Nowicki-Strickland Locus Of Control Scale Research Articles

The Effect of Plickers Implementation on 6th Grade Students’ Locus of Control (LoC) and Misconceptions

The purpose of this survey is to define the effect of Plickers implementation applied in science lessons on students’ locus of control (LoC) and misconceptions. The experimental design was determined as the single-group pre-test and post-test. 51 students studying in the 6th grade participated in the survey. The Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale (LoC) for Children and the word association test (WAT) is utilized to identify misconceptions at the beginning and end of the lesson. In results, it was observed that some of the misconceptions of the students changed after the Plickers implementation, but some of the misconceptions did not change. However, after Plickers, it was defined that the LoC points of girls decreased, and the points of boys increased. When the students were examined in general, it was defined that the post-test points they got from the scale were lower than the pre-test points. Although this result does not show any distinction, it is an indication that students’ LoC levels is visibly inclined towards inner LoC. In results of the survey, it can be suggested that the Plickers implementation be used actively in eliminating students’ misconceptions and developing their LoC.

Locus of Control and Adolescents’ Aggression

Having control of one’s life can decrease aggressive and violent behaviours. To achieve this, people must have control over their personal environment. Some people feel that they either have control over any situation in their lives while some other thinks that things happen due to their luck or chance. Locus of control is a construct that measures the degree to which individuals believe they are responsible for the consequences of their behaviour. Aggression is a forceful action or procedure specially when intended to dominate or master. This study attempted to see how locus of control is correlated with aggression. The study was conducted in Sonitpur district of Assam. The sample for the study was 32 numbers of respondents identified and selected purposively from a population of 185 students belonging to IXth (Ninth) standard of selected schools. A standardized questionnaire namely Direct & Indirect Aggression Scales developed by Bjorkqvist and Niemela [4] was used to gather data to find out the prevalence of aggression among adolescents. For assessment of Locus of Control, Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale developed by Nowicki and Srickland [5] was used. The findings of the study revealed that three types of aggression viz. physical verbal and social were present among the respondents which were categorized as high, average and low. Results also revealed that majority of the respondents (93.75%) had external locus of control whereas only 6.25 per cent of the respondents had intermediate locus of control and no respondents were recorded to have internal locus of control. The results revealed positive correlation between external locus of control and adolescents’ aggression which is significant at 5% probability level (r=.362, p=.042).

Relationship between Locus of Control Orientation and School Adjustment of Orphaned and Vulnerable Pupils in Kisumu Central Sub County, Kenya.

This study investigated the relationship between locus of control orientation and school adjustment of orphaned and vulnerable pupils (OVP) in primary schools in Kisumu Central Sub County, Kenya. It adopted a correlational research design. Purposive and snowball sampling techniques were used to sample 284 participants which included 248 OVP and 36 class teachers. Data was collected using an adapted form of Nowicki-Strickland locus of control scale for children (N-SLOC) and a modified form of teacher rating scale of school adjustment (TRSSA). The instruments were piloted in two schools to determine their validity and reliability. Content validity was ascertained by incorporating results of the pilot study and views of experts in the Department of Educational Psychology of Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology. On the other hand, split-half technique corrected by Spearman-Brown formula was used to determine reliability of the data collection instruments. N-SLOC yielded a reliability coefficient of .793 while TRSSA, .995. Data was analysed using inferential statistics at .05 level of statistical significance and 95% confidence level. Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 25 aided in the analysis. Results revealed a weak significant positive correlation between locus of control orientation and school adjustment, r = .183, df = 246, p < .05 . Recommendations were made that could help stakeholders respond to OVP in ways that increase their comfortability and ultimate adjustment in the school environment. Key words: Adjustment, locus of control orientation, orphan, school adjustment and vulnerable pupil. DOI : 10.7176/JEP/11-21-16 Publication date :July 31st 2020

The impact of artificial wall climbing as a recreational activity on children's locus of control

The aim of this research is to determine the effects of artificial wall climbing - which was performed by primary school students- as a recreative activity on children’s locus of control. Artificial wall climbing represents itself as a learning point beyond a sportive activity while creating an opportunity for participants to discover the limits of their own and that of others’, and opening a path for learning through experience by rendering the participants active rather than passive.The research was designed as one group pre-test – post-test model. The sample of the study is the same as the study population. 40 (15 female, 25 male) students studying in 7th and 8th grades of primary school attended voluntarily in this study. Climbing practices were determined according to students' free time. Climbing practices were planned to be 90 minutes each. It is organized two days in a week between at least twenty-four hours. The test lasted 6 weeks in total. The activity which started with warm-up exercises suited for the age group was configured as a developmental schema as it started with top rope and extended to lead climbing route again on the climbing routes suited for the age groups. During the practice, it was ensured to provide knowledge and skills for not only climbing skills but also for other topics such as basic knowledge of climbing techniques, basic knots and belaying. The practice lasted six weeks and the questionnaire was applied before and after.To determine whether participants had a tendency towards externalizing or internalizing bias, "Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale" was used.As a result of the statistical analysis, it was observed that there are significant differences between pre-test and the difference of differences regarding the gender discrepancy and between pre-test and post-test scores regarding the total scores (p&lt;0.05).The group of activities carried out for the artificial wall climbing led to a positive development in the children’s perception of locus of control and it was seen that children's beliefs on what’s happening around them is under their control and they can turn their lives in whichever direction they want were positively influenced.

Objective assessment of compliance with intra- and extraoral removable appliances.

To conduct an objective assessment of the level of compliance in young patients prescribed various types of removable appliances and to determine the influence of device type, treatment duration, and patient age, gender, psychological maturity, and awareness of monitoring on compliance. A total of 30 patients were fitted with either a class 2 (Frankel or bionator) or a class 3 (face mask) removable appliance, each bearing a compliance indicator chip, and they were instructed to wear them for 13 hours per day. Compliance was monitored by means of the sensor for an average of 8 months. Of the patients, 14 were informed that their appliance was fitted with a monitoring sensor, and 16 were not. The psychological maturity of all patients was assessed on the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale, and the effect on compliance of this score as well as the patient- and treatment-related variables considered were determined via statistical analysis Results: The mean compliance recorded by the chips was 8.6 ± 2.9 hours, far lower than the 13 hours prescribed, and younger patients showed significantly greater compliance than adolescents (P < .01). However, no significant differences in compliance were found between intra- and extraoral appliances, and neither gender, psychological scores, treatment duration, nor awareness of being monitored had any significant effect. Compliance is generally very poor in young patients, regardless of their gender and psychological maturity. Although awareness of monitoring does not appear to boost compliance, such systems may be a valuable means of providing a dentist with objective information regarding their patients' compliance.

Validity and Reliability of a Turkish Version of the Career Locus of Control Scale

The aim of this study was to examine the validity and reliability of a Turkish version of the Career Locus of Control Scale (CLCS) among high school students in Izmir, Turkey ( N = 490). Participants completed the Turkish version of the CLCS and Nowicki–Strickland Locus of Control Scale (NSLCS). Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) supported a four-dimensional structure (internality, luck, helplessness, and powerful others). This result offered strong support for the original factor structure of the CLCS. Multigroup CFA supported measurement invariance for gender groups. Concurrent validity results demonstrated significant associations between CLCS dimensions and NSLCS. The Turkish version of the CLCS yielded excellent reliability values from .80 to .86. Findings suggested that the Turkish CLCS was a valid and reliable measure of career locus of control (LOC) suitable for 11th and 12th graders. This multidimensional framework adds to the understanding of career LOC in career paths.

Disturbed eating tendency and related factors in grade four to six elementary school students in Taiwan.

This study investigated Taiwanese elementary school students' status in terms of body size, body satisfaction and disturbed eating tendencies. In a cross-sectional survey, 1,261 elementary school children from grades four to six participated in this study. We used an anonymous selfreported questionnaire, which included: demographics and body satisfaction; Children's Eating Attitude Test -26 (ChEAT-26); Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale; and Influence of Significant Others Scale and Media Impact Scale. We found that 58.4% of the children were of normal weight, and 32.7% of the boys and 22.2% of the girls were over-weight or obese. Moreover, 39% of the children wanted to be thinner. The mean ChEAT-26 score was 8.71±8.35, and 10.5% of the children were at high risk for disturbed eating tendencies (ChEAT-26≥20), including 8.4% of the boys and 12.6% of the girls. Scores on the ChEAT-26, Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale, Influence of Significant Others Scale and Media Impact Scale were positively correlated. The level of external control and the influence of significant others and the media were significantly higher in children with disturbed eating attitudes than in those without them. Multivariable logistic regressions showed that disturbed eating attitudes were associated with body satisfaction, locus of control, and the level of influence of significant others and the media. Disturbed eating behaviors exist among elementary school students in Taiwan. This survey highlights the need for education in acquiring healthy mental attitudes and eating behaviors by elementary school students.

Influences of peer relations and locus of control on students’ financial extravagance

Effort to checkmate extravagance and maximize gain is the focus of all organizations more in this period of global financial crisis. There is need therefore to checkmate unnecessary financial spending. This study examines the influence of the variables, peer relations and locus of control, on such spending among University students. Three hundred (144 males and 156 females) participants were used for the study. Their ages ranged between 20-30 years with mean age of 26.07. Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale, Index of Peer Relations and Extravagant Life Assessment Scale were three instruments used for the study. A Two Way ANOVA statistics was used in analyzing the data. The study showed no significant difference between the two polars peer relations on extravagant Life style, while significant difference existed between the two locus of control orientations on extravagance. However interactions of the two variables portrayed peer relations as a strong modulator towards spending in both domains of locus of control. Discussions and recommendations from the findings were made, with emphasis on balancing the scale.

Compliance with the Gluten-Free Diet: The Role of Locus of Control in Celiac Disease

To verify whether subjects with celiac disease (CD) have a different locus of control (LoC) compared with healthy subjects, and to evaluate the relationship between LoC and compliance with a prescribed gluten-free diet (GFD) and quality of life (QoL). We studied 156 subjects on a GFD (mean age, 10 years) and 353 healthy controls (mean age, 12 years). All subjects completed tests on the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale; the subjects with CD also completed a questionnaire to measure compliance with dietary treatment and the disease's impact on QoL. There was no difference in LoC values between patients with CD and controls. Subjects with CD with good dietary compliance had a more internal LoC compared with those who were not compliant (P = .01). Patients who reported a satisfactory QoL had a more internal LoC compared with those who reported negative affects on QoL due to CD (P = .01). Our study confirms the usefulness of the LoC concept for identifying those patients who might be at risk for dietary transgression. Given the enhanced, psychological, and social well being that can result from adherence to a GFD, educational and psychological support can help internalize the LoC in those patients at risk for dietary transgression.

Locus of Control and Self-Esteem as Predictors of Teacher Frustration in Lagos

Individual’s perception of self has potential to enhance or impede his or her success at work. In view of this, there is a need to examine the relationship between locus of control and self-esteem as they jointly influence teachers’ frustration in Lagos state, Nigeria. The participants were two hundred (200) teachers (100 males and 100 females) randomly selected from private and public secondary schools in Lagos state, South- Western Nigeria. Quantitative data were collected using some psychological scales namely: Index of self-esteem (ISE), Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale (N-SLCS) and Organizational Frustration Scale (OFS). Analysis of data with Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS-15.0) shows that self-esteem and locus of control jointly predicted ninety nine percent (99%) variance in teachers’ frustration. Also a positive significant relationship was found between teachers’ frustration, self-esteem and locus of control. The implication of the findings of this study in terms of managing teachers’ frustration were discussed and recommendations made that organizations should make efforts to raise their employees’ self-esteem and locus of control right from engagement to disengagement stage.Key Words: Self-esteem, Locus of Control and Frustration.

The Relationship Between Children's Locus of Control and Their Anticipatory Anxiety

This study investigated the relationship between children's locus of control and their state anxiety scores, and determined whether children's locus of control could predict their state anxiety scores before academic examinations. A test-retest within subjects design was used. 519 school children were invited to participate in the study. Participants were asked to respond to the Chinese version of the Nowicki-Strickland locus of control scale and state anxiety scale for children in stressful and nonstressful situations. The data were collected in 2005. There were significant strong positive correlations between the state anxiety and locus of control scores in the period before academic examinations. Multiple regression analysis showed that the Nowicki-Strickland locus of control score was a good predictor of children's state anxiety in a stressful situation. This study supports the use of the Nowicki-Strickland locus of control scale as a screening tool to identify school children who are most likely to exhibit high levels of anxiety before academic examinations. Understanding children's locus of control in advance is a necessary step toward designing appropriate interventions to reduce their stress and bolster their coping mechanisms.

The effects of art therapy on male and female inmates: Advancing the research base

Since the summer of 2003, several studies have been conducted to quantify the benefits of art therapy with prison inmates. These studies demonstrated a marked improvement in mood, behavior, and problem-solving [Gussak, D. (2007). The effectiveness of art therapy in reducing depression in prison populations. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 5(4), 444–460; Gussak, D. (2006). The effects of art therapy with prison inmates: A follow-up study. Arts in Psychotherapy, 33, 188–198; Gussak, D. (2004). A pilot research study on the efficacy of art therapy with prison inmates. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 31(4), 245–259]. The results of this study encouraged an ongoing quantitative study to ascertain improvement in depression, locus of control, and behavior in both a men and women's prison population. The Formal Elements Art Therapy Scale (FEATS), the Beck Depression Inventory-Short Form (BDI-II), and the Adult Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale (ANS) were administered as pre- and post-test assessments. A control group pre-test/post-test design was implemented for this study. Although the results from the FEATS did not yield supportive data, the results of the BDI-II and ANS supported the assumption that art therapy was effective in reducing depression and improving locus of control in the adult male and female inmates. Despite the results of the FEATS, it was concluded that art therapy was effective. This article concludes with a brief discussion of how the research has been instrumental in developing a statewide Florida Arts in Corrections program.

A Study of Reward Preference in Taiwanese Gifted and Nongifted Students with Differential Locus of Control

The purpose of the study was to investigate whether gifted and nongifted students' preferences for different types of reward were affected by differential locus of control. In total, 181 gifted and 107 nongifted junior high school students in Taiwan participated. The Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale was used as a measure of locus of control. A survey of reward preference was designed to look at students' evaluations of the reward systems. The results showed that the gifted students tended to evaluate competition rewards significantly higher when compared to the nongifted students; the nongifted students tended to evaluate chance rewards significantly higher than the gifted students. However, there was no significant difference between the gifted students and nongifted students in their evaluation of performance rewards. An interaction effect between ability and locus of control for chance rewards indicated that the nongifted/moderate and nongifted/external students preferred chance rewards more than the other groups. Irrespective of ability level, however, the findings indicated that the higher the internality, the higher were the students' preferences for the contingent (competition and performance) rewards.

SOCIOMETRIC STATUS, DEPRESSION, AND LOCUS OF CONTROL AMONG TURKISH EARLY ADOLESCENTS

In this study, locus of control and depression levels of early adolescents (N = 409) with different sociometric status were examined. Sociometric status was determined using the classic sociometric classification procedure as described by Coie, Dodge, and Coppotelli (1982). Students completed the Children's Depression Inventory and the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale. Findings showed that locus of control and depression level of students differed according to sociometric status. Subjects classified as popular and controversial, have much more internal control than those of any other sociometric status and the neglected and rejected students tend to display more depressive symptoms than those of any other sociometric status.

The Role of Pain in Reduced Quality of Life and Depressive Symptomology in Children With Spina Bifida

Children with spina bifida report both chronic and acute pain caused by both their condition and the treatments they undergo regularly. This research provides a description of the impact of this pain on their quality of life. A sample of 68 children (56% female) between the ages of 8 and 19 completed the Varni/Thompson Pediatric Pain Questionnaire, a supplementary questionnaire on pain, the Children's Depression Inventory, the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale for Children, and a pediatric measure of health related quality of life. Health related quality of life was shown to be systematically low in this group as compared with a reference sample of chronically ill children. It was negatively impacted by high reported frequency of pain and high ratings of current pain. Both pain and low quality of life were strongly associated with Children's Depression Inventory scores. Locus of control scores was not associated with quality of life or reported pain. The unmanaged pain in children with spina bifida can have a substantial negative impact on quality of life. Better treatment and surveillance of pain and depression symptoms may significantly improve quality of life.

Persistence in Domestic Violence Treatment and Self-Esteem, Locus of Control, Risk of Alcoholism, Level of Abuse, and Beliefs About Abuse

ABSTRACT This study examined the relationship between the number of hours domestic batterers attended treatment and the following variables: self-esteem, locus of control, risk of alcoholism, self-reported levels of abuse, and six beliefs about domestic violence. Participants in the study were 313 male clients from one domestic violence agency in a Midwestern city. Each participant completed the Index of Self-Esteem, the Adult Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale, the MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale, the Center of Social Research Abuse Index, and the Inventory of Beliefs About Wife Beating. Results indicated that low risk for alcoholism and negative views about partner abuse are associated with persistence in treatment.

Locus of Control and Academic Achievement in High School Students

This study investigated the hypothesized relationship between internal locus of control and academic achievement among a sample of 187 students in Grades 8 through 12 using the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale for Children. Analysis indicated that students in the higher GPA group reported higher scores on internal locus of control.

Chinese translation and validation of the Nowicki-Strickland locus of control scale for children

The objective of this study is to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale for Children for its utility in clinical research and nursing practice. The scale was translated from the original English language into the Chinese language and the reliability and validity of the translated scale were tested. Results showed that there was high test re-test reliability, acceptable internal consistency reliability, appropriate content validity, concurrent validity and construct validity. It is concluded that the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale for Children presented in this paper supports its feasibility as a research instrument to measure children's locus of control objectively and appropriately in the Chinese population.

Effect of teaching with mirrors on body image and locus of control in women college ballet dancers.

This preliminary study assessed the effect of mirrors in dance instruction on body image and locus of control of women college ballet dancers. With the same instructor in two beginning ballet classes 8 women were taught using mirrors and 13 women were taught without mirrors. Subjects completed the Cash 69-item Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire, and the 40-item Adult Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale during the first and last classes of a 14-wk. semester. Body-areas Satisfaction increased for the nonmirror class yet decreased for the class taught with mirrors. For the nonmirror class, there were significant increases in Appearance Orientation and Externality. Analysis suggested that the use of a mirror in the teaching of ballet may be an element which contributes to the low body-image scores of the 21 women ballet dancers. Replication with a much larger sample is required to draw conclusions.

Effects of Social-Cognitive Training on Students' Locus of Control

This study' evaluated the effects of a school-based socialcognitive training program on 14-and 15-year-old students' locus of control, as assessed by the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale. A total of 91 students in a training group and 109 students in a comparison group were assessed before and after the program. Girls in the training condition developed significantly in the direction of higher internal control, while neither boys in the training condition nor girls or boys in the comparison condition altered their locus of control. Implications for school psychology practice are discussed.