Notion Of Independence Research Articles

Followership is not following: reframing followership in western higher education

ABSTRACT This article examined the meanings of followership in Western higher education as reported in the literature. To retrieve sources, an electronic search was implemented. The search procedure included the terms ‘followership’ and ‘education’ on six databases and other sources. Examination of relevant works found that, in Western higher education, ‘followership’ takes a different meaning than what is currently reported in the literature. Views of self-control and agency and strong notions of autonomy and independence surfaced, aligning with academic ideas of critical and independent thinking, and academic freedom. Indeed, many academics did not align with the idea of being a follower as well as the perspective of followership as the deference to another individual. It was revealed that what academics do in Western higher education cannot be described by the term ‘followership’. In this context, ‘followership’ is more accurately described as an endeavor related to contribution and making a difference; thus, a case for an afresh term was made. It was argued that a new term should acknowledge academics’ autonomy and independence, and that academics ‘volunteer’ but do not ‘subordinate’. Resultantly, the term ‘endeavorship’ was offered.

Imagining alternative futures with augmentative and alternative communication: a manifesto.

This manifesto seeks to challenge dominant narratives about the future of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). Current predictions are mainly driven by technological developments-technologies usually being developed for different markets-and are often based on ableist assumptions. In online conversations and a discussion panel at the 2023 International Society for Augmentative and Alternative Communication conference, we explored alternative futures by adopting different starting positions. Our case is presented under five headings: questioning the dominance of predictions that artificial intelligence and brain-computer interfaces will define the future of AAC; resisting disability being framed medically, as a problem to be solved, yet acknowledging both the pleasures and pains of being disabled; declaring that people who use AAC-as cyborgs of necessity rather than choice-should have choice and ownership of our technologies; challenging notions of independence as the necessary end goal for disabled bodies and considering interdependence as a human right; imagining alternative futures in which all people who use AAC are accepted and embraced for our communication and self-expression. This manifesto is an invitation for further discussion, and we welcome responses. While our focus is AAC, and three of the authors use AAC, we believe that our stance could be relevant to other disability communities in turn. This paper is about who gets to imagine disability futures and whose voices are left out. It is about how uncritical these futures can be, often presuming values that disabled people, in all their diversity, may not share.

BMT independence

We introduce the notion of BMT independence, enabling the study of arbitrary mixtures of Boolean, monotone, and tensor independence and generalizing the notion of BM independence of J. Wysoczanski. pairwise independence relations are encoded through a directed graph, which in turn determines the way mixed moments must be computed. Corresponding Central and Poisson-Type Limit Theorems are provided along with an explicit construction to realize BMT independent random variables as bounded operators on the tensor product of Hilbert spaces.

The intersection of power: law enforcement, political authorities and protest policing in Italy

This article challenges the notion of police neutrality and independence by highlighting the inherent politicisation within the policing apparatus. It explores the complex relationship between the police and political authorities in managing crowds and maintaining public order. Drawing on criminological and sociological perspectives, the study adopts a critical approach to analyse the operational decisions made by the police and their interactions with political authorities. This interaction significantly influences the operational strategies employed during the management of public demonstrations. The dynamic emphasises how a segment of the police force in Italy is tasked with ‘political policing’, serving as a link between government authorities and field agents. Ultimately, this work aims to fill a gap in the literature by demonstrating the ongoing politicisation of the police mandate in Italy, particularly in the context of public order management.

Организационно-правовое обеспечение принципа независимости органов внешнего государственного финансового контроля в Российской Федерации: вопросы теории и практики

The work is devoted to the study of the notion of independence, the legal framework and the realization’s practice оf the principle of independence’s in the control and accounts authorities activity in subjects of the Russian Federation. It has been established that legislatively there are organizational, functional and financial independence. At the same time it has been determined that the actual procedure for the formation of the control and accounts authorities staffing the legislative authority accompanied by the obligatory procedure of the Accounts Chamber’s confirmation allows us to speak about a conditional independence of control and accounts authority, therefore need to substitute the term “organizational independence” with the term “institutional independence”.

Multidimensional signal detection modeling reveals Gestalt-like perceptual integration of face emotion and identity.

Numerous studies have tested the hypothesis that facial identity and emotional expression are independently processed, but a solid conclusion has been difficult to reach, with the literature showing contradictory results. We argue that this is partly due to different researchers using different definitions of perceptual integration and independence, usually vague and/or simply operational, and also due to lack of proper stimulus control. Here, we performed a study using three-dimensional realistic computer-generated faces for which the discriminability of identities and expressions, the intensity of the expressions, and low-level features of the faces were controlled. A large number of participants, distributed across twelve experimental groups, performed identification tasks for the six basic emotional expressions and the neutral expression (between 2018 and 2019). A multidimensional signal detection model was utilized to analyze the data, which allowed us to dissociate between multiple formally defined notions of independence and holism. Results showed strong and robust violations of perceptual independence that were consistent across all experiments and suggest Gestalt-like perceptual integration of face identity and expression. To date, our results provide the strongest evidence for holistic/Gestalt processing found among face perception studies that have used formal definitions of independence and holism. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

‘An intellectual environment of ambition’: exploring questions of independence with film(-making) education in conversation with Ben Gibson

This article presents an interview with Ben Gibson, former distributor, programmer, film journalist and producer, who went on to run the London Film School from 2000 to 2014. In this interview, Gibson deconstructs what is meant by the term ‘independent film-making’ in an educational context. Drawing on his wealth of experience in a variety of contexts, Gibson takes apart current notions that dominate in contemporary educational and industrial discourses, surprisingly arriving at a conclusion which could lead emerging film-makers and their supporters towards a notion of independence after all.

Independence Reconceived

What makes a director independent? Scholars, regulators, and investors have grappled for decades with the fleeting notion of director independence. Originally conceived as guardians of shareholder interests that could safeguard a corporate board’s ability to check management’s power, independent directors have become a marquee feature of modern corporate governance. But do the corporate actions of directors that are considered “independent” under current standards comport with what we think independence requires? In many cases, the answer would seem to be “no.” From a lack of observable financial impact to the unabated flow of corporate scandals, independent directors seem to keep failing at the job they were championed to do.
 This Article addresses this puzzling tension, offering a novel theoretical and practical reframing of the decades-old discourse around independent directors. The historical focus on the classical managerial agency costs paradigm emphasized that directors who lack ties to the management team can prevent managerial slack or value extraction. However, this approach overlooks the critical role directors also have in curbing managerial overzealousness. In today’s governance ecosystem, directors are not only tasked with preventing managerial slack. They are increasingly tasked with preventing managerial overreach and misconduct even when such overreach or misconduct is compatible with promoting shareholder value. This has important theoretical and practical implications.
 This Article makes two key contributions to the literature. First, it reframes the question of what makes directors independent by supplementing the focus on agency costs as the driver for independence. By identifying a need to prevent boards from rubber-stamping managerial actions—even those taken in good faith—this Article suggests that a simple lack of ties to management fails as a litmus test for independence. Second, by reconceiving independence, this Article also provides tangible credence to the value of diversity on boards, the value and perils of hedge fund activism, and to the emerging discourse regarding ESG and stakeholderism.

Generating series and matrix models for meandric systems with one shallow side

In this article, we investigate meandric systems having one shallow side: the arch configuration on that side has depth at most two. This class of meandric systems was introduced and extensively examined by I. P. Goulden, A. Nica, and D. Puder [Int. Math. Res. Not. IMRN 2020 (2020), 983–1034]. Shallow arch configurations are in bijection with the set of interval partitions. We study meandric systems by using moment-cumulant transforms for non-crossing and interval partitions, corresponding to the notions of free and Boolean independence, respectively, in non-commutative probability. We obtain formulas for the generating series of different classes of meandric systems with one shallow side by explicitly enumerating the simpler, irreducible objects. In addition, we propose random matrix models for the corresponding meandric polynomials, which can be described in the language of quantum information theory, in particular that of quantum channels.

Independence and impartiality through the lens of incompatible activities, disqualification and challenge: the ICJ, ITLOS, and inter-State arbitration

ABSTRACT The members of the international courts and tribunals are expected to be independent and impartial. Their constituent instruments normally contain rules which aim at ensuring the independence and impartiality of judges and arbitrators. Such rules typically include provisions addressing activities incompatible with the judicial office, bars to the participation of a judge or an arbitrator in a particular case, when doubts about his/her impartiality arise. They sometimes address but are oftentimes silent on withdrawal, recusal or challenge. This article explores what types of activities can be said to be incompatible with the exercise of judicial functions or to bar the participation of a judge or an arbitrator in a particular case so as to shape the contours of the notions of impartiality and independence. It examines the existing normative arrangements and the practice of inter-State courts and tribunals, including the procedures and practice on withdrawal, recusal, challenge and the standard applied or applicable in assessing whether the requirements for independence and impartiality of international adjudicators have been met.

Generic Stability Independence and Treeless Theories

Abstract We initiate a systematic study of generic stability independence and introduce the class of treeless theories in which this notion of independence is particularly well behaved. We show that the class of treeless theories contains both binary theories and stable theories and give several applications of the theory of independence for treeless theories. As a corollary, we show that every binary NSOP $_{3}$ theory is simple.

Gas in external fields: the weird case of the logarithmic trap

ABSTRACT The effects of an attractive logarithmic potential u ( r ) = u 0 ln ⁡ ( r / r 0 ) ( u 0 > 0 being the trap strength and r 0 an arbitrary length scale) on a gas of N non interacting particles (Bosons or Fermions), in a box of volume V D , are studied in D = 2, 3 dimensions. The unconventional behaviour of the gas challenges the current notions of thermodynamic limit and size independence. When V D and N diverge, with finite density N / V D < ∞ and finite u 0 , the gas collapses in the ground state, independently from the bosonic/fermionic nature of the particles, at any temperature. If, instead, N / V D → 0 , there exists a critical temperature T c , such that the gas remains in the ground state at any T < T c , and ‘evaporates’ above, in a non-equilibrium state of borderless diffusion. For the gas to exhibit a conventional Bose–Einstein condensation (BEC) or a finite Fermi level, the strength u 0 must vanish with V D → ∞ , according to a complicated exponential relationship, as a consequence of the exponentially increasing density of states, specific of the logarithmic trap.

On independence in near-vector spaces and their matroids

In this paper we study and characterise independence in near-vector spaces constructed using copies of finite fields. We show that for regular near-vector spaces of this nature, independence is equivalent to the notion of independence in the associated vector space. We prove that for the construction where the number of maximal regular subspaces coincides with the dimension, there are more elements outside of the quasi-kernel which can generate the entire space than previously thought. As a highlight, we completely characterise independence for this space and define matroids for finite field constructions and those using copies of a proper finite near-field.

Migration, Gender and Intergenerational Interdependence: Translocal Households Involving Older People and Migrants in Uganda

Older people play a key role in intergenerational households across the developing world, including in caring for the children of migrants. However, research on ‘translocal households’ in Africa and Asia focuses almost exclusively on households headed by working-age husbands and wives and fails to substantially incorporate older people, whether as household heads or household members. This article presents findings from Kiboga District, Uganda on intrahousehold dynamics and wellbeing within translocal households containing older people and younger migrants. A relational approach is adopted to interrogate gendered notions of dependence, independence and interdependence within these intergenerational relationships. ‘Translocal interdependencies’ are found to underpin these households and are critical to the wellbeing of older people, migrants and their children. However, households are also diverse in character, occupying a ‘spectrum of translocality’ ranging from coherent, supportive translocal households, to those with less unified and less reliable—but often highly persistent—linkages between migrants and older people. Further, older women may overstate, and older men understate, the translocal support to which they have access, with important consequences for development programming targeted at older people. Debates about ageing and development need to reflect the key role played by older people within these gendered webs of translocal interdependence, while acknowledging and seeking to address the many challenges they face.

The Determinants of Cloud Computing Vision and Its Impact on Cloud Accounting Adoption in SMBs

This study challenges the conventional belief of autonomy among the technological, organizational, and environmental (TOE) framework constituents and probes into their effect on the adoption of cloud-based accounting within small- to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). We postulate that a vision of cloud computing plays a mediating role between the TOE elements and the adoption of cloud accounting practices. The study delves deeper into exploring the mediating impact of this cloud computing vision in driving the adoption of cloud accounting. Applying a snowball sampling methodology, we successfully collated 293 relevant responses. The outcomes lend support to the interconnectedness prevailing among the TOE components. The cloud computing vision emerged as a crucial mediator, accentuating the influences of organizational readiness, senior management endorsement, relative advantage, compatibility, and competitive pressure on the transition to cloud-based accounting. Additionally, our findings illuminate the impact of cultivating a vision of cloud computing on the adoption of cloud accounting methodologies. These results contribute to the enrichment of the TOE model by calling into question the prevalent notion of independence among TOE components when employing a vision as an intention surrogate. Consequently, we encourage further research to embed the vision as a proxy for intention within the TOE model and to concurrently investigate potential correlations among the TOE elements.

Cumulants, spreadability and the Campbell–Baker–Hausdorff series

We define spreadability systems as a generalization of exchangeability systems in order to unify various notions of independence and cumulants known in noncommutative probability. In particular, our theory covers monotone independence and monotone cumulants which do not satisfy exchangeability. To this end we study generalized zeta and Möbius functions in the context of the incidence algebra of the semilattice of ordered set partitions and prove an appropriate variant of Faà di Bruno’s theorem. With the aid of this machinery we show that our cumulants cover most of the previously known cumulants. Due to noncommutativity of independence the behaviour of these cumulants with respect to independent random variables is more complicated than in the exchangeable case and the appearance of Goldberg coefficients exhibits the role of the Campbell–Baker–Hausdorff series in this context. Moreover, we exhibit an interpretation of the Campbell–Baker–Hausdorff series as a sum of cumulants in a particular spreadability system, thus providing a new derivation of the Goldberg coefficients.

Boardroom backscratching and stock price crash risk

AbstractWe empirically capture boardroom backscratching, or cronyism, as when a firm's Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and directors concurrently receive excessive remuneration. We argue that boardroom backscratching can inhibit a board's constructive criticism and monitoring, resulting in a greater likelihood of bad news hoarding. Using 14,104 US firm‐year observations spanning 1999–2020, we document a significant positive relationship between boardroom backscratching and stock price crash risk. In additional analyses, we show that boardroom backscratching firms produce less readable annual reports and engage in greater upward real earnings management as channels for concealing bad news. We also find that external monitoring mechanisms weaken the positive association between boardroom backscratching and stock price crash risk. Our main findings withstand several endogeneity tests including propensity score matching, entropy balancing, difference‐in‐differences analysis using firms’ commencement of boardroom backscratching and CEO turnover event analysis. Our study offers insights to securities regulators and policymakers to revisit the notion of board independence, develop relevant market oversight and revise director and executive remuneration disclosure requirements so as to mitigate adverse stock market performance associated with boardroom backscratching.

Pathways of Intergenerational Support between Parents and Children throughout Adulthood

This paper examines varying patterns of exchanges in financial and residential support between parents and children. We apply a life course perspective to explore how patterns of intergenerational support unfold throughout adulthood. Using Waves 3 to 5 of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, we conduct a repeated measure latent class analysis and identify six pathways of intergenerational exchange. About one-third of individuals have minimal intergenerational exchange while the majority share some form of residential and financial assistance with their parents between their late teens and early forties. Upward and downward intergenerational exchanges are most common among Blacks, Hispanics, and families with less formal educational backgrounds, whereas pathways of complete independence are most common among White families. This paper challenges the notion of complete independence as a necessary marker of adulthood and maps out the diverse patterns of intergenerational exchange along multiple dimensions over the life course.

Conditional Syntax Splitting for Non-monotonic Inference Operators

Syntax splitting is a property of inductive inference operators that ensures we can restrict our attention to parts of the conditional belief base that share atoms with a given query. To apply syntax splitting, a conditional belief base needs to consist of syntactically disjoint conditionals. This requirement is often too strong in practice, as conditionals might share atoms. In this paper we introduce the concept of conditional syntax splitting, inspired by the notion of conditional independence as known from probability theory. We show that lexicographic inference and system W satisfy conditional syntax splitting, and connect conditional syntax splitting to several known properties from the literature on non-monotonic reasoning, including the drowning effect.

Consequences of the minimum specificity principle on conditioning and on independence in possibility theory

The consequences of Dubois and Prade's minimum specificity principle are shown under a continuous t-norm T, when dealing with conditioning and independence in possibility theory. The minimum specificity principle singles out a particular sub-class of T-conditional possibilities (referred to as T-DP-conditional possibilities) adhering to a suitable axiomatic definition that relies on the residuum of T. Such a sub-class differentiates from the larger class of T-conditional possibilities in terms of non-closure with respect to pointwise limits, non-connectedness of extension sets, and Kolmogorov-like representation. We then switch to coherence for a partial assessment in both frameworks, highlighting that, under T-DP-conditioning, coherence of the global assessment cannot be characterized in terms of coherence on every finite sub-family. Finally, both for T-conditioning and T-DP-conditioning, we introduce an independence notion that implies logical independence and we investigate the differences due to minimum specificity.