Novel Carriers For Drug Delivery Research Articles

Engineering Approaches for Exosome Cargo Loading and Targeted Delivery: Biological versus Chemical Perspectives.

Exosomes are nanoscale membrane bound vesicles secreted by almost all types of cells. Their unique attributes, such as minimal immunogenicity and compatibility with biological systems, make them novel carriers for drug delivery. These native exosomes harbor proteins, nucleic acids, small molecule compounds, and fluorogenic agents. Moreover, through a combination of chemical and bioengineering methodologies, exosomes are tailored to transport precise therapeutic payloads to designated cells or tissues. In this review, we summarize the strategies for exosome modification and drug loading modalities in engineered exosomes. In addition, we provide an overview of the advances in the use of engineered exosomes for targeted drug delivery. Lastly, we discuss the merits and limitations of chemically engineered versus bioengineered exosome-mediated target therapies. These insights offer additional options for refining engineered exosomes in pharmaceutical development and hold promise for expediting the successful translation of engineered exosomes from the bench to the bedside.

Transferosomes-A Novel Carrier for Drug Delivery

Transferosomes are a type of lipid-based drug delivery system that is designed to enhance the delivery of drugs through the skin or other biological barriers. They are composed of phospholipids, surfactants, and sometimes cholesterol, which form a bilayer structure that encapsulates the drug. Additionally, transferosomes can be tailored to target specific tissues or cells, which can increase the efficacy of drugs while reducing the risk of side effects. For example, transferosomes can be designed to deliver drugs to cancer cells, allowing for targeted cancer therapy with fewer side effects than traditional chemotherapy. In this article detailed discussion was made on formulation and applications of transferosomes.

Principles and Advantages of New Drug Delivery Technologie

Advanced drug delivery systems offer undeniable benefits for drug delivery. In the past three decades, new methods have been proposed to develop a novel carriers for drug delivery. Nowadays, the major goal is to maximize therapeutic benefit while minimizing side effects. Drug delivery technique is clearly shifting from the micro to nanoscale. Nano-drug delivery systems (NDDSs) are the most promising approach utilized to improve the accuracy of drug delivery and the efficacy of drugs.In this narrative review article, we evaluate how delivery challenges associated with commercial marketed products and discuss newer DDS is being carried out to overcome these challenges .Different colloidal carrier systems such as carbon nanotube ,liposome , were being studied and extensively investigated.

Polymeric Systems Containing Supramolecular Coordination Complexes for Drug Delivery.

Cancer has become a common disease that seriously endangers human health and life. Up to now, the essential treatment method has been drug therapy, and drug delivery plays an important role in cancer therapy. To improve the efficiency of drug therapy, researchers are committed to improving drug delivery methods to enhance drug pharmacokinetics and cancer accumulation. Supramolecular coordination complexes (SCCs) with well-defined shapes and sizes are formed through the coordination between diverse functional organic ligands and metal ions, and they have emerged as potential components in drug delivery and cancer therapy. In particular, micelles or vesicles with the required biocompatibility and stability are synthesized using SCC-containing polymeric systems to develop novel carriers for drug delivery that possess combined properties and extended system tunability. In this study, the research status of SCC-containing polymeric systems as drug carriers and adjuvants for cancer treatment is reviewed, and a special focus is given to their design and preparation.

Hierarchical silica monolithic tablets as novel carriers for drug delivery

This paper proposes the use of carriers with hierarchical porous structures as novel monolithic tablets for modified drug release. The influence of pore structure on the tamsulosin release profile is presented. The hierarchical arrangement of porous structure in monolithic tablets and the deposition of tamsulosin inside the silica carrier enable to control the kinetic of release and the amount of tamsulosin released. We developed a mathematical model of tamsulosin release from two carriers with different hierarchy of meso- and macropores. A model of this nature will allow to predict the release of tamsulosin from other carriers with a similar pore structure. We hope this research will improve the design process of novel carriers, and thus, will allow to tailor the porous structure of a carrier to achieve the desired release profile.

Challenges of Micro-Emulsion as a Novel Carrier for Drug Delivery

Microemulsions are one of the best candidates for drug delivery because of their long shelf life, improved drug solubilization with ease of preparation and administration. It has unique properties, including clarity, thermodynamically stable and optically isotropic liquid solutions of oil, water and amphiphile. Microemulsions are isotropic, thermodynamically stable transparent (or translucent) systems of oil, water and surfactant, frequently in combination with a cosurfactant with a droplet size usually in the range of 20–200 nm. Microemulsions have great range of applications and uses such as in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, cutting oils, biotechnology, food, cosmetics, analytical applications, environmental detoxification etc. The main objective of this review paper is to discuss microemulsions as drug carrier system with other possible applications.

Overview on virosomes as a novel carrier for drug delivery

As from the last eras number of the revolution in the drug delivery technologies have been seen to attain the targeted drug delivery or site specific action of the drug. The prospects of the drug delivery by using biomimetic nanoparticles such as virosomes is an motivating research & development field as showing targeted action by fusion with the targeted action by fusion through target cell. It can be engaged as vehicle & vaccines furthermore victory of virosomal drug delivery depends on the method used to make the encapsulated bioactive materials, characterization & formulation of finished products. They are reconstituted viral envelopes that can be conveyance of different macromolecules as these are biocompatible, biodegradable, nonautoimmunogenic. Virosomes denotes such a unique system for presentation of antigen to immune system. Peptides, nucliecacid & medications such as antitoxins, anticancer agents &steroids can be encapsulated. This review focus on various aspects of Virosomes, such as Structure of Virosomes Component, Advantages, disadvantages, Method of preparation, Characterization, recent Patents and applications of Virosomes etc.
 Key words: Neurodegenerative, Nonimmunogenic, Endolysosomal, Cryoprotectants, Applications.

Development and Evaluation of Terminalia Arjuna Loaded Phytosome for Bioavailability Enhancement

Present work was aimed to develop and investigate phosphatidylcholinatedphytosome system based on triterpenoid fraction of Terminalia Arjuna (TFTA) for secure and efficient delivery of triterpenoid to enhanced bioavailability. Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) a green method with a significant reduction in extraction time and organic solvent consumption has been selected and successful extraction of triterpenoids with good yield. Planterosomes a novel carrier for drug delivery of triterpenoid fraction of Terminalia Arjuna were effectively fabricated with a specified molar ratio of 7:3 of TFTA-PC complex and cholesterol in chloroform: methanol (3:1) by the thin layer film hydration method and examined for particle size, zeta potential, drug entrapment efficiency, scanning electron microscopy, FTIR and differential scanning calorimetry study. Formulation of planterosomes showed a narrow size distribution with an average diameter of 381.2 ± 1.82 nm. The entrapment efficiency (EE) of TFTA was 87.94 ± 0.41%. Release study demonstrated prolonged triterpenoid release from phytosomes following higuchi release kinetics with r2 = 0.995. Ex-vivo permeation studies demonstrated the presence of significant absorption of TFTA-PC complex as compared to the TFTA and thereby, the superiority of complex which may be due to the amphiphilic nature of complex which greatly enhance the lipid miscibility of TFTA. From stability studies it was conclude that drug leakage was not significant at storage condition which suitable for vesicles. Conclusively, TFTA loaded planterosomes might be an efficient carrier for triterpenoids which enhance the absorption triterpenoids across the biological membrane for effective management of curing various diseases. 

Shape matters when engineering mesoporous silica-based nanomedicines.

Mesoporous silica nanomaterials have been successfully employed in the development of novel carriers for drug delivery. Numerous studies have been reported on engineering mesoporous silica-based carriers for drug loading, release, cellular uptake, and biocompatibility. A number of design parameters that govern the in vitro and in vivo performance of the carriers, including particle diameter, surface chemistry, and pore size, have been tuned to optimize nanomedicine efficacy. However, particle shape, which may generate a high impact on nanomedicine performance, has still not been thoroughly investigated. This is probably due to the limited availability of strategies and techniques to produce non-spherical mesoporous silica nanomaterials. Recent breakthroughs in controlling the particle shape of mesoporous silica nanomaterials have confirmed the important roles of shape on nanomedicine development. This review article introduces various fabrication methods for non-spherical mesoporous silica nanomaterials, including rod, ellipsoid, film, platelet/sheet, and cube, and the roles of particle shape in nanomedicine applications.

Recent Techniques and Patents on Solid Lipid Nanoparticles as Novel Carrier for Drug Delivery.

The various approaches have been utilized in the treatment of a variety of diseases by applying drug delivery system such as polymeric nanoparticles, self-emulsifying delivery systems, liposomes, microemulsions and micellar solutions. Recently, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) and lipid-drug conjugates (LDCs) have been exploited as a carrier of lipophilic and hydrophilic/amphiphilic substances for invasive and non-invasive routes of delivery. SLNs are colloidal drug carrier system and are like nanoemulsion, however, the lipid content in SLNs is solid in nature. These novel type of lipid nanoparticles with solid matrix offers to develop new prototype therapeutics in drug delivery, which could be used for controlled release, drug targeting, gene therapy, physical and chemical stability and site-specific drug delivery and thereby attracted the research groups worldwide. This manuscript overviews the recent patents, advantages, formulation techniques, stability aspects and applications of SLNs.

Controlled drug release studies of atenolol using differently sulfonated acryloxyacetophenone and methyl methacrylate copolymer resins as drug carriers

2-Acryloxyacetophenone (AAP) was prepared and subjected to suspension polymerization with methyl methacrylate (MMA) using azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as free radical initiator. The differently sulfonated AAP-MMA cross-linked copolymer cationic exchange resins were prepared by sulfonation with concentrated sulphuric acid at 70 °C. Several characteristics of the prepared resins were evaluated, i.e. FTIR, the ion-exchange capacity (IEC), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), particle size distribution and microscopic morphology. The resin characteristics were altered with degree of sulfonation, providing that differently sulfonated resins could be prepared. The behavior of atenolol (ATL) loading and in vitro release in the USP stimulated gastric and intestinal fluids of the obtained resins were evaluated. The drug loaded in the resin increased with increasing degree of sulfonation and hence the drug binding site in resin employed. The drug release was lower from the resins with higher content of sulfonic group due to the increase in the diffusive path depth. The drug release was a little lower in stimulated gastric fluid (SGF) than in stimulated intestinal fluids (SIF). The basic groups, ionized to a little greater extent in SGF and preferred binding with the resin rather than releasing. Hence, the differently sulfonated resins could be utilized as novel carriers for drug delivery.

Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of differently sulfonated resins as novel carriers for drug delivery

The 2-methacryloxyacetophenone (MAP) was prepared and subjected to suspension polymerization with divinylbenzene (DVB). The differently sulfonated MAP–DVB cross-linked copolymer cationic exchange resins were prepared by sulfonation with a fixed volume of concentrated sulfuric acid in an oil bath at 70 oC. Several characteristics of the prepared resins were evaluated, i.e. Fourier transform infrared spectra, the ion-exchange capacity, and microscopic morphology. The resin characteristics were altered with degree of sulfonation, providing that differently sulfonated resins could be prepared. The behavior of Fexofenadine hydrochloride loading and in vitro release in the USP stimulated gastric and intestinal fluids of the obtained resins were evaluated. The drug loaded in the resin increased with increasing degree of sulfonic group and hence the drug binding site in resin employed. The drug release was lower from the resins with higher degree of sulfonic group due to the increase in the diffusive path depth. The drug release was a little lower in stimulated gastric fluid (SGF) than stimulated intestinal fluids. The basic group, ionized to a little greater extent in SGF and preferred binding with the resin rather than releasing. Hence, the differently sulfonated resins could be utilized as novel carriers for drug delivery.

Drug delivery systems: Advanced technologies potentially applicable in personalized treatments.

Advanced drug delivery systems (DDS) present indubitable benefits for drug administration. Over the past three decades, new approaches have been suggested for the development of novel carriers for drug delivery. In this review, we describe general concepts and emerging research in this field based on multidisciplinary approaches aimed at creating personalized treatment for a broad range of highly prevalent diseases (e.g., cancer and diabetes). This review is composed of two parts. The first part provides an overview on currently available drug delivery technologies including a brief history on the development of these systems and some of the research strategies applied. The second part provides information about the most advanced drug delivery devices using stimuli-responsive polymers. Their synthesis using controlled-living radical polymerization strategy is described. In a near future it is predictable the appearance of new effective tailor-made DDS, resulting from knowledge of different interdisciplinary sciences, in a perspective of creating personalized medical solutions.

Preparation and Evaluation of Differently Sulfonated Styrene–Divinylbenzene Cross-linked Copolymer Cationic Exchange Resins as Novel Carriers for Drug Delivery

The differently sulfonated styrene-divinylbenzene cross-linked copolymer cationic exchange resins were prepared by oil-in-water polymerization and varied degrees of sulfonation. Several characteristics of the obtained resins were evaluated, i.e., Fourier transform infrared spectra, the ion-exchange capacity, microscopic morphology, size, and swelling. The resin characteristics were altered in relation to the degree of sulfonation, proving that differently sulfonated resins could be prepared. The behavior of chlorpheniramine (CPM) loading and in vitro release in the USP simulated gastric (SGF) and intestinal fluids (SIF) of the obtained resins were also evaluated. The CPM loaded in the resinates (drug-loaded resins) increased with the increasing degree of sulfonic group and hence the drug binding site in the employed resins. The CPM release was lower from the resins with the higher degree of sulfonic group due to the increase in the diffusive path depth. The CPM release was obviously lower in SGF than SIF because CPM, a weak base drug, ionized to a greater extent in SGF and then preferred binding with rather than releasing from the resins. In conclusion, the differently sulfonated resins could be utilized as novel carriers for drug delivery.

Self-assembled thermo- and pH responsive micelles of poly(10-undecenoic acid- b- N-isopropylacrylamide) for drug delivery

An amphiphilic AB block copolymer composed of poly( N-isopropylacrylamide) as a hydrophilic segment and poly(10-undecenoic acid) as a hydrophobic segment was synthesized. Cytotoxicity study of this copolymer exhibited no significant cytotoxicity. The lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of the copolymer was 30.8 °C, as determined by the turbidity method. The block copolymer forms micelles in an aqueous medium at the temperature lower than the LCST. Transmission electron microscopy images showed that these micelles were regularly spherical in shape. The micelle size determined by size analysis was around 160 nm. The anti-inflammation drug prednisone acetate was incorporated into the micelles and the release profiles of prednisone acetate showed a dramatic thermoresponsive switching behavior and a unique pH responsive behavior. Moreover, the pH responsive behavior was in relation to the thermoresponsive behavior. That is, the micelles were not pH sensitive at the temperature below the LCST, but the aggregates were pH sensitive at the temperature above the LCST. Based on these results, the thermo- and pH responsive micelles have great potential to be a novel carrier for drug delivery.