0.586 and 0.608 for the AD nozzle, respectively and, 0.576 and 0.584 for the LU nozzle, respectively. The ball-check strainers dramatically decreased the discharge coefficient (Cd) of the nozzles compared to the other strainers and the usage without strainer. For the cup screen, slotted, cylindrical strainers and the usage without strainer, the Cd means ranged from 0.67 to 0.77 for the AD nozzle, and 0.91 to 0.94 for the LU nozzle. The Cd means of the nozzles used with the ball-check strainers of 50- and 80- meshes were determined as 0.39 and 0.34 for the AD nozzle, respectively, and 0.56 and 0.53 for the LU nozzle, respectively.

Influence of Herbicide Active Ingredient, Nozzle Type, Orifice Size, Spray Pressure, and Carrier Volume Rate on Spray Droplet Size Characteristics

Recent concerns regarding herbicide spray drift, its subsequent effect on the surrounding environment, and herbicide efficacy have prompted applicators to focus on methods to reduce off-target movement of herbicides. Herbicide applications are complex processes, and as such, few studies have been conducted that consider multiple variables that affect the droplet spectrum of herbicide sprays. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of nozzle type, orifice size, herbicide active ingredient, pressure, and carrier volume on the droplet spectra of the herbicide spray. Droplet spectrum data were collected on 720 combinations of spray-application variables, which included six spray solutions (five herbicides and water alone), four carrier volumes, five nozzles, two orifice sizes, and three operating pressures. The laboratory study was conducted using a Sympatec laser diffraction instrument to determine the droplet spectrum characteristics of each treatment combination. When averaged over each main effect, nozzle type had the greatest effect on droplet size. Droplet size rankings for nozzles, ranked smallest to largest using volume median diameter (Dv0.5) values, were the XR, TT, AIXR, AI, and TTI nozzle with 176% change in Dv0.5 values from the XR to the TTI nozzle. On average, increasing the nozzle orifice size from a 11003 orifice to a 11005 increased the Dv0.5 values 8%. When compared with the water treatment, cloransulam (FirstRate) did not change the Dv0.5 value. Clethodim (Select Max), glyphosate (Roundup PowerMax), lactofen (Cobra), and glufosinate (Ignite) all reduced the Dv0.5 value 5, 11, 11, and 18%, respectively, when compared with water averaged over the other variables. Increasing the pressure of AIXR, TT, TTI, and XR nozzles from 138 to 276 kPa and the AI nozzle from 276 to 414 kPa decreased the Dv0.5 value 25%. Increasing the pressure from 276 to 414 kPa and from 414 to 552 kPa for the same nozzle group and AI nozzle decreased the Dv0.5 value 14%. Carrier volume had the least effect on the Dv0.5 value. Increasing the carrier volume from 47 to 187 L ha−1 increased the Dv0.5 value 5%, indicating that droplet size of the herbicides tested were not highly dependent on delivery volume. The effect on droplet size of the variables examined in this study from greatest effect to least effect were nozzle, operating pressure, herbicide, nozzle orifice size, and carrier volume.