Notion Of Intellectual Property Research Articles

The Hitchhiker’s Guide to Outer Space Patents

Investment in space technologies has predominantly been a prerogative of the public sector. Now increasing privatization and commercialization of space markets is creating opportunities to develop new space applications. The potential to commercially leverage intellectual property is a motivating factor behind this private financing and plays a key role in helping private companies secure returns on investment. International space law treaties remain silent on the notion of intellectual property and intellectual property treaties lay heavy emphasis on territorial application of patent law, thereby creating a theoretical disconnect. Legal machinery drafted for activities on board the International Space Station (ISS) and the US Patents in Space Act serve as good starting points in bridging the gap between patents and space law by advancing the concept of quasi-territoriality. However, in doing so, they expose the space-patent market to possibilities of forum shopping, flags of convenience and race to the bottom scenarios. Lack of a reliable legal regime to address issues of patent infringement can negatively influence the future development of the space sector. The resolution to this problem is a new international legal framework that establishes uniform conditions for enforcement of space-based patents. outer space, patents, space commercialization, extra-terrestrial jurisdiction

حقوق الملكية الفكرية (قراءة في أحكام الشريعة ومواثيق وإتفاقيات دولية وقوانين ومراسيم باكستان)

Islam recognizes the notion of personal rights of the individuals including the right of ownership, possession and property. Islam also identifies the individual’s rights to function individualistically. Therefore the efforts made for promoting intellectual rights can be considered a legitimate and recognized personal right. The notion of intellectual property is not unfamiliar to the Islamic regulation of property but it is an essential portion of it. Wide-ranging doctrines derived from the foundations of Islamic law and defined by Muslim jurists have directly protected it as a legal property. Intellectual property rights are indispensable to human creativity. Many laws have been enacted to protect intellectual property rights by creating awareness among the individuals about the intellectual property rights at national and international level. This research presents various viewpoints of Islamic scholars on intellectual property rights by highlighting the extent of these intellectual property rights. It also explores the endeavors being made at national and international level to raise awareness about various intellectual property rights including trademark, copyright and patent, which facilitate innovators to acquire acknowledgment or monetary advantages from their innovations. The basic aim of this research is to portrait a general idea of the endeavors made by numerous international organizations, countries and bodies including World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), Paris Convention, Protection Industrial Property, Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works and World Trade Organization (WTO) for protecting the intellectual property rights. This study also explores the efforts made by Pakistan to enact laws for intellectual property rights by issuing various ordinances including Patents Ordinance 2000, Trade Marks Ordinance, 2001, Copyright Ordinance 1962. The Intellectual Property Organization-IPO was also as an autonomous body in 2005 under the administrative control of the Cabinet Division for integrated and efficient intellectual property management in Pakistan. Results, recommendations are presented at the end.

Towards a critique on intellectual property

Abstract In order to understand the essence of digital and virtual world relations and their outcomes, as they gain more social relevance in contemporary society, this paper investigates the category of intellectual property not from the prism of the law but rather on philosophical terms. Such philosophical analysis is based on immanent critique. The starting point is the axiomatic notion of modern capitalism, where the categories of property and intellectual property are regarded as two separated entities. Hegel’s philosophy of law enables an important reflection on these two categories since, already in its method, it apprehends the contradictions of bourgeoisie society. Accordingly, contrasting reality and Hegel’s understanding, a conflict arises within the notion of intellectual property and its praxis under the rule of law. The state appears as a necessity to guarantee and mediate an immanent conflict that arises from the privatization of intellectual property. As an insoluble problem that emerges within such praxis, the present analysis offers an alternative to the paradigm of a split between property and intellectual property. Based on Lukács’ non-essentialist-ontology of the social-being, intellectual property is explained through the prisms of labour and cultural development of human thought.

Jurisprudence of intellectual property in research: African, western and modern perspectives

There is disagreement about entitlement to, and the scope, of intellectual property rights over research knowledge. This article explores jurisprudential perspectives on ownership of research knowledge. It also features the conflict between African and western conceptions of intellectual property, and how this has affected the exploitation of indigenous knowledge with the resultant impact on traditional knowledge institutions. In modern times, the allocation of rights is relatively settled in such relationships as between employer and employee, the researcher and the funder. Between researcher and publisher, digital technology, which ensures wider circulation, has led to claims for a re-definition of the relationship under which the researcher traditionally licensed his copyright to the publisher. A similar re-definition is called for with respect to research subjects in certain research environments. In particular, the result of research conducted with user-generated data in multi-sided business models like social media sites is implicated. The research finds that there is no generic solution that will apply to all relationships but that laws should be tailored to each relationship pair, in line with the suggestions in this paper. African traditional knowledge is denied protection by criteria such as non-disclosure because of the African collectivist notion of person. While Africans are collectivist, westerners are individualistic. It is concluded that on closer inspection there are analogues in African and western notions of intellectual property that could be used to resolve seeming conflicts and protect traditional knowledge.

Legal orientalism? The poor Chinese culture and US–China intellectual property disputes since the late Qing dynasty

From the nineteenth-century late Qing dynasty reform to China's endeavor to construct a twenty-first-century knowledge economy, intellectual property has frequently stuck out as a core agenda of China–foreign diplomatic and trading relations. Such a history is usually interpreted from two perspectives: one is an ‘infringement perspective’ in which China is understood as a notorious infringer of foreign intellectual property; the other is a ‘transplant perspective’ which argues that China's modern intellectual property laws emerge and progress as the consequence of foreign pressure. Both interpretations intend to hold that China's passive role in modern intellectual property law making is ultimately cultural – that is, the notion of intellectual property is alien to Chinese culture. This paper takes a completely different cultural perspective. Through micro-level historical details, it addresses the following fundamental question – was the authentic Chinese culture present or accessible by the Westerners (as well as many Chinese) in that part of history? In a broader context, it further addresses another crucial question – if the authentic Chinese culture is yet to be presented or accessible, shouldn't (legal) orientalism be regarded as a consequence of cultural unawareness rather than cultural prejudice?

Інтелектуальна власність, наукова діяльність: оптимальне співвідношення

Мета: Стаття присвячена аналізу правової природи та особливостей оптимального співвідношення інтелектуальної власності та наукової діяльності. Насьогодні інтелектуальна власність як інститут фактично переживає період свого становлення в Україні. Оскільки радянська система цивільного права базувалась на визнанні та регулюванні авторських прав авторів наукових творів, відкриттів, винаходів та раціоналізаторських пропозицій як таких, що мають головним чином відносний, а саме - зобов'язально-правовий, а не абсолютний характер. Розглядаючи концепцію інтелектуальної власності і права інтелектуальної власності в системі взаємодії з науковою діяльністю, слід зазначити, що як таке поняття "інтелектуальна власність" потребує наукового доопрацювання. А саме, недосконалість його полягає у тому, що цей вид власності розуміється як такий, що формується інтелектуальними зусиллями автора наукового доробку, але оформляється юридично за допомогою документів, які гарантують майнові права. Методи: Загально-науковий метод, філософський метод, системний метод, спеціально-правовий метод. Результати: Необхідно підкреслити, що об'єктом права інтелектуальної власності є не кожен результат наукової, творчої діяльності, а лише той, який відповідає вимогам закону. Будь-який твір науки підпадає під охорону права, якщо він відповідає вимогам закону. Науково-технічним результатам правова охорона надається лише на підставі відповідної кваліфікації спеціальним державним органом управління і видачі правоохоронного документа та обмежується лише територією України. Захист прав на території інших держав здійснюється лише на підставі відповідних міжнародних конвенцій і договорів. Обговорення: Сучасні передові країни давно усвідомили значення та необхідність використання і належної охорони результатів творчої та наукової діяльності, що об'єднується у поняття "інтелектуальна власність", щодо прискорення темпів соціального та промислового розвитку. Правова природа і особливості оптимального співвідношення між поняттями інтелектуальної власності та наукової діяльності є важливою темою для майбутніх наукових досліджень.

Complicating Authorship

From Duchamp's drag as Rrose Sélavy, photographed by Man Ray, through to contemporary artist Bob and Roberta Smith, the artist's pseudonym has served as a political tool challenging traditionally inherent concepts pertaining to authorship: gendered notions of genius, singular attribution, the scarcity model and notions of intellectual property, all of which are perpetuated by the art market. These facets of an art practice are not yet well recognised or documented because the artists’ complex authorships defy the economy that would otherwise benefit from writing their ‘biography’. This article explores the agency of the pseudonym over a sustained period of time through two case studies in particular: the Guerrilla Girls, an all-female collective working anonymously, and Marvin Gaye Chetwynd, the first British performance artist to be nominated for the Turner Prize. Through their practices, this article will reflect on how pseudonymous artists navigate intellectual property or work collectively and share recognition, and how a name might aid ‘artivism’. There exist artists more dissident, but the fact that both these case studies work within the financially incentivised infrastructures of the artworld helps demonstrate how a pseudonym might critique, challenge and reshape the parameters of authorship from the inside out. This article concludes that contemporary artists’ name/namelessness is inherently political.

Intellectual Property Law, Protection of the Rights, Its Importance in Our Country

Abstract Protecting intellectual property is very important in several fields of everyday life, because it has a direct effect on many rights that individuals enjoy in a society. It encourages the development of sciences, arts, computer and cultural inventions, etc. Protecting intellectual property rights means greater productivity, improvement in quality of goods and services, thus making the actors more competitive in the global market. Intellectual property today has become a new discipline with research value, because issues and problems covered by this discipline are increasingly getting a greater theoretical and practical importance. Though there is a serious attempt to treat intellectual property related issues, I find that we are dealing with a great effort to analyze and judge the scientific concepts and notions of intellectual property, its role and importance achieved in today’s stadium of socio-economic development. The point here is to emphasize the overwhelming achievements in the field of intellectual creativity, expressed through great scientific inventions and industrial products. On the other hand, the ever increasing grounds for informality and manipulation, leading to numerous complications and hardships in its legal protection, even possible legislative duplications and vulnerabilities in processing different cases and finding solutions when being faced with real contests.

La biología sintética: cambio de juego en la propiedad intelectual

Se puede pensar en la biología sintética como un factor de cambio que juega un papel central en la convergencia NBIC, o BINC, contemporánea. Es decir, la convergencia de las nanociencias, las biociencias, las ciencias de la información y las ciencias cognitivas. Aunque la mayoría de los biólogos sintéticos aún no se han dado cuenta, su campo apela a nuestra imaginación al marcarse metas que hasta ahora se asociaban con la ciencia premoderna de la alquimia. En este artículo se desarrollaran algunas características de la biología sintética, así como el impacto de ésta en la noción tradicional de propiedad intelectual y en las categorías ontológicas, por un lado, del descubrimiento científico y, por otro, de la ingeniería. Es decir, la distinción entre lo natural y lo artificial, lo que crece y lo fabricado.

Practical and Theoretical Implications of Digitizing the Middle Ages

In her article Practical and Theoretical Implications of Digitalizing the Middle Ages Roberta Capelli discusses scholarship about and the teaching of medieval culture in digital humanities. While every medieval manuscript is an individual entity, displaying a series of unique and unrepeatable material, structural and aesthetic characteristics, digital devices are able to generate only twodimensional photographic reproductions. However, the digital medium brings about some major improvements in the study — and teaching — of medieval manuscripts because the nature of its applications allows us to analyze synchronic and the diachronic dynamics simultaneously. From a theoretical point of view, the difference between the state of the manuscript taken as a material object and its status as a vector of intellectual values brings to light similarities between the notions of intellectual property and originality in traditional print and digital cultures. The increasing number of critical editions of medieval texts and manuscripts in digital form asks us to reshape the theoretical and conceptual-linguistic frameworks of textual as a discipline. Capelli postulates that hypertextual criticism represents the study of philological theories and practices in light of new literacies and technologies. Roberta Capelli, Practical and Theoretical Implications of Digitizing the Middle Ages page 2 of 8 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 15.3 (2013): Thematic Issue Literacy and Society, Culture, Media, and Education. Ed. Kris Rutten and Geert Vandermeersche

AASB 141 Agriculture: A Deconstruction Using Foucauldian Constructs and Thematic Content Analysis

The purpose of this paper is to explore the subtext of the accounting standard AASB 141 Agriculture. A hybrid method is employed in which Foucauldian constructs are examined by way of a thematic construct analysis and a deconstruction to derive an interpretation. The constructs of power are firmly established in the legal authority of the accounting standard with the terminology of the biological asset creating the mechanisim by which to desensitise the exercise of moral judgement. The notion of intellectual property as a legal principle is questioned in light of the view taken by the Courts in the USA and the scientific developments in regards to genetics and biological prodction of artifical life forms. Parallels are drawn between the nature and the context of the standard and the ethical and moral issues that were confronted by individuals during the Third Reich and more recent declines in terms of ethical and moral jusgements in society.

К вопросу об управлении интеллектуальными ресурсами

The article deals with the evolution of the development of
 intellectual resources. Shows the notions of intellectual property and intellectual
 capital, which creates a theoretical basis for the formation of the
 effective mechanism of management of intellectual resources.

Intellectual Property in an Innovation-based Economy

AbstractThe process of transformation into an innovation-based economy has had a considerable impact on the intellectual property (IP) system. IP has become an integral part of innovative processes. These developments have led to changes in IP concepts. The authors argue that the notion of IP must include both legal (IP as rights) and economic (IP as an asset) aspects. The balance between different kinds of IP (copyright, related rights, industrial property) within innovation processes should be reviewed in order to acknowledge the rightful place of copyright as the core of IP and IP culture. Nevertheless, the major tools for enhancing innovation are still based on industrial property. The role of IP in different kinds of policy documents should be increased. In order to fully exploit the potential of IP, it is necessary to enhance the development of supportive infrastructure for the utilization and commercialization of IP (intellectual infrastructure). Such infrastructure should support the functioning of IP systems, identifying new knowledge and transfering knowledge from entrepreneurial universities to industry. Raising public awareness about practical aspects of IP and fostering IP competencies are of paramount importance. Teaching IP at universities and adopting university IP policies form an important part of this process. According to the vision of the authors, a basic course on IP should be taught at every university to all students. Specialized IP courses should be part of the curricula at the faculties of law, economics, engineering, biology, philosophy, etc. The authors outline the Estonian experience with regard to these issues.

Begging, borrowing, stealing: The context for media plagiarism in twenty-first century South Africa

This article argues that the media plagiarism scandals in South Africa in 2003 reveal and reflect larger shifts in media behaviour. Structural changes to media employment in the new South Africa and the resulting pressures on writers have contributed to the problems. The article considers problematic areas: the unacknowledged reuse of international material with slight alterations in the local market; whether writers can plagiarise their own work; what the status of public relations material is; when plagiarism becomes an intellectual property issue; what happens when a freelancer changes roles from journalist to public relations practitioner. Most current textbooks on media ethics spend very little time on the problems of plagiarism generally or enter into these complex legal and ethical issues, perhaps because most ethics guidelines are intended for journalists in full-time employment rather than freelancers. The article draws on Pierre Bourdieu's work on the market for symbolic goods to suggest some ways in which the commercialisation of the media and the changing role of the freelancer have influenced notions of intellectual property and intellectual propriety. In particular, the article considers ways in which the struggle for control of intellectual property and the under-valuing of content complicate the symbolic role of the writer and affect our judgment of plagiarism.

Public health ethics and intellectual property policy

The articles in this issue of the Bulletin describe some of the challenges posed by notions of intellectual property in areas as diverse as genetic testing, genomic epidemiology, pharmaceuticals and vaccines. The constructive practical solutions suggested include royalty clearing houses, comprehensive research collaboration policies, and modified DNA patenting regimes. All of the articles address and respond to moral duties and potential ethical consequences of the policies they discuss, but conspicuously refrain from more explicitly describing the values and principles that underlie and motivate their reasoning. As in the article by Chokshi et al., (1) their ethical dilemmas are usually manifest as a tension between a vague moral imperative to ensure universal access to downstream health benefits while maintaining or developing incentives for further innovation. While their proposals are laudable, and they do cite articles on the ethical dimensions of their work, the unique, potentially guiding voice of ethical discourse is almost silent. Basic science research and public health practice once flanked clinical medicine at opposite extremes of the health intervention continuum. Now these emerging technologies, broadly applied, threaten to bring these two distant cousins together with the promise of enhancing our ability to detect and treat disease. While the field of clinical medical ethics is as robust as ever, and the field of public health ethics has undergone considerable development in the past decade, the ethical aspects of some applied basic sciences have been explored but have not yet spawned a genre of consistent and appropriate ethical frameworks. Clinical trials must pass rigorous research ethics boards before studies begin, and public health interventions are increasingly subjected to thorough analyses which may include explicit ethical dimensions. In the area of cutting-edge research into potentially patentable technologies, however, the approaches to current and anticipated ethical dilemmas have been inconsistent. In some cases, there are extensive debates in the literature and the media regarding the ethical and societal impact of technologies even when their practical implementation remains very distant on the horizon. At the other extreme, new technologies and methods which have significant immediate application are often addressed in policy documents using sterile technical language without explicit referral to their underlying ethical and moral rationale. Initiatives such as the Human Genome Organization (HUGO) code of ethics (2) and the WHO Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, Innovation and Public Health (3) provide a great deal of data and useful policy direction. However, they may not be using the most appropriate frameworks to address both the narrow and the broad ethical dilemmas which result from the knowledge generated in basic science research, and how that knowledge is to be used and shared. As basic science consortia make the leap from bench to population, skipping the bedside, we must recognize that policies that govern this field are not only organizational and logistical necessities, but are determinants of present and future global health. Therefore, appropriately developing and implementing intellectual property policy is a public health intervention with profound ethical import. As such, it lends itself well to frameworks and concepts borrowed from the discipline that busies itself with describing and prescribing public health interventions--the field of public health ethics. While some public health ethicists have highlighted and examined key issues raised by a particular public health concern, (4,5) others have developed ethical frameworks to guide public health practice. …

Copyright, Print and Authorship in the Culture Industry

Copyright, Print and Authorship in the Culture Industry

Teaching as performance in the electronic classroom

New developments in online educational technology have a profound effect on notions of intellectual property. Theories of the social construction of technology explain the extremely unstable nature of new technologies. Walter Ong’s theory of the alphabet effect provides insight into the ways in which knowledge changes as media of communication change. Shoshana Zuboff’s ideas on how managerial knowledge is transformed by technology help us understand how certain kinds of knowledge resist being textualized. These ideas help us understand the effects of new teaching technologies in terms of a long–standing struggle between two views of knowledge: knowledge as performance and knowledge as thing.

Congress needs nonpartisan advice on science, technology [Speakout

Complex technical questions often confront Congress. Is a ballistic missile defense system practical? Is it technically possible to support traditional notions of intellectual property in the age of the Internet? Do current telephone regulations prevent carriers from offering inexpensive broadband services? Are there risks when farmers protect their crops with genetically modified organisms?

Ideation and Appropriation: Wittgenstein on Intellectual Property

This paper provides a critique of the contemporary notion of intellectual property based on the consequences of Wittgenstein's “private language argument”. The reticence commonly felt toward recent applications of patent law, e.g., sports moves, is held to expose erroneous metaphysical assumptions inherent in the spirit of current IP legislation. It is argued that the modern conception of intellectual property as a kind of natural right, stems from the mistaken internalist or Augustinian picture of language that Wittgenstein attempted to diffuse. This view becomes persuasive once it is shown that a complete understanding of the argument against private language must include Wittgenstein's investigation of the role of the will in the creative process. It is argued that original thought is not born by decree of the will, but engendered by a public context of meaning and value. What marks a person as a genius is, therefore, according to Wittgenstein, not some sovereign capacity of conceptual world-making, but merely a propitious dose of intellectual courage.

Ethics in the information age

Ethics in the Information Age requires an awareness of abstracted reasoning just as information itself is the integration of abstracted data. Recent works by Gibson and Boisot are employed to introduce the rise of an information society and the abstraction of information upon which we base our knowledge. Several ethical problems of the Information Age are discussed, including personal privacy, the specter of alternate personae in the virtual world of computer networks, the quality of information, even disinformation, and codes of conduct. The ethical problems inherent in the notion of intellectual property reveal themselves through application of John Locke's natural law of property right juxtaposed against the dilemmas encountered by fictional characters (in William Gibson's Idoru) living in a virtual world set just a few years from now. An ethical analysis for the Age of Information applies philosophical tenets found in deep ecology, social ecology, communitarianism, and anarchy to the current problems of ethics. In conclusion, the greater degree of abstraction required by ethical behavior in the Information Age requires even greater attention to the philosophers of the past, as well as the philosophies of the presen