Nozzle Orifice Diameter Research Articles

Optimization of Spray Characteristics of Full Cone Nozzles Used in Pesticide Application Using the Taguchi Method

The present study aims to reduce the amount of pesticide that can be released into environment, soil, air, and water by minimizing the type of nozzle and the use of excess pesticides by making use of the Taguchi method. For this purpose, studies were carried out to determine the spray characteristics of the pesticide. The sodium fluorescein was used in the experiments. In this study, the effects of the nozzle-to-surface distance (spray height), spray pressure, nozzle orifice diameter, and nozzle position angle on the droplet diameter and flow characteristics were investigated using the Taguchi method. The mean diameter values were determined first. Then, the volumetric median diameter (VMD) was considered as performance parameter and L9(34) orthogonal sequence was chosen as the experimental plan for four parameters that were determined. Calculating the VMD considered as the performance characteristics, optimum results were obtained using 6 bar spray pressure, 100 mm spray height, 30o nozzle position angle, and 1.10 mm nozzle orifice diameter. The VMD values were calculated using the image processing method and the effects of the parameters on the droplet diameter were interpreted using charts.

Additive manufacturing advancement through large-scale screw-extrusion 3D printing for precision parawood powder/PLA furniture production

In this paper, a large-scale screw-extrusion 3D printer specifically tailored for additive manufacturing applications is introduced, primarily focusing on crafting parawood powder/polylactic acid (PLA) furniture. Boasting a large build volume (700 × 700 × 700 mm3), the printer incorporates a meticulously designed screw extruder to ensure the precise feeding of composite material pellets. The investigation delves into the nuanced relationship between variations in the extruder nozzle orifice diameter and the resulting impact on the extrusion rate, directly correlating these variations with the motor speed. Additionally, the influence of the parawood powder/PLA ratio is explored through comprehensive mechanical property testing of the printed specimens. Optimal outcomes were attained with a 15 %w/w parawood powder composition, yielding an impressive ultimate strength of 54 MPa under specific printing conditions. The efficacy of the large-scale screw-extrusion 3D printer was robustly validated through the successful production of a parawood powder/PLA stacking chair, meeting the criteria stipulated in the Thai industrial standard. Furthermore, an identified parawood powder/PLA component, characterized by a rectangular cylinder with a cross-sectional area of 19.4 × 24.0 mm2, holds promising potential for versatile applications in furniture assembly. This innovative extrusion 3D printing approach, combined with meticulously optimized parameters, has unequivocal potential for manufacturing a diverse array of parawood powder/PLA furniture, elevating the value of parawood byproducts and contributing to waste reduction during processing.

Design, Multiperspective Investigations, and Performance Analysis of Multirotor Unmanned Aerial Vehicle for Precision Farming

Farming and agriculture are the oldest professions, but they are adapting to the technology revolution to accommodate the world’s growing population. UAV technology is part of the agriculture revolution, which aims to boost crop yields, properly monitor fields, and handle manpower shortages and resource efficiency. Rural India’s tiny farmers cannot afford UAV technology; therefore, it has not yet spread. Payload capacity, endurance, and selective spraying are other considerations. Thus, a low-cost, long-lasting UAV is necessary. This study modified the arm assembly to create a cheap hexacopter UAV. The endurance increased by 10% when 1.5 kg was lost. ABS plastic was used to make the modular arm. For working loads of 9 kg and 10 kg, pesticide/fertilizer spraying saves time, money, and manpower. Thus, a pressure-area coverage-cone angle connection is needed. This study examined spray patterns at different pressures and heights by varying flat fan nozzle and complete cone nozzle orifice diameters. These factors were linked, helping farmers choose the right nozzle. This nozzle was installed in the UAV and field-tested for paddy crops, showing a significant production improvement and lower operational cost. Chemical use pollutes and leaves traces in produce. Precision farming with artificial intelligence (AI) has solved this problem. In this experiment, AI algorithms were used to lemon leaves. Three AI systems were tested on different datasets to forecast plant stress by analyzing leaves due to technical constraints. CNN’s accuracy and computing speed make it ideal for precision farming. This work’s UAV was 30% cheaper than commercial UAVs and had more durability. Farmers will also benefit from the flat fan and complete cone nozzles’ pressure-area coverage connection.

Steady melting in material extrusion additive manufacturing

PurposeA main cause of defects within material extrusion (MatEx) additive manufacturing is the nonisothermal condition in the hot end, which causes inconsistent extrusion and polymer welding. This paper aims to validate a custom hot end design intended to heat the thermoplastic to form a melt prior to the nozzle and to reduce variability in melt temperature. A full 3D temperature verification methodology for hot ends is also presented.Design/methodology/approachInfrared (IR) thermography of steady-state extrusion for varying volumetric flow rates, hot end temperature setpoints and nozzle orifice diameters provides data for model validation. A finite-element model is used to predict the temperature of the extrudate. Model tuning demonstrates the effects of different model assumptions on the simulated melt temperature.FindingsThe experimental results show that the measured temperature and variance are functions of volumetric flow rate, temperature setpoint and the nozzle orifice diameter. Convection to the surrounding air is a primary heat transfer mechanism. The custom hot end brings the melt to its setpoint temperature prior to entering the nozzle.Originality/valueThis work provides a full set of steady-state IR thermography data for various parameter settings. It also provides insight into the performance of a custom hot end designed to improve the robustness of melting in MatEx. Finally, it proposes a strategy for modeling such systems that incorporates the metal components and the air around the system.

A solenoid injector based drop-on-demand system for generating large droplets.

This paper proposes a drop-on-demand (DOD) system that can produce single droplets of highly repeatable size in the order of 2mm. This system utilizes an on-the-shelf solenoid injector used in automotive applications. The design methodology is explained along with the necessary measurements and numerical simulations of droplet generation. The invention consists of a solenoid injector that produces monodisperse single or in-series droplets with the help of a developed pulse width modulated signal generator. Mass per injection is measured over a range of supply pressures and injection durations to find the operation window to generate 2mm droplets. Later, various nozzle geometries are designed and tested by flow simulations. The contracting nozzle is found suitable for generating single droplets, so the design is implemented at the tip of the solenoid injector. The effects of different opening times, pressures, and nozzle's orifice diameters were tested to observe the operating window of the newly designed DOD system and the repeatability of generated droplets by utilizing a coherent circular Hough transform image processing algorithm to measure droplet sizes. The standard deviation of measured diameters is less than 5% of the mean droplet diameter, which is in the range of 1.68-2.07mm. Next, the voltage and current signals are measured per injection, and exact instants for the initiation and ending for both opening and closing are determined to construct transient mass flow rate functions for flow simulations in which the dependence of droplet formation on the speed of closing is revealed. The numerical and experimental results indicate the repeatability and consistency of the invention.

Optimization of operating parameters for spraying microbial (Bacillus thuringiensis and Beauveria bassiana) based bio-pesticide solutions for foliar application

Exposure to mechanical stresses developed due to different components of spraying system may cause permanent damage to the microbes of bio-pesticide solutions. To achieve maximum effectiveness of spray application, proper selection of nozzle size and operating pressure is critical. Two different classes of bio-pesticides viz. bacterial-based Bacillus thuringiensis (BBP solution) and fungal-based Beauveria bassiana (FBP solution) were evaluated for spray application by three hollow cone nozzles (1.14, 2.35 and 3.56 mm in diameter) at four operating pressures (145, 245, 345 and 445 kPa). It was observed that viability of bio-pesticide solutions increases with decrease in operating pressure and increase in nozzle size. The nozzle orifice diameter and operating pressure of the spraying system were optimized to get desired application rate, volume median diameter (VMD) and coefficient of variation (CV) of spray for maximum microbial viability of bio-pesticide solutions. The optimized values of application rate (323.94-and 325.58 L ha−1), VMD (225.88 and 231.89 µm), CV (84.49 and 85.99%) and viability (6.63 × 106 and 6.06 × 106 cfu ml−1) were obtained for BBP and FBP solutions, respectively at nozzle orifice size of 3.56 mm and 145 kPa operating pressure.

Parameters optimization in plasma arc cutting of AISI 1020 mild steel plate using hybrid genetic algorithm and artificial neural network

The aim of this study was to optimize the cutting parameters such as cutting speed, standoff distance, cutting current and gas pressure of the CNC plasma arc cutting process that affected the material removal rate, surface roughness and nozzle diameter change after cutting performed on AISI 1020 mild steel plate. Three levels of variation were taken to the four cutting parameters that were chosen. Twenty-seven trial experiments were carried out using L27 orthogonal array of Taguchi design. In this experimental investigation, the highest material removal rate (MRR) of 8.96 g/s, Ra surface roughness (SR) of 15.734 µm and nozzle orifice diameter (ND) of 1.4637 mm were achieved, whereas the lowest obtained values of MRR, SR and ND were 2.324 g/s, 5.98 µm and 1.2114 mm, respectively. For modeling the plasma arc cutting process experimental input parameters and responses' results, a hybrid ANN-GA model was constructed. This model was used to forecast and optimize MRR, SR and ND, as well as the control factors that go with it. The results indicated that the ANN-GA model could predict the output responses with a mean square error of 1.06885e–1. During optimization, a 4-9-3 network trained with neural network of back propagation by Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm was used to have the greatest prediction capability, with optimum values of MRR, SR and ND of 7.0032 g/s, 4.2062 µm and 1.3142 mm, respectively. From the confirmation tests, the average results of 6.9247 g/s of MRR, 4.3429 µm of SR and 1.3703 mm of ND were obtained. The percentage of errors between the ANN-GA predicted optimal responses' results and the confirmatory experimental results were found 1.121%, 3.250% and 4.269% for MRR, SR and ND, respectively.

Heat and mass transfer characteristics during spray drying of Na2Fe0.6Mn0.4PO4F/C cathode material for Na-ion batteries

The paper presents a detailed experimental investigation on heat and mass transfer characteristics during the synthesis of Na2Fe0.6Mn0.4PO4F/C using intermittent spray drying. The drying process is carried out in a custom-made spray dryer. The novelty of the work is the study of the effect of intermittency on the spray drying process heat and mass transfer characteristics using a volumetric approach. The nozzle orifice diameter, spray duration, and spray pressure are operating parameters of the process that are varied between 0.2 and 0.4 mm at 10 and 40 sand 4 and 7 bar. An increase in nozzle orifice diameter and pumping pressure improves the heat transfer significantly; however, an increase in spray time diminishes the heat transfer. Under considered operating conditions, the volumetric heat transfer coefficient varied between 1.5 and 3.5 kW/m3K. The volumetric mass transfer coefficient ranges between 2.5 and 5.0 s−1. Based on the study, correlations for heat and mass transfer coefficients have been developed that relate the thermophysical properties of both the carrier gas and the precursor fluid in terms of Ohnesorge number and Reynolds number.

Parametric analysis to enhance the printability in metal with electrochemical additive manufacturing

• Development of in-house Electrochemical Additive Manufacturing (ECAM) setup. • Parametric study to assess printability of pure Cu metal on Ni-metallic sheets. • Rectangular and convex profiles formed on Ni-sheets at different nozzle diameters. • The average profile height varied between 2.56 µm and 30.46 µm. • The adhesion strength of the printed part was limited to a maximum force of 9 N. The work presents the parametric study to assess the printability of pure metal on Ni-sheets using Electrochemical Additive Manufacturing (ECAM) process. Layer-by-layer linear profiles are printed using an in-house developed ECAM setup. The effect of printing parameters, i.e., nozzle orifice diameter (d n ), printing time (t n ), and traverse speed of nozzle (s n ) on the profile dimensions (width and height), is studied. Results indicate the stability of features as nozzle size varies from higher to lower dimension, allowing easy formation of minuscule at its tip. The average profile width varied between 195.8 µm and 2401.4 µm, and profile height between 2.56 µm and 30.46 µm.

Exploring print setting tradeoffs to improve part quality using a visual thermal process simulation

While desktop 3D printer manufacturers continually work to increase the usefulness of their machines, a successful first print of a part is still a significant challenge for many users. Many of the manufacturers provide software offerings to help users choose print settings to reduce errors, and the corresponding number of times a part must be printed. However, these offerings often present a myriad of settings to adjust without a clear indication of the outcomes. These settings, combined with environmental effects must be simulated, and presented so a user can understand and avoid common print failures. This paper presents research into one of the most prevalent of these, thermal issues, in 3D desktop printing. An extrusion process was simulated by displaying a printed road shape during and after a G-code print command and accurately represents the position, size, and shape of a 3D printed part's roads, based on changes in nozzle position, orifice diameter, and layer thickness. The Lumped Capacitance heat transfer method was used to determine each road's temperature with a corresponding color legend. A thermal imaging camera attached to the print head of an actual 3D printer monitored temperature for simulation validation. This simulation, in conjunction with a usable 3D software interface, provides a prototype visual tool for users to explore setting tradeoffs and view resultant outcomes with any combination of 3D printer and 3D printing software without requiring extensive 3D printing experience.

A parametric study of autoigniting hydrogen jets under compression-ignition engine conditions

This study examines the flame evolution of autoigniting H2 jets with high-speed schlieren and OH∗ chemiluminescence optical methods in a constant-volume combustion chamber over a wide range of simulated compression-ignition engine conditions. Parametric variations include the injector nozzle orifice diameter (0.31–0.83 mm), injection reservoir pressure (100–200 bar), ambient temperature (1000–1140 K), density (12.5–24 kg/m3) and O2 concentration (10–21 vol.%). The jet ignition delay was found to be highly sensitive to changes in ambient temperature while all other parameter variations resulted in minor ignition delay changes. Optical imaging reveals that in most cases, the reaction front of the H2 jet initiates from a localised kernel, before engulfing the entire jet volume downstream and recessing towards the nozzle. The flames attach to the nozzle, except at the lowest ambient oxygen condition of 10 vol.% O2 for which a lifted flame is observed. The H2 diffusion flame length shows a dependence on both the mass flow rate and the level of O2 entrainment that follows the same correlations as previously established for atmospheric H2 jet flames.

A study of the influence of orifice diameter on a Dual Mode, Turbulent Jet Ignition engine through variable engine speed

The increasingly strict worldwide emission regulations for internal combustion engines force car manufacturers to exploit innovative combustion technologies. One expects a change from pure thermal engines to more advanced internal combustion engine. A high engine compression ratio with high EGR dilution has an impact on increasing engine efficiency. A compelling concept to burn diluted combustion can be a DM-TJI combustion system, which consists of a pre-chamber and main chamber connected with one or more small orifices. This technology effectively achieves diluted combustion by improving engine dilution tolerance and knock performance. This paper focused on the impact of engine speed with variation in pre-chamber nozzle orifice diameter. Experiments were conducted with three different pre-chamber nozzle orifice diameters of 1.25, 1.5, and 1.75 mm with an engine speed range from 1500 to 2300 rpm. A numerical analysis was conducted to investigate the nozzle orifice diameter effect on the engine speed beyond 2500 rpm. Engine speed variation affects the performance of each orifice’s diameters. Small orifice diameter performs better for lower engine speed, and large orifice diameter performs better for higher engine speed. The 1.25 mm orifice diameter provided fast combustion. However, when the engine speed increases, the combustion stability suffers. Orifice diameter of 1.5 mm has better combustion stability in all tested speed ranges and higher efficiency in the speed range of 1500–2000 rpm, with a maximum indicated efficiency of 44.18%. The 1.75 mm orifice diameter performs better in the high engine speed ranges between 2100 and 2300 rpm, with a maximum indicated efficiency of 44.56% at an engine speed of 2300 rpm. This study has demonstrated the capability of the DM-TJI system to work with a high level of EGR dilution (up to 45%) and delivered a better indicated efficiency than the conventional spark ignition engines.

Effects of Nozzle Orifice Diameter and Hole Number on Diesel Combustion and Engine Performance

Effects of Nozzle Orifice Diameter and Hole Number on Diesel Combustion and Engine Performance

Research on application of asymmetrical Pre-chamber in Air-Assisted direct injection kerosene engine

• Effects of asymmetric jet pre-chamber on combustion process of kerosene AADI engines were studied. • The simulation of jet pre-chamber schemes was conducted for combustion optimization. • Engine test on combustion comparison of different ignition schemes was performed. • The asymmetric jet pre-chamber was found to be advantageous to improve combustion performance. Aiming at the power improvement of the aviation kerosene engine caused by the mixture preparation, and slow combustion rate, this paper introduced the design and application of the asymmetric jet pre-chamber on a spark ignition piston-type aviation engine equipped with the kerosene low-pressure air-assisted direct injection (AADI) system. Simulation calculation was conducted on combustion differences between the asymmetric pre-chamber and the traditional symmetrical pre-chamber. Meanwhile, the impacts on the flame combustion duration and heat release process in the main combustion chamber, which was divided into zone A and zone B, by the different jet nozzle orifice diameters and spatial distribution angles in the asymmetric jet pre-chamber were analyzed in the paper; and engine bench tests were performed on the influence of the combustion characteristics and power performance by the asymmetric jet pre-chamber ignition scheme under different control strategies. The simulation results showed that the asymmetric pre-chamber could further improve the combustion reaction rate by 7% and the cumulative heat release rate by 17%, thereby effectively promoting the engine combustion efficiency. And an optimal orifice diameter by 2.00 mm of the two jet nozzle in the zone B existed. Compared with the spatial angle α of these two jet nozzle in zone B by 80°, the spatial angle α of 50° can further be helpful to strengthen the heat transfer between the jet flame in the pre-chamber and the mixture in the main combustion chamber. The test results showed that the asymmetric pre-chamber was beneficial to improve the engine combustion performance by 11.4% under low load and by 16.7% under heavy load conditions. The optimal combustion performance can be obtained by the asymmetric pre-chamber at the condition of λ = 0.7, which resulted in higher jet flame ignition energy and faster combustion progression at the condition of richer mixture. As a conclusion, it is benefit to increase the initial heat release and enhance heat work transfer efficiency in the main combustion chamber of the AADI aviation kerosene engine.

CFD analysis of thermal fields for ice abrasive water jet

Ice abrasive water jet (IAWJ) technology uses ice particles instead of the mineral abrasives used in abrasive water jet (AWJ) technology. Since the thermal conditions are extremely important for the survival of the ice particles and their mechanical properties, the temperatures of the water jet and the adjacent air are analysed for different pressures and temperatures of the water upstream of the water nozzle and different nozzle orifice diameters. The temperature fields are calculated with a fully validated Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) model. The results show that the temperature of the jet core does not change significantly, but the adjacent air heats up considerably due to viscous heating; both are influenced by the water temperature and pressure upstream of the water nozzle. A low water temperature upstream of the water nozzle could significantly reduce the expected temperature of the ice particles exiting the cutting head. However, the use of a cold carrier gas such as nitrogen with a temperature of -196°C should not have a significant effect on the temperature of the ice particles inside the cutting head. It is recommended to optimise the geometry of the cutting head to reduce the travel time of the ice inside. If water cooling is not used, the ice particles should have a diameter of more than 0.5 mm. However, if cooling is used, particles as small as 0.3 mm in diameter can be used. The observed temperature conditions play a key role in the further development of IAWJ technology.

Revised Model of Abrasive Water Jet Cutting for Industrial Use.

Research performed by the author in the last decade led him to a revision of his older analytical models used for a description and evaluation of abrasive water jet (AWJ) cutting. The review has shown that the power of 1.5 selected for the traverse speed thirty years ago was influenced by the precision of measuring devices. Therefore, the correlation of results calculated from a theoretical model with the results of experiments performed then led to an increasing of the traverse speed exponent above the value derived from the theoretical base. Contemporary measurements, with more precise devices, show that the power suitable for the traverse speed is essentially the same as the value derived in the theoretical description, i.e., it is equal to “one”. Simultaneously, the replacement of the diameter of the water nozzle (orifice) by the focusing (abrasive) tube diameter in the respective equations has been discussed, because this factor is very important for the AWJ machining. Some applications of the revised model are presented and discussed, particularly the reduced forms for a quick recalculation of the changed conditions. The correlation seems to be very good for the results calculated from the present model and those determined from experiments. The improved model shows potential to be a significant tool for preparation of the control software with higher precision in determination of results and higher calculation speed.

Experimental investigation of B20 blend in the DI diesel engine with a modification of smaller orifice injection nozzle and after treatment systems (EGR+DPF)

The B20 blend fuel is tested in a single-cylinder diesel test engine with the nozzle orifice diameter reduced to 0.20 mm, EGR and DPF. The performance, combustion, and emissions were compared with the parameters for the baseline diesel fuel. It was observed that the smaller orifice diameter is more effective with the B20 blend in reducing the ID, fuel consumption, soot, HC and CO emissions. The partly cooled EGR 10% rate is very much supportive with smaller hole orifice diameter fuelled with B20. As the EGR rate is increased, the NOx is drastically decreased at all the applied load conditions, but an increase in soot was observed. The 10% rate of EGR with a combination of soot trapping system DPF is very effective. However, as the EGR is increased with a combination of DPF, the engine performance dropped due to the adverse pressure caused by soot particles.

Experimental investigation of stone drilling using water jet generated by electromagnetic actuator

This paper aims to experimentally investigate the performance of a high-speed water jet generated by an electromagnetic actuator to drill the stone's surface. The electromagnetic actuator was designed and built by following the impact driven method (IDM). The experiment confirmed that the maximum jet velocity of 239.57 m/s and maximum impact pressure of 133.27 MPa are obtained at the traveling distance of 30 mm, the liquid volume of 0.1 mL, voltage capacity of 500 V, and the nozzle's orifice diameter of 0.5 mm. The performance characteristics, e.g., jet velocity and impact pressure of the water jet generator, have the potential for applying to many medical and engineering applications. The application of a high-speed water jet for stone drilling is investigated as a preliminary study. The water jet was then applied to drill the sandstones. The effects of numbers of a jet pulse to the jet drilling's depth in sandstones were reported, and the failure mechanisms of sandstone are also discussed. Finally, it is concluded that the high-speed water jet generated by the electromagnetic actuator has the potential to apply to stone drilling application.

The effect of nozzle orifice diameter on penetration depth and mechanical properties of AISI430/AISI1040 dissimilar steel joined by keyhole PTA welding process

The effect of nozzle orifice diameter on penetration depth and mechanical properties of AISI430/AISI1040 dissimilar steel joined by keyhole PTA welding process

Experimental investigation on atomization properties of impaction-pin nozzle using imaging method analysis

The impaction-pin spray nozzle is widely used in chemical and process industries. To study the atomization characteristics of the impaction-pin nozzle, a high-pressure atomization apparatus was developed and an optical imaging system for the measurement of droplet parameters was proposed. The droplet size and velocity vector were extracted from the shadowgraph images and the influence of liquid pressure drop especially nozzle orifice diameter on atomization was analyzed in detail. Finally, prediction models for Sauter mean diameter were proposed and the atomization efficiency was analyzed. The results indicate that the range of droplet Sauter mean diameter is 8.55–37.5 μm while arithmetic mean velocity is 0.483–1.921 m/s at the pressure drop range of 0.525–4.95 MPa for PJ6. For PJ8, the range of diameter is 20.6–53.9 μm while velocity is 0.746–2.879 m/s at the pressure drop range of 0.43–3.32 MPa. The size and velocity of atomized droplets both follow the law of logarithmic normal distribution. The droplet diameter is negatively and the velocity is positively related to the pressure drop, while both of the diameter and velocity are positively related to the nozzle orifice diameter. The atomization efficiency declines with the rise of pressure drop and orifice diameter. Besides, empirical correlation models related to gas Weber number and liquid Reynolds number for droplet size and the atomization efficiency were also built accurately. The research provides guides for studies on atomization properties of spray nozzles and their applications.